fluid and electrolytes final - Sheet1

Question 1

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 1

Osmotic pressure is the movement of fluid from an area of lower solutes to an area of higher solutes.

Question 2

What are the two main types of filtration pressures?

Answer 2

Hydrostatic pressure (blood PUSHING) and oncotic pressure (blood PULLING).

Question 3

What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 3

Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the outward PUSH of water/solutes from the capillary to the interstitial space. It is the same as blood pressure.

Question 4

How does high blood pressure affect capillary hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 4

High blood pressure pushes water and solutes out of the capillary into the interstitial space, potentially causing edema.

Question 5

What is capillary oncotic pressure?

Answer 5

Capillary oncotic pressure osmotically PULLS water/solutes from the interstitial space into the capillary, helping to retain water within the blood vessel (reabsorption).

Question 6

What happens if capillary oncotic pressure drops?

Answer 6

A drop in capillary oncotic pressure can lead to low blood pressure, loss of water, shock, and edema (excess water in tissues).

Question 7

What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 7

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure facilitates the PUSH of water/solutes from the interstitial space into the capillary.

Question 8

What role does interstitial hydrostatic pressure play?

Answer 8

It helps push water back into the bloodstream, with some fluid draining into the lymphatic system and returning to the bloodstream.

Question 9

What is interstitial oncotic pressure?

Answer 9

Interstitial oncotic pressure osmotically PULLS water/solutes from the capillary into the interstitial space.

Question 10

How does albumin affect water movement?

Answer 10

Albumin helps maintain capillary oncotic pressure by pulling water into the capillary from the interstitial space.

Question 11

What happens when there is excess fluid in the interstitial space?

Answer 11

Excess fluid in the interstitial space is called “third spacing” and can lead to edema, where fluid accumulates in non-functional areas between cells.

Question 12

What are the four spaces where water/solutes move?

Answer 12

1) Absorbed into cells, 2) Reabsorbed into the bloodstream, 3) Stay in the interstitial space, or 4) Move into the lymphatic system.

Question 13

What are the stages of edema?

Answer 13

1st space: normal fluid distribution, 2nd space: mild edema, 3rd space: excess fluid accumulation in non-functional areas (pitting edema).

Question 14

What physiologic mechanisms contribute to edema?

Answer 14

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (high BP), decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, and lymphatic channel obstruction.

Question 15

What are some conditions that can cause edema?

Answer 15

Conditions include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), sepsis, ARDS, liver failure, kidney failure, heart failure, allergic reactions, burns, IV infiltration, cellulitis, and trauma.

Question 16

What are common manifestations of edema?

Answer 16

Symptoms include weight gain, swelling/puffiness, tight-fitting clothes, limited movement, and slow wound healing.

Question 17

How is edema classified?

Answer 17

Edema is classified as generalized or localized, unilateral or bilateral extremity edema, pitting (dependent) or non-pitting in extremities, and edema vs. lymphedema.

Question 18

How is edema diagnosed?

Answer 18

Diagnosis is made through history and physical examination (H&P) and radiographic scans to determine the underlying cause.

Question 19

Why is acid-base balance important?

Answer 19

Acid-base balance is critical for proper organ functioning, as it affects the speed of metabolic reactions and membrane integrity.

Question 20

What is pH?

Answer 20

pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration, indicating the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Question 21

What is the normal serum pH range?

Answer 21

The normal serum pH range is 7.35-7.45.

Question 22

How does pH affect biological processes?

Answer 22

Even slight changes in pH can significantly alter cellular and tissue function. A 1-unit change in pH results in a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 23

What happens when the pH is low (acidic)?

Answer 23

When the pH is low, there is a higher hydrogen ion concentration, making the solution more acidic.

Question 24

What happens when the pH is high (alkaline)?

Answer 24

When the pH is high, there is a lower hydrogen ion concentration, making the solution less acidic (more alkaline).

Question 25

What are volatile acids?

Answer 25

Volatile acids, such as H2CO3, are broken down into CO2 and H2O and are exhaled through the lungs.

Question 26

What are non-volatile acids?

Answer 26

Non-volatile acids, like sulfuric and phosphoric acids, are excreted by the kidneys through urine.

Question 27

What are buffering systems?

Answer 27

Buffering systems absorb excess hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to prevent significant changes in pH and maintain homeostasis.

Question 28

How do buffering systems work?

Answer 28

Buffers neutralize excessive hydrogen ions (acid) or hydroxyl ions (base) to maintain stable pH levels.

Question 29

Where are buffering systems located?

Answer 29

Buffering systems are located in both intracellular and extracellular compartments.

Question 30

What are the four buffering systems?

Answer 30

The four buffering systems are carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering, protein buffering, renal buffering, and bone buffering.

Question 31

How does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system work?

Answer 31

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate system operates in the lungs and kidneys to regulate pH. The lungs adjust pH by changing ventilation, and the kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate or generate new bicarbonate to balance pH.

Question 32

How does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system compensate for acidosis?

Answer 32

In acidosis, the lungs hyperventilate to blow off CO2, raising pH, while the kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate to neutralize excess hydrogen ions.

Question 33

What is protein buffering?

Answer 33

Protein buffering occurs inside cells where proteins release hydrogen ions to lower pH when alkalotic and help balance pH by binding hydrogen ions or CO2.

Question 34

How does protein buffering work with hemoglobin?

Answer 34

Hemoglobin carries hydrogen ions and CO2 away from cells, helping to correct acidosis by excreting hydrogen ions and ventilating CO2.

Question 35

How does renal buffering maintain acid-base balance?

Answer 35

The kidneys secrete excess hydrogen ions into the urine and reabsorb bicarbonate into the plasma to maintain pH.

Question 36

How does bone buffering regulate pH?

Answer 36

In acidosis, the bones release alkaline materials (e.g., hydroxyapatite) to neutralize excess acid in the blood.

Question 37

How does bone buffering affect bone cells?

Answer 37

In acidosis, osteoclasts break down bone to release alkaline materials, while osteoblast activity decreases, helping to balance pH.