fluid and osmotic pressure stuff

Question 1

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 1

Movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Question 2

What is the function of hydrostatic pressure in filtration?

Answer 2

Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the blood pushing water and solutes out of the capillaries.

Question 3

What is the function of oncotic pressure in filtration?

Answer 3

Oncotic pressure is the force exerted by plasma proteins, mainly albumin, pulling water back into the capillaries.

Question 4

What is capillary hydrostatic pressure and its clinical example?

Answer 4

Capillary hydrostatic pressure pushes water and solutes out from the capillary to the interstitial space. Example: High blood pressure/hypertension pushes water and solutes out.

Question 5

What is capillary oncotic pressure and its clinical example?

Answer 5

Capillary oncotic pressure pulls water and solutes from the interstitial space into the capillary and prevents it from leaving. Example: If oncotic pressure drops, it can lead to low BP, shock, or edema.

Question 6

What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure and its function?

Answer 6

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure pushes water and solutes from the interstitial space back into the capillary, with some being drained into the lymphatic system.

Question 7

What is interstitial oncotic pressure and its function?

Answer 7

Interstitial oncotic pressure pulls water and solutes from the capillary into the interstitial space, largely due to albumin’s role.

Question 8

What are the four places water/solutes can go once in the interstitial space?

Answer 8

1. Absorbed into cells 2. Reabsorbed into bloodstream 3. Stay in interstitial space 4. Move into lymphatic system.

Question 9

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 9

Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by fluid against the walls of its container, pushing water out of the capillaries.

Question 10

What is oncotic pressure?

Answer 10

Oncotic pressure, also known as colloid osmotic pressure, is the force exerted by plasma proteins (such as albumin) that pulls water back into the capillaries from the interstitial space and it stays there.

Question 11

Name the three main body spaces where fluid is stored.

Answer 11

The three main body spaces are: 1. Intracellular fluid (inside cells) 2. Extracellular fluid (outside cells) - Intravascular (plasma) - Interstitial (between cells) 3. Specialized fluids (e.g., lymph, CSF, synovial fluid).

Question 12

What is the proportion of total body water in different fluid compartments?

Answer 12

Intracellular fluid accounts for ⅔ of total body water (TBW), while extracellular fluid accounts for ⅓ of TBW.

Question 13

What happens to fluid distribution in the body during medical conditions like heart failure or sepsis?

Answer 13

Conditions like heart failure and sepsis can alter the distribution of fluids, leading to imbalances such as edema.

Question 14

How does body fat affect total body water?

Answer 14

Adipose tissue is hydrophobic, so individuals with higher body fat have lower total body water.

Question 15

How does total body water change with age?

Answer 15

Total body water decreases with age: - Newborns: 70-80% - Children: 65% - Adults: 60%.

Question 16

What are some common ways the body loses water?

Answer 16

Water is lost through urination, stooling, and insensible losses (e.g., sweating, breathing).

Question 17

What is the consequence of a drastic loss of water in the body?

Answer 17

Drastic loss of water can lead to dehydration.

Question 18

What is the relationship between fluids and solutes in the body?

Answer 18

Fluids follow solutes; wherever solutes like sodium go, water follows, affecting fluid balance.

Question 19

What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin?

Answer 19

ADH acts on the kidneys and tells them to hold onto water, thus increasing water reabsorption and maintaining blood volume and pressure.

Question 20

What is the function of aldosterone in the kidneys?

Answer 20

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to hold onto/reabsorb salt. Water follows salt, which helps maintain blood volume and pressure.

Question 21

What is the role of BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide) in the body?

Answer 21

BNP promotes diuresis by inhibiting sodium reabsorption, reduces blood volume, promotes natriuresis, and causes vasodilation, reducing heart workload and blood pressure.

Question 22

How does BNP help the heart function more effectively in cases of heart failure?

Answer 22

In heart failure, BNP is released due to heart expansion caused by excess fluid. It acts on kidneys to excrete more water and sodium, reducing fluid overload and improving heart function.

Question 23

What is tonicity in relation to solutes and water?

Answer 23

Tonicity refers to the concentration of solutes in relation to water in the blood.

Question 24

What is the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic blood concentration of solutes?

Answer 24

Isotonic means normal solute concentration. Hypertonic means high solute concentration (too much salt), and hypotonic means low solute concentration (diluted blood).

Question 25

What are the terms for different volumes of water in the blood?

Answer 25

Isovolemia means normal blood volume, hypervolemia means too much blood volume, and hypovolemia means too little blood volume.

Question 26

What factors can impact blood volume and tonicity?

Answer 26

Factors like hemorrhaging, diuretic use, wound drainage, vomiting (volume loss), and conditions that change solute concentration can impact blood volume and tonicity.