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pathophysiology > hormone glands-objective 5 > Flashcards

hormone glands-objective 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland in the base of the brain.

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

A

Directs the pituitary gland (the boss of the endocrine system).

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3
Q

What physiological functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Circadian rhythm, hunger/thirst, body temperature, sleep, and sexual drive.

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4
Q

Name two hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

A

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

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5
Q

What dysfunctions are linked to hypothalamic issues?

A

Anorexia, genetic disorders, and tumors.

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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Below the hypothalamus, at the base of the brain.

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7
Q

What is the pituitary gland known as?

A

The master of the endocrine system (the Napoleon of the body).

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8
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).

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9
Q

How is the anterior pituitary regulated?

A

It is regulated by the hypothalamus through capillaries.

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10
Q

What is the function of the pituitary?

A

Releases hormones that stimulate various body functions through tropic hormones.

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11
Q

What type of tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

Nerve tissue.

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12
Q

How does the posterior pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

Through neurons.

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13
Q

What does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis represent?

A

The structural and functional integration of the neurological and endocrine systems, forming the neuroendocrine system.

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14
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

It produces hormones that regulate pituitary function.

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15
Q

What types of hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Releasing or inhibitory hormones and tropic hormones.

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16
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Attached to the posterior portion of the hypothalamus.

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17
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin.

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18
Q

What triggers the secretion of melatonin?

A

Dark and light exposure.

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19
Q

What physiological function does melatonin regulate?

A

Circadian rhythms.

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20
Q

What disorder is associated with the pineal gland?

A

Insomnia.

21
Q

How is insomnia diagnosed?

A

Through history and physical examination (H&P) and sleep studies.

22
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In front of the trachea, in the anterior portion of the neck.

23
Q

What impact can serious trauma to the neck have?

A

It can affect both breathing and thyroid function.

24
Q

What are the three hormones produced by the thyroid?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin.

25
Q

What is the function of triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

Responsible for digestive and metabolic function, bone health, stimulates PNS for peristalsis, and increases glucose uptake.

26
Q

What is the function of thyroxine (T4)?

A

Responsible for metabolism, mood, body temperature, heart rate, brain development, and the reproductive system.

27
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A

Regulates levels of serum calcium.

28
Q

Why is iodine important for thyroid function?

A

It is a necessary nutrient, and too much or too little iodine in the diet can harm thyroid function.

29
Q

How many parathyroid glands are typically present?

A

Typically 4, but can range from 2 to 6.

30
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Behind the thyroid in the neck.

31
Q

What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

32
Q

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Regulates serum calcium levels.

33
Q

How does PTH regulate calcium levels in the blood?

A

It prompts bones to release calcium, reduces calcium excretion in the kidneys, and stimulates activation of Vitamin D.

34
Q

What role does activated Vitamin D play in calcium regulation?

A

Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract.

35
Q

What are the adrenal glands commonly referred to as?

A

“The hats” on the kidneys.

36
Q

What are the two main parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal medulla (inner part) and adrenal cortex (outer part).

37
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine.

38
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Steroid hormones.

39
Q

What are mineralocorticoids, and what is an example?

A

A type of steroid hormone; an example is aldosterone, which helps regulate blood pressure.

40
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids, and what is an example?

A

They help with the stress response; an example is cortisol, which releases sugar for more energy.

41
Q

What are androgens, and what role do they play?

A

They are steroid hormones like testosterone that aid in sexual development and function.

42
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Behind the stomach.

43
Q

What hormone does the pancreas release in response to low blood sugar levels?

A

Glucagon.

44
Q

What triggers the release of glucagon?

A

Low blood sugar levels, protein ingestion, and exercise.

45
Q

What is proinsulin, and where is it secreted?

A

Proinsulin is secreted by and stored in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

46
Q

How is proinsulin transformed into active insulin?

A

It is transformed by the liver.

47
Q

What does insulin do once it attaches to receptors on target cells?

A

It promotes glucose transport into the cells, allowing them to produce ATP.

48
Q

Besides glucose transport, what other function does insulin have?

A

It transports amino acids across muscle membranes and helps transform amino acids into proteins.

pathophysiology (54 decks)

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