endocrine final - Sheet1

Question 1

What is Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?

Answer 1

A condition caused by a deficiency in ADH production or a decreased renal response to ADH, leading to excessive urination and thirst.

Question 2

What are the causes of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 2

Brain tumor, head injury, brain surgery, CNS infections, renal damage or disease.

Question 3

What are the manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 3

Excessive urination and thirst, generalized weakness, sleep disturbances, confusion, hypovolemia, hypernatremia, tachycardia, hypovolemic shock.

Question 4

How is Diabetes Insipidus diagnosed?

Answer 4

Urine specific gravity and osmolality tests, BMP, and tests to differentiate causes.

Question 5

What is Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)?

Answer 5

A condition where excessive ADH is released, causing water retention despite low or normal plasma osmolality.

Question 6

What are the risk factors for SIADH?

Answer 6

Age >65, cancer diagnosis, brain tumors, head trauma, meningitis/encephalitis, and certain drugs (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics).

Question 7

What are the manifestations of SIADH?

Answer 7

Low urine output, increased body weight due to water retention, dyspnea on exertion (DOE), fatigue, dilutional hyponatremia.

Question 8

How is SIADH diagnosed?

Answer 8

H&P, BMP, simultaneous measurements of urine and serum osmolality.

Question 9

What is Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?

Answer 9

A chronic multisystem disease characterized by poor insulin production or impaired insulin utilization.

Question 10

What are the common diagnostic methods for DM?

Answer 10

HgbA1C ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test, random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms of hyperglycemia.

Question 11

What does HgbA1C measure?

Answer 11

It measures long-term glucose control by determining the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin over the past 2-3 months.

Question 12

What is the significance of HgbA1C?

Answer 12

It helps assess the effectiveness of diabetes treatment and whether changes need to be made.

Question 13

What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 DM)?

Answer 13

An autoimmune disorder where the body destroys insulin-producing beta cells, leading to no insulin production and high blood glucose levels.

Question 14

What are the risk factors for Type 1 DM?

Answer 14

Genetic predisposition, exposure to viruses.

Question 15

What are the manifestations of Type 1 DM?

Answer 15

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, electrolyte abnormalities.

Question 16

What is the onset of Type 1 DM?

Answer 16

Onset is rapid and often leads to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Question 17

What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 DM)?

Answer 17

A condition with inadequate insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and other factors, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Question 18

What are the risk factors for Type 2 DM?

Answer 18

Overweight/obesity, older age, family history, non-white ethnic groups, and growing incidence in children due to childhood obesity.

Question 19

What are the manifestations of Type 2 DM?

Answer 19

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weakness, fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wound healing, vision changes, renal failure symptoms.

Question 20

What is Metabolic Syndrome?

Answer 20

A condition where individuals have 3 of the following 5 factors: hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL levels.

Question 21

What is the association between Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 DM?

Answer 21

Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at higher risk of developing Type 2 DM.

Question 22

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Answer 22

A life-threatening condition caused by a profound deficiency of insulin, leading to hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, hyperkalemia, and severe dehydration.

Question 23

In which type of diabetes is DKA most common?

Answer 23

Type I diabetes, but it can also occur in Type II diabetics during periods of physiologic stress.

Question 24

What are the main etiologies of DKA?

Answer 24

Infections, inadequate insulin dosage, undiagnosed Type I diabetes, poor self-management, and neglect.

Question 25

What are the two primary factors that contribute to DKA?

Answer 25

1. Absolute or relative insulin deficiency. 2. Increased release of counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone).

Question 26

How do counterregulatory hormones contribute to DKA?

Answer 26

These hormones increase blood sugar levels, exacerbating the insulin deficiency, which worsens the hyperglycemia and ketosis in DKA.

Question 27

What does glucagon do in DKA?

Answer 27

It tells the liver to release stored glucose (glycogen), increasing blood glucose levels.

Question 28

What do catecholamines do in DKA?

Answer 28

They stimulate glucagon secretion from the pancreas and interfere with the tissue disposal of glucose, worsening hyperglycemia.

Question 29

What does cortisol do in DKA?

Answer 29

It acts on the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas to release more sugar into the bloodstream.

Question 30

What does growth hormone do in DKA?

Answer 30

It increases gluconeogenesis, further contributing to hyperglycemia.

Question 31

What are the key manifestations of DKA?

Answer 31

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, acetone (fruity) breath, ketonuria, Kussmaul respirations, nausea/vomiting, lethargy, weakness, confusion, dehydration signs (tachycardia, hypotension).

Question 32

What is the classic sign of DKA related to breathing?

Answer 32

Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid breathing to compensate for acidosis).

Question 33

What are Kussmaul respirations?

Answer 33

Deep, rapid breathing to help expel CO2 in an attempt to compensate for acidosis.

Question 34

What are the classic signs related to ketones in DKA?

Answer 34

Acetone breath (fruity odor) and ketonuria (presence of ketones in urine).

Question 35

How is DKA diagnosed?

Answer 35

Blood glucose >250 mg/dL, ABG pH <7.3, serum bicarbonate <16 mEq/L, and ketonuria.