heart failure and cardiomyopathies - Sheet1 Flashcards
What is heart failure?
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body’s metabolic demands due to structural or functional disorders.
What is HFpEF?
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF ≥ 50%). The heart’s pumping ability is preserved, but the heart cannot fill properly.
What is HFrEF?
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF < 40%), where the heart has difficulty pumping blood out.
What are common causes of heart failure?
CAD, myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular disease, myocardial toxins (chemotherapy, cocaine), untreated tachycardia, alcohol abuse, idiopathic causes.
What is the difference between left-sided and right-sided heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure primarily affects respiratory function (pulmonary congestion), while right-sided heart failure affects peripheral circulation (e.g., edema, ascites).
What are the manifestations of left-sided heart failure?
Respiratory symptoms: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cough, crackles, wheezes, tachypnea, restlessness, confusion, orthopnea, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis.
What are the manifestations of right-sided heart failure?
Peripheral symptoms: Fatigue, increased peripheral venous pressure, ascites, enlarged liver and spleen, distended jugular veins, anorexia, GI distress, weight gain, dependent edema.
What is high-output heart failure?
A condition where the heart cannot meet metabolic needs despite normal or elevated cardiac output due to factors like anemia, septicemia, hyperthyroidism, or beriberi.
Common causes of high-output heart failure?
Anemia (low O2 carrying capacity), septicemia (vasodilation lowers SVR), hyperthyroidism (increased metabolic demand), and beriberi (thiamine deficiency, impaired heart function).
What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition where the ventricles of the heart dilate, leading to impaired systolic function, decreased ejection fraction, and congestive heart failure.
What are the common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Common causes include idiopathic (most common), ischemic heart disease, drug toxicity, hyperthyroidism, valvular heart disease, and heavy alcohol use.
What are the manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathy?
Manifestations include dyspnea from pulmonary congestion, palpitations, dizziness, hypertension, and heart murmurs.
How is dilated cardiomyopathy diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made through history and physical exam (H&P), echocardiogram, and MRI.
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by thickening of the myocardium, often due to hypertension or valvular stenosis, or inherited disorders, leading to heart failure.
What are the common causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Common causes include idiopathic origins, hypertension, and valvular stenosis.
