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pathophysiology > hormone general info- endocrine objectives 1-4 > Flashcards

hormone general info- endocrine objectives 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that exert effects by attaching to receptor sites on target tissues.

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2
Q

What is the role of primary messengers?

A

They act directly by signaling target tissues to prepare for action, initiating signal transduction.

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3
Q

What analogy explains primary messengers?

A

Like the first friend in a game of telephone, passing the original message.

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4
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

A process like passing a baton in a relay race, where the signal continues until the task is completed.

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5
Q

What is the role of secondary messengers?

A

They amplify and spread the message from primary messengers to ensure effective communication.

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6
Q

What analogy explains secondary messengers?

A

Like a helper friend in telephone, making the message louder or spreading it around.

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7
Q

Why do hormones only affect certain cells?

A

Hormones bind only to cells with specific receptors, following the lock-and-key mechanism.

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8
Q

What triggers the release of hormones?

A

Changes in the cellular environment or the need to maintain levels of certain substances or other hormones.

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9
Q

Why is hormone production variable?

A

It responds to signals for need, such as producing more cortisol or aldosterone during stress.

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10
Q

How does a tumor affect hormone production?

A

It can vary secretion rates, leading to unpredictable hormone levels.

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11
Q

How are hormones regulated?

A

Through feedback systems, mostly negative feedback, with a few positive feedback loops.

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12
Q

What happens if hormones aren’t inactivated or excreted?

A

Hormone levels build up, causing dysfunction and imbalance.

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13
Q

How are hormones inactivated or removed from the body?

A

Inactivated by the liver or excreted directly by the kidneys.

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14
Q

What can happen with liver dysfunction?

A

Hormone levels increase, leading to problems like impaired clotting and detoxification.

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15
Q

What are the two main classifications of hormones?

A

Water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble hormones.

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16
Q

How do water-soluble hormones circulate in the blood?

A

They circulate freely in the blood but require transport proteins for communication.

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17
Q

What is a key characteristic of water-soluble hormones regarding molecular weight?

A

They have a high molecular weight, preventing them from diffusing across the plasma membrane.

18
Q

How do water-soluble hormones communicate their message?

A

They bind to receptors on the surface of target cells and communicate the message inward.

19
Q

What are lipid-soluble hormones synthesized from?

A

They are synthesized from cholesterol.

20
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through cell membranes?

A

They easily diffuse across the plasma membrane due to their lipid nature.

21
Q

Where do lipid-soluble hormones bind once inside a cell?

A

They bind to intracellular receptors.

22
Q

Do lipid-soluble hormones need help to communicate?

A

No, they can communicate by themselves without needing transport proteins.

23
Q

What is the main difference in how water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones transmit their messages?

A

Water-soluble hormones use surface receptors to send signals inward, while lipid-soluble hormones directly enter cells and bind to intracellular receptors.

24
Q

What are target cells?

A

Specific cells that recognize and bind to hormones with high affinity to initiate a signal.

25
Q

How does the number of receptors affect cell sensitivity?

A

The more receptors a cell has, the more sensitive it is to the hormone.

26
Q

What is up-regulation?

A

A process where low concentrations of hormones lead to an increase in the number of receptors per cell.

27
Q

Why does up-regulation occur?

A

To enhance the cell’s sensitivity and response to low levels of hormones.

28
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

A process where high concentrations of hormones lead to a decrease in the number of receptors per cell.

29
Q

When does down-regulation happen?

A

When a cell is overwhelmed by high hormone levels, resulting in decreased receptor numbers.

30
Q

What effect does down-regulation have on the cell?

A

It decreases the cell’s sensitivity to the hormone, making it less responsive.

31
Q

How can the analogy of a telephone game help understand target cells?

A

Target cells are like specific friends in a game of telephone who receive and respond to the message.

32
Q

What mechanisms regulate hormone synthesis and secretion?

A

Specific mechanisms that can either stimulate or inhibit hormone production and release.

33
Q

What is positive feedback in hormone regulation?

A

A mechanism where the response amplifies physiological changes rather than reversing them.

34
Q

Give an example of positive feedback.

A

Oxytocin stimulates muscle contractions during childbirth; increased oxytocin leads to stronger contractions until delivery.

35
Q

What is negative feedback in hormone regulation?

A

A mechanism where the response reverses or causes the opposite physiological effect of the original stimulus.

36
Q

How is negative feedback similar to a thermostat?

A

It regulates hormone levels by maintaining them within a set range, adjusting production as needed.

37
Q

Give an example of negative feedback related to calcium levels.

A

If blood calcium levels rise too much, the parathyroid glands reduce PTH production to lower calcium levels.

38
Q

Give an example of negative feedback related to thyroid hormones.

A

Sufficient levels of thyroid hormone (T4) in the bloodstream decrease production of TSH and TRH by the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.

39
Q

What role does the nervous system play in hormone regulation?

A

The nervous system can control hormone secretion based on physiological rhythms, such as the daily light-dark cycle.

40
Q

Provide an example of hormonal regulation influenced by physiological rhythms.

A

Melatonin secretion is regulated by the daily light-dark cycle, increasing at night and decreasing during the day.

pathophysiology (56 decks)

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