hormone glands-objective 5

Question 1

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 1

Below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland in the base of the brain.

Question 2

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

Directs the pituitary gland (the boss of the endocrine system).

Question 3

What physiological functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 3

Circadian rhythm, hunger/thirst, body temperature, sleep, and sexual drive.

Question 4

Name two hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Answer 4

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Question 5

What dysfunctions are linked to hypothalamic issues?

Answer 5

Anorexia, genetic disorders, and tumors.

Question 6

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 6

Below the hypothalamus, at the base of the brain.

Question 7

What is the pituitary gland known as?

Answer 7

The master of the endocrine system (the Napoleon of the body).

Question 8

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).

Question 9

How is the anterior pituitary regulated?

Answer 9

It is regulated by the hypothalamus through capillaries.

Question 10

What is the function of the pituitary?

Answer 10

Releases hormones that stimulate various body functions through tropic hormones.

Question 11

What type of tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?

Answer 11

Nerve tissue.

Question 12

How does the posterior pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus?

Answer 12

Through neurons.

Question 13

What does the hypothalamic-pituitary axis represent?

Answer 13

The structural and functional integration of the neurological and endocrine systems, forming the neuroendocrine system.

Question 14

What role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the pituitary gland?

Answer 14

It produces hormones that regulate pituitary function.

Question 15

What types of hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 15

Releasing or inhibitory hormones and tropic hormones.

Question 16

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 16

Attached to the posterior portion of the hypothalamus.

Question 17

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 17

Melatonin.

Question 18

What triggers the secretion of melatonin?

Answer 18

Dark and light exposure.

Question 19

What physiological function does melatonin regulate?

Answer 19

Circadian rhythms.

Question 20

What disorder is associated with the pineal gland?

Answer 20

Insomnia.

Question 21

How is insomnia diagnosed?

Answer 21

Through history and physical examination (H&P) and sleep studies.

Question 22

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 22

In front of the trachea, in the anterior portion of the neck.

Question 23

What impact can serious trauma to the neck have?

Answer 23

It can affect both breathing and thyroid function.

Question 24

What are the three hormones produced by the thyroid?

Answer 24

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin.

Question 25

What is the function of triiodothyronine (T3)?

Answer 25

Responsible for digestive and metabolic function, bone health, stimulates PNS for peristalsis, and increases glucose uptake.

Question 26

What is the function of thyroxine (T4)?

Answer 26

Responsible for metabolism, mood, body temperature, heart rate, brain development, and the reproductive system.

Question 27

What is the role of calcitonin?

Answer 27

Regulates levels of serum calcium.

Question 28

Why is iodine important for thyroid function?

Answer 28

It is a necessary nutrient, and too much or too little iodine in the diet can harm thyroid function.

Question 29

How many parathyroid glands are typically present?

Answer 29

Typically 4, but can range from 2 to 6.

Question 30

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 30

Behind the thyroid in the neck.

Question 31

What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete?

Answer 31

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 32

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Answer 32

Regulates serum calcium levels.

Question 33

How does PTH regulate calcium levels in the blood?

Answer 33

It prompts bones to release calcium, reduces calcium excretion in the kidneys, and stimulates activation of Vitamin D.

Question 34

What role does activated Vitamin D play in calcium regulation?

Answer 34

Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 35

What are the adrenal glands commonly referred to as?

Answer 35

"The hats" on the kidneys.

Question 36

What are the two main parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 36

Adrenal medulla (inner part) and adrenal cortex (outer part).

Question 37

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 37

Catecholamines, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Question 38

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 38

Steroid hormones.

Question 39

What are mineralocorticoids, and what is an example?

Answer 39

A type of steroid hormone; an example is aldosterone, which helps regulate blood pressure.

Question 40

What is the role of glucocorticoids, and what is an example?

Answer 40

They help with the stress response; an example is cortisol, which releases sugar for more energy.

Question 41

What are androgens, and what role do they play?

Answer 41

They are steroid hormones like testosterone that aid in sexual development and function.

Question 42

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 42

Behind the stomach.

Question 43

What hormone does the pancreas release in response to low blood sugar levels?

Answer 43

Glucagon.

Question 44

What triggers the release of glucagon?

Answer 44

Low blood sugar levels, protein ingestion, and exercise.

Question 45

What is proinsulin, and where is it secreted?

Answer 45

Proinsulin is secreted by and stored in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

Question 46

How is proinsulin transformed into active insulin?

Answer 46

It is transformed by the liver.

Question 47

What does insulin do once it attaches to receptors on target cells?

Answer 47

It promotes glucose transport into the cells, allowing them to produce ATP.

Question 48

Besides glucose transport, what other function does insulin have?

Answer 48

It transports amino acids across muscle membranes and helps transform amino acids into proteins.