hormone glands-objective 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland in the base of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

A

Directs the pituitary gland (the boss of the endocrine system).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What physiological functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Circadian rhythm, hunger/thirst, body temperature, sleep, and sexual drive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name two hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

A

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What dysfunctions are linked to hypothalamic issues?

A

Anorexia, genetic disorders, and tumors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Below the hypothalamus, at the base of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pituitary gland known as?

A

The master of the endocrine system (the Napoleon of the body).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the anterior pituitary regulated?

A

It is regulated by the hypothalamus through capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the pituitary?

A

Releases hormones that stimulate various body functions through tropic hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

Nerve tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the posterior pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

Through neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis represent?

A

The structural and functional integration of the neurological and endocrine systems, forming the neuroendocrine system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

It produces hormones that regulate pituitary function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What types of hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Releasing or inhibitory hormones and tropic hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Attached to the posterior portion of the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What triggers the secretion of melatonin?

A

Dark and light exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What physiological function does melatonin regulate?

A

Circadian rhythms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What disorder is associated with the pineal gland?

21
Q

How is insomnia diagnosed?

A

Through history and physical examination (H&P) and sleep studies.

22
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In front of the trachea, in the anterior portion of the neck.

23
Q

What impact can serious trauma to the neck have?

A

It can affect both breathing and thyroid function.

24
Q

What are the three hormones produced by the thyroid?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin.

25
What is the function of triiodothyronine (T3)?
Responsible for digestive and metabolic function, bone health, stimulates PNS for peristalsis, and increases glucose uptake.
26
What is the function of thyroxine (T4)?
Responsible for metabolism, mood, body temperature, heart rate, brain development, and the reproductive system.
27
What is the role of calcitonin?
Regulates levels of serum calcium.
28
Why is iodine important for thyroid function?
It is a necessary nutrient, and too much or too little iodine in the diet can harm thyroid function.
29
How many parathyroid glands are typically present?
Typically 4, but can range from 2 to 6.
30
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Behind the thyroid in the neck.
31
What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
32
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Regulates serum calcium levels.
33
How does PTH regulate calcium levels in the blood?
It prompts bones to release calcium, reduces calcium excretion in the kidneys, and stimulates activation of Vitamin D.
34
What role does activated Vitamin D play in calcium regulation?
Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract.
35
What are the adrenal glands commonly referred to as?
"The hats" on the kidneys.
36
What are the two main parts of the adrenal glands?
Adrenal medulla (inner part) and adrenal cortex (outer part).
37
What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?
Catecholamines, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine.
38
What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
Steroid hormones.
39
What are mineralocorticoids, and what is an example?
A type of steroid hormone; an example is aldosterone, which helps regulate blood pressure.
40
What is the role of glucocorticoids, and what is an example?
They help with the stress response; an example is cortisol, which releases sugar for more energy.
41
What are androgens, and what role do they play?
They are steroid hormones like testosterone that aid in sexual development and function.
42
Where is the pancreas located?
Behind the stomach.
43
What hormone does the pancreas release in response to low blood sugar levels?
Glucagon.
44
What triggers the release of glucagon?
Low blood sugar levels, protein ingestion, and exercise.
45
What is proinsulin, and where is it secreted?
Proinsulin is secreted by and stored in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
46
How is proinsulin transformed into active insulin?
It is transformed by the liver.
47
What does insulin do once it attaches to receptors on target cells?
It promotes glucose transport into the cells, allowing them to produce ATP.
48
Besides glucose transport, what other function does insulin have?
It transports amino acids across muscle membranes and helps transform amino acids into proteins.