cellular injury final - Sheet1 Flashcards
What is the primary fuel needed for cells to function?
Glucose is the primary fuel needed for cells to function.
How many kilocalories of ATP are produced when 1 mole of glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen?
686 kilocalories of ATP are produced when 1 mole of glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen.
What are the waste products produced when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen?
The waste products are carbon dioxide and water.
What are some of the functions of ATP in the body?
ATP is used for anabolism of complex molecules (proteins, fats, carbs), muscle contraction, and active transport of molecules across cellular membranes.
What process occurs in the absence of sufficient oxygen to produce ATP?
In the absence of sufficient oxygen, ATP can be produced through glycolysis.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid, with simultaneous ATP production.
What happens to pyruvic acid in anaerobic metabolism?
Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid, which is released into the extracellular fluid.
How efficient is anaerobic metabolism compared to aerobic metabolism?
Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism and produces less energy.
What is hypoxia?
Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury.
What are the etiologies of hypoxia?
The etiologies include: ischemia, reduced O2 in the air, loss of hemoglobin (Hgb) or Hgb function, decreased production of RBCs, and consequences of respiratory and cardiac diseases.
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia?
The #1 cause of hypoxia is ischemia, which is reduced blood supply.
What causes ischemia?
Ischemia is related to conditions like atherosclerosis or thrombosis.
How does reduced oxygen in the air affect hypoxia?
Reduced oxygen in the air can lead to hypoxia because it decreases the amount of O2 available for cells.
What happens when there is a loss of hemoglobin or its function?
A loss of hemoglobin or its function impairs the transport of oxygen in the blood, leading to hypoxia.
How does decreased production of RBCs contribute to hypoxia?
Decreased production of RBCs reduces the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen, causing hypoxia.
How can respiratory and cardiac diseases contribute to hypoxia?
Respiratory and cardiac diseases can reduce oxygenation and circulation, leading to hypoxia.
What are oxidative enzymes, and how do they relate to hypoxia?
Oxidative enzymes are involved in energy production within cells, and their positioning can be affected by hypoxia, leading to cellular injury.
What is atrophy?
Atrophy is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.
What mechanisms cause atrophy?
Atrophy can be caused by decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both.
What are physiologic causes of atrophy?
Atrophy occurs during development.
What are pathologic causes of atrophy?
Pathologic atrophy occurs due to decreased workload, usage, pressure, perfusion, nutrition, or hormonal and nerve stimulation (e.g., aging).
What is hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, leading to an increase in organ size.
What triggers hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy is triggered by overwork or hormonal stimulation.
What are physiologic examples of hypertrophy?
Physiologic hypertrophy includes increased demand, such as weightlifting leading to muscle growth.
