cancer final - Sheet1 Flashcards
What does the suffix “-oma” refer to in cancer nomenclature?
The suffix “-oma” refers to a tumor or mass but does not specify whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Examples include lipoma (benign fatty tumor) and neuroblastoma (malignant tumor of nerve tissue).
What are benign tumors and how are they named?
Benign tumors are named based on the tissue from which they arise and include the suffix “-oma.” For example: Lipoma (fatty tissue), Leiomyoma (smooth muscle tissue), and Adenoma (glandular tissue).
What are malignant tumors and how are they named?
Malignant tumors are named based on the tissue from which they originate. Examples include: Carcinomas (epithelial tissue), Sarcomas (connective tissue, muscle, bone), Lymphomas (lymphatic tissue), and Leukemias (blood-forming tissues like bone marrow).
What is carcinoma in situ (CIS)?
Carcinoma in situ refers to localized abnormal cells that have not spread beyond the area of origin (Stage 0 cancer). These cells may regress, remain unchanged, or progress to invasive cancer.
What are the traditional stages of cancer?
The stages of cancer are classified as follows:
- Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ (localized, no spread)
- Stage I: Cancer confined to the organ of origin
- Stage II: Cancer is locally invasive
- Stage III: Cancer has spread to regional structures (e.g., lymph nodes)
- Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant sites (metastasis).
What factors are considered in cancer staging?
Factors considered in staging include:
- Size of the tumor
- Degree of local invasion
- Extent of metastasis (spread to other areas)
- Molecular testing (genetic characteristics of the cancer).
What is the mechanism of leukemia?
Genetic mutations cause abnormal cell proliferation, leading to an accumulation of dysfunctional cells in the blood and bone marrow.
What are the risk factors for leukemia?
Chemicals, radiation, chemotherapy for other cancers, viruses, immunodeficiency disorders.
What are the common manifestations of leukemia?
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, bone pain, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, fatigue, weight loss.
How is leukemia diagnosed?
CBC with differential, bone marrow and lymph node biopsy.
What is the mechanism of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Proliferation of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes.
What are the risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr virus, genetic predisposition, exposure to occupational toxins, age (15-30 and >55).
What are the common manifestations of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Enlarged cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes, mediastinal mass, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, pruritus.
How is Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosed?
History and physical exam, blood smear analysis, lymph node and bone marrow biopsies, CT and PET scans.
What is the mechanism of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Malignant neoplasms of B-, T-, and natural killer cells, often more disseminated than Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
