cellular injury final - Sheet1

Question 1

What is the primary fuel needed for cells to function?

Answer 1

Glucose is the primary fuel needed for cells to function.

Question 2

How many kilocalories of ATP are produced when 1 mole of glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen?

Answer 2

686 kilocalories of ATP are produced when 1 mole of glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen.

Question 3

What are the waste products produced when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen?

Answer 3

The waste products are carbon dioxide and water.

Question 4

What are some of the functions of ATP in the body?

Answer 4

ATP is used for anabolism of complex molecules (proteins, fats, carbs), muscle contraction, and active transport of molecules across cellular membranes.

Question 5

What process occurs in the absence of sufficient oxygen to produce ATP?

Answer 5

In the absence of sufficient oxygen, ATP can be produced through glycolysis.

Question 6

What is glycolysis?

Answer 6

Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid, with simultaneous ATP production.

Question 7

What happens to pyruvic acid in anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 7

Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid, which is released into the extracellular fluid.

Question 8

How efficient is anaerobic metabolism compared to aerobic metabolism?

Answer 8

Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism and produces less energy.

Question 9

What is hypoxia?

Answer 9

Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury.

Question 10

What are the etiologies of hypoxia?

Answer 10

The etiologies include: ischemia, reduced O2 in the air, loss of hemoglobin (Hgb) or Hgb function, decreased production of RBCs, and consequences of respiratory and cardiac diseases.

Question 11

What is the #1 cause of hypoxia?

Answer 11

The #1 cause of hypoxia is ischemia, which is reduced blood supply.

Question 12

What causes ischemia?

Answer 12

Ischemia is related to conditions like atherosclerosis or thrombosis.

Question 13

How does reduced oxygen in the air affect hypoxia?

Answer 13

Reduced oxygen in the air can lead to hypoxia because it decreases the amount of O2 available for cells.

Question 14

What happens when there is a loss of hemoglobin or its function?

Answer 14

A loss of hemoglobin or its function impairs the transport of oxygen in the blood, leading to hypoxia.

Question 15

How does decreased production of RBCs contribute to hypoxia?

Answer 15

Decreased production of RBCs reduces the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen, causing hypoxia.

Question 16

How can respiratory and cardiac diseases contribute to hypoxia?

Answer 16

Respiratory and cardiac diseases can reduce oxygenation and circulation, leading to hypoxia.

Question 17

What are oxidative enzymes, and how do they relate to hypoxia?

Answer 17

Oxidative enzymes are involved in energy production within cells, and their positioning can be affected by hypoxia, leading to cellular injury.

Question 18

What is atrophy?

Answer 18

Atrophy is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.

Question 19

What mechanisms cause atrophy?

Answer 19

Atrophy can be caused by decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both.

Question 20

What are physiologic causes of atrophy?

Answer 20

Atrophy occurs during development.

Question 21

What are pathologic causes of atrophy?

Answer 21

Pathologic atrophy occurs due to decreased workload, usage, pressure, perfusion, nutrition, or hormonal and nerve stimulation (e.g., aging).

Question 22

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 22

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, leading to an increase in organ size.

Question 23

What triggers hypertrophy?

Answer 23

Hypertrophy is triggered by overwork or hormonal stimulation.

Question 24

What are physiologic examples of hypertrophy?

Answer 24

Physiologic hypertrophy includes increased demand, such as weightlifting leading to muscle growth.

Question 25

What are pathologic examples of hypertrophy?

Answer 25

Pathologic hypertrophy can occur from overstretching or excessive growth factors (e.g., pulmonary hypertension causing right ventricle hypertrophy).

Question 26

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 26

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells due to increased cell division.

Question 27

What mechanisms cause hyperplasia?

Answer 27

Growth factors are released from damaged tissue, stimulating cellular division. Hyperplasia can also occur alongside hypertrophy.

Question 28

What are physiologic examples of hyperplasia?

Answer 28

Physiologic hyperplasia includes compensatory (e.g., liver regeneration) and hormonal (e.g., uterine growth during ovulation) responses.

Question 29

What are pathologic examples of hyperplasia?

Answer 29

Pathologic hyperplasia occurs due to abnormal proliferation in response to hormone stimulation or growth factors, such as benign tumors.

Question 30

What is dysplasia?

Answer 30

Dysplasia is an atypical form of hyperplasia where there is a change in the size, shape, and organization of cells. It serves no adaptive function and can predispose to cancer.

Question 31

What is metaplasia?

Answer 31

Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another, often less specialized, in response to stress or harmful stimuli.

Question 32

What is an example of metaplasia?

Answer 32

An example of metaplasia is GERD, where squamous cells are replaced by glandular cells to tolerate more acidic environments.