pericarditis and valvular dysfunction shit - Sheet1

Question 1

What is pericarditis?

Answer 1

Acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium.

Question 2

What are some common etiologies of pericarditis?

Answer 2

Myocardial infarction (MI), trauma, infection (including COVID-19), radiation therapy (XRT), connective tissue diseases, cancer.

Question 3

How does pericarditis affect the pericardium?

Answer 3

Inflammation leads to leakage of a fibrous exudate into the pericardial space, causing pericardial effusion. This can restrict the heart’s ability to pump, leading to cardiac tamponade.

Question 4

What can chronic pericarditis lead to?

Answer 4

Scarring, which may result in constrictive pericarditis.

Question 5

What are the classic manifestations of pericarditis?

Answer 5

Precordial pain radiating to the shoulder, neck, back, and arm (mimicking MI pain), pericardial friction rub (a grating or squeaking sound), ECG changes (ST segment elevation, T wave inversion).

Question 6

What is pericardial friction rub?

Answer 6

A grating, scraping, or scratching sound heard over the 2nd-4th intercostal spaces on the sternal border when the patient is leaning forward, caused by fibrous exudate in the pericardial layers.

Question 7

What ECG changes are seen in pericarditis?

Answer 7

ST segment elevation and progressive T wave flattening and inversion in multiple leads.

Question 8

How is pericarditis diagnosed?

Answer 8

History and physical exam (H&P), EKG, echocardiogram (ECHO).

Question 9

What is valvular dysfunction?

Answer 9

A congenital or acquired dysfunction of one of the four heart valves (mitral, aortic, tricuspid, pulmonary).

Question 10

What are the common acquired causes of valvular dysfunction?

Answer 10

Inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, degenerative, or infectious causes.

Question 11

What is valvular stenosis?

Answer 11

The narrowing or constriction of the valve orifice, which causes blood to back up in the chambers.

Question 12

What is valvular regurgitation?

Answer 12

The valve fails to shut completely, leading to blood flowing backward during diastole and forward during systole (also known as insufficiency or incompetence).

Question 13

What are the types of valvular stenosis?

Answer 13

Aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis.

Question 14

What are the types of valvular regurgitation?

Answer 14

Aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid regurgitation.

Question 15

What are the manifestations of valvular dysfunction?

Answer 15

Characteristic heart sounds, cardiac murmurs, weakness, fatigue, and changes in blood pressure.

Question 16

How does valvular stenosis affect cardiac output?

Answer 16

It reduces the ability of the heart to efficiently pump blood through the valve, leading to increased pressure in the upstream chambers and reduced forward flow of blood, which can decrease cardiac output.

Question 17

How does valvular regurgitation affect cardiac output?

Answer 17

It reduces the effective forward flow of blood during systole due to backward flow during diastole, leading to volume overload, which can strain the heart and eventually impair cardiac output.