fluid and electrolytes final - Sheet1 Flashcards
What is osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure is the movement of fluid from an area of lower solutes to an area of higher solutes.
What are the two main types of filtration pressures?
Hydrostatic pressure (blood PUSHING) and oncotic pressure (blood PULLING).
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the outward PUSH of water/solutes from the capillary to the interstitial space. It is the same as blood pressure.
How does high blood pressure affect capillary hydrostatic pressure?
High blood pressure pushes water and solutes out of the capillary into the interstitial space, potentially causing edema.
What is capillary oncotic pressure?
Capillary oncotic pressure osmotically PULLS water/solutes from the interstitial space into the capillary, helping to retain water within the blood vessel (reabsorption).
What happens if capillary oncotic pressure drops?
A drop in capillary oncotic pressure can lead to low blood pressure, loss of water, shock, and edema (excess water in tissues).
What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure?
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure facilitates the PUSH of water/solutes from the interstitial space into the capillary.
What role does interstitial hydrostatic pressure play?
It helps push water back into the bloodstream, with some fluid draining into the lymphatic system and returning to the bloodstream.
What is interstitial oncotic pressure?
Interstitial oncotic pressure osmotically PULLS water/solutes from the capillary into the interstitial space.
How does albumin affect water movement?
Albumin helps maintain capillary oncotic pressure by pulling water into the capillary from the interstitial space.
What happens when there is excess fluid in the interstitial space?
Excess fluid in the interstitial space is called “third spacing” and can lead to edema, where fluid accumulates in non-functional areas between cells.
What are the four spaces where water/solutes move?
1) Absorbed into cells, 2) Reabsorbed into the bloodstream, 3) Stay in the interstitial space, or 4) Move into the lymphatic system.
What are the stages of edema?
1st space: normal fluid distribution, 2nd space: mild edema, 3rd space: excess fluid accumulation in non-functional areas (pitting edema).
What physiologic mechanisms contribute to edema?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (high BP), decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, and lymphatic channel obstruction.
What are some conditions that can cause edema?
Conditions include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), sepsis, ARDS, liver failure, kidney failure, heart failure, allergic reactions, burns, IV infiltration, cellulitis, and trauma.
What are common manifestations of edema?
Symptoms include weight gain, swelling/puffiness, tight-fitting clothes, limited movement, and slow wound healing.
How is edema classified?
Edema is classified as generalized or localized, unilateral or bilateral extremity edema, pitting (dependent) or non-pitting in extremities, and edema vs. lymphedema.
How is edema diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made through history and physical examination (H&P) and radiographic scans to determine the underlying cause.
Why is acid-base balance important?
Acid-base balance is critical for proper organ functioning, as it affects the speed of metabolic reactions and membrane integrity.
What is pH?
pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration, indicating the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
What is the normal serum pH range?
The normal serum pH range is 7.35-7.45.
How does pH affect biological processes?
Even slight changes in pH can significantly alter cellular and tissue function. A 1-unit change in pH results in a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.
What happens when the pH is low (acidic)?
When the pH is low, there is a higher hydrogen ion concentration, making the solution more acidic.
What happens when the pH is high (alkaline)?
When the pH is high, there is a lower hydrogen ion concentration, making the solution less acidic (more alkaline).
