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STUDY HELPERS Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

How do you treat Ketosis?

A

Restore Blood Glu levels (400mL 40% glu IV; oral glycerine)
Gluocorticoid hormone
VitB12/cobalt
Multivitamin inj

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2
Q

What impact does ketosis have on the animal?

A 
Decreases milk production
Decreases milk quality
Increases DZ
Immunosuppression
Decreases fertility
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3
Q

How do you treat twin lamb DZ?

A

160mL oral electrolytes and Glu
100mL 40% Gluc IV
Parturition (dexamethasone)
TLC

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4
Q

How do you treat hypoCa?

A

400mL 40% CaBoro IV
Mg and Ph SubQ
Remove calf
TLC

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5
Q

What are the predisposing factors of hypoCa?

A 
Age
Oestrus
Breed
Acid-Base Balance***
HypoMg
Ca intake during dry period***
DMI
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6
Q

What are the classic signs of hypoCa?

A

Paddling and sudden death due to respiratory muscle paralysis

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7
Q

What are the long-term prevention of hypoCa?

A

Ca restirction during Dry Period

DCAB: anion salts OR decrease K forage and MgCl in water

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8
Q

How do you treat Lambing Sickness?

A

20-40 mLs 40% CaBoro IV
50-100mLs 40% CaBoro SQ
Avoid stress

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9
Q

How do you treat Grass Staggers?

A

THIS IS AN EMERGENCY
400mLs 40% CaBoro and 5% MgHypophosphite IV
400mLs 25% MgSulphate SQ
Control seizures

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10
Q

What factors affect Mg availability?

A 
Soil levels
Pasture species
DMI
K
Na
pH
Ammonia
Dietary energy
Fats
Dietary fibre
Genetics
Stress
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11
Q

How do you treat Ovine HypoMg?

A

20mLs 20% CaBoro and Mg IV

50mLs 25% MgSulphate SQ

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12
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of compartment syndrome?

A

Sternal recumbency > compression of soft tissue

> contraction of muscles > muscle damage > raised AST and CK

> venous constriction > congestion > oedema and necrosis

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13
Q

What factors impact rumen flora?

A 
Excess CHO
Protein:Energy imbalance
Poor silage/hay
Lack of long fibers
Sudden feed change
Cow comfort
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14
Q

What is the ideal pH of rumen?

A

6.5-7

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15
Q

What ratio of concentrates to forage results in ruminal acidosis?

A

60:40

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16
Q

What are the risk factors for SARA?

A

cow comfort
inadequate long fibers
excess concentrate
poor management (feeding strategy, variable DMI, no transition diet)

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17
Q

At what ruminal pH is it considered SARA?

A

<= 5.5

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18
Q

What factors impact Cu absorption?

A

S, Fe, GI parasites, genetics, molybdenum

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19
Q

What is the transportation protein for Cu?

A

Caeruloplasmin

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20
Q

How do you treat Cu Deficiency?

A

Oral compounds: Cu Sulphate or Cu Oxide needles
Injectables: Methionate, Glycinate, EDTA, Heptonate, Hydroxyquinolone sulphonate
Free access mineral
Medicated water

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21
Q

What is cobalt required for in the body?

A

vitB12 > proprionate production and carbon chain binding

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22
Q

How do you treat cobalt deficiency?

A 
Oral: drenching or boluse iwth CuSulphonate
Inj:  vitB12
Inclusion in feed
Free access
Water
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23
Q

What is the role of Selenium/VitE in the body?

A

Antioxidents

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of Selenium deficiency?

A

Nutritional muscular deficinecy: stiff, dyspnoea, sudden death
RFM

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25
Q

How do you diagnose selenium deficiency?

A

WMD: CK and AST levels
Selenium in blood and liver
GSHPx
VitE in blood

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26
Q

How do you treat selenium deficiency?

A 
Oral: sodium selenate
Inj: Barium selenate or sodium selenate
Inclusion in feed
Free access
Water
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27
Q

What are the causes of secondary iodine deficiency?

A

Goitrogens that disrupt Iodine metabolism: thiocyante (competitive inhibition) and tiouracil (T4>T3)

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28
Q

How do you treat Iodine deficiecny?

A 
Oral: KI salts
Painting 5% tincture of I on flank
Inj: poppy seed oil
Inclusion in feed
Free access
Water
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29
Q

Why is S. Aureus mastitis difficult to treat?

A

Poor AB penetration due to fibrosis and abscess
B-lactamase
Persists within macrophages

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30
Q

When does E. coli infect cows and when does it develop into mastitis?

A

Infects in the dry cow period > dormant > clin mastitis in early lactation

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31
Q

How does mastitis impact milk constituents?

A

Decrease: protein, lactose, butterfat, Ca, Ph, stability/keeping quality, taste

Increase: RBC, WBC, Bacteria, Plasmin, Lipase, Na, Cl, pH, conductivity

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32
Q

How do you treat Grade 1 Mastitis? 2? 3?

A

1: intramammary AB (amoxiclav)
2: parentral AB (amoxiclav) and NSAID (flunixin)
3: parentral AB (amoxiclav), NSAID (flunixin), fluids (3L hypertonic + 40L isotonic rapidly > draw H2O into rumen), quarter strip and oxytocin

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33
Q

What is the 6 Point Plan to reduce mastitis on farms?

A
  1. Regular milking machine maintenace
  2. Post-milking teat disinfection
  3. Dry Cow Therapy
  4. Prompt treatment
  5. Cull chronic cases
  6. Miking order
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34
Q

How can you treat Pappilomatosis?

A

self-limiting

But, if it impairs with milking you can rubber ring, ligature, snip off

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35
Q

How do you treat herpes mammilitis?

A

Symptomatic: antiseptic udder cream and iodine based teat dips

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36
Q

What is the agent in Pseudocowpox?

A

Parapox virus

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37
Q

What is the pathognomic sign of pseudocowpox?

A

Raised horsehoe lesions

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38
Q

What is the agent of udder Impetigo?

A

Staphy

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39
Q

Where do you mostly find Necrotic dermatitis on cows?

A

udder skin where lies tight against medial thight and occasionally ventral midline

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40
Q

How do you treat photosensitization?

A

Local/systemic NSAIDS and house out of direct sunlight

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41
Q

What is a secondary outcome of milking machine induced lesions?

A

Black spot: F. necrophorum

42
Q

Describe the conservative method for treating teat lacerations.

A

Trim loose/devitalised skin off
Insert sterile teat cannula is cow not allowing milking
Astringent cream to aid healing

43
Q

Describe the surgical method for treating teat lacerations.

A

Sedate, cast, ring block teat
Clean and debride
Fine absorbable suture on atraumatic needle for mucosa and submucosa
Skin: monofil nylon or staples
Teat cannula to avoid milking until completely healed

44
Q

Describe treatment of a teat pea.

A

Desensitise teat lining (tourniquet around base of teat with 10mL procain or lignocaine)
Enlarge teat orifice with teat knife and squeeze out pea
Intramammary AB/corticosteroid

45
Q

What agents cause summer mastitis?

A

T. pyogenes
P. indolicus
S. dysgalactiae
Transmitted by the HEAD FLY

46
Q

How do you treat summer mastitis?

A

Parenteral AB (penicillin)
NSAID (fluniin)
Strip udder
»» doesn’t matter will have permanent damage

47
Q

What are the pathogens of BRD?

A 
IBR
BRSV
PI3
BoCV
BVD
M. haemolytica
P. multocida
H. somni
M. bovis
48
Q

How do you treat BRD?

A

NSAID (meloxicam)
Mucolytic (bromhexine)
Vax (IBR)
ABs

49
Q

What vaccines are available for BRD?

A

Monovalent: IBR, BRSV, M. haemolytica

Multivalent:
BRSV. PI3, M. haem.
BRSV, PI3, BVD, M. haem.
M. haem, H. somni
PI3, IBR
PI3, BRSV
PI3, BRSV, BVD, IBR
50
Q

How do you treat upper resp. tract dz? How do you prevent them in adult cattle?

A

AB (penicillin)
Lavage
Steroid (dexamethasone)

Avoid dehorning adult cattle - feed from ground

51
Q

What is the agent in acute bacterial pneumonia?

A

M. haemolytica

P. multocida

52
Q

What is the agent of Fog Fever?

A

lush silage/hay

over-gorging on aflalfa, rape, kale, turnip tops

53
Q

What is the agent of Farmer’s Lung?

A

allergic reaction to mouldy hay containing M. gaeni and T. vulgaris

54
Q

What is the agent of lungworm?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous

55
Q

How do you treat lungworm?

A

Anthelmintic
Dexamethasone
ABs for secondary infection

56
Q

Why do some animals deteriorate after lungworm treatment?

A

Epithelialisation of alveolar surface that hinders gas exchange
***need more corticosteroids

57
Q

Where does salmonella live when infecting the body?

A

Persists in gall bladder/bile ducts&raquo_space; live fluke damage makes infection worse

58
Q

What is the agent of Winter Dysentery?

A

unknown - suspect coronavirus

59
Q

How do you treat Winter Dysentery?

A

None/symptomatic (fluids, spasmolytics, slats)

Self-limiting and results in herd immunity for ~5years

60
Q

Which animals get Winter Dysentery?

A

Housed cattle

61
Q

What is the agent of Johnes?

A

Mycoplasma avium paratuberculosis

62
Q

What is the agent of Red Water?

A

Babesia bigemina, B. bovis

Spread by ticks

63
Q

How do you treat Red Water?

A

Imidocarb Diproprionate

64
Q

What is the agent of enzootic haematuria?

A

Bracken toxicity

65
Q

What is the common agent of pyelonephritis?

A

Actinomyces renale

66
Q

How do you treat fly strike?

A

Remove maggots and clean wound
Injectable ivermectine TOPICALLY AROUND WOUND
Fly repellent AROUND WOUND
Systemic AB and NSAIDs

67
Q

How do you treat biting lice? sucking lice?

A

Pyrethroid pour on (permethrin)

68
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis?

A

Ringworm infect keratin hair and skin > enzymes break down active growing hair > breaks

69
Q

How do you treat dermatophytosis?

A

UV light
Self-limiting
Enilconazole topically (dilute with warm water and spray on)

70
Q

What is the agent of chorioptic mange?

A

Chorioptes bovis

71
Q

How do you treat chorioptic mange?

A

Ivermectin pour on

72
Q

What is the agent of sarcoptic mange?

A

S. scabiei

73
Q

How do you treat sarcoptic mange?

A

Ivermectin pour on or injectable
Permethin pour on
ABs for secondary infection
NO STEROIDS

74
Q

What is the agent of New Forest Eye?

A

Moraxella bovis

75
Q

How do you treat New Forest Eye?

A

Penicillin

NSAIDs if painful

76
Q

How do you treat Silage Eye?

A

3mL Penicillin + 1mL dexamethasone

77
Q

What is the cause of VitA Deficiency?

A

Housed: straw, cereals, sugar beet pulp (low in VitA)
Pasture: after severe drought

78
Q

What are the clinical signs of VitA Deficiency?

A 
Blindness (optic nerve atrophy because bone grwoth into orbit)
Night blindeness (due to retinal degeneration)
Paillooedema (due to increased CSF pressure)
79
Q

How do you treat VitA Deficiency?

A

Aqueous VitA injection
Supplementation in diet
Green feed (hay/silage/dried grass)

80
Q

What are the two types of fetal mummification?

A

Papyraceous - all fetal fluids resorb

Haematic - haemorrhage of placentomes > degeneration of blood > red/brown viscous material

81
Q

What blood work can you test to confirm fetal mummification?

A

Preg-specific protein B (PSPB)

82
Q

How do you treat fetal mummification?

A

PGF2a, mannual assistance, cull

Dexamethasone will not work on dead fetus

83
Q

What is the most important difference between fetal mummification and fetal maceration?

A

Maceration - CL regresses > opening of cervix

Mummification - CL does NOT regress > cervix remains closed

84
Q

How do you treat pyometra?

A

PGF2a with luteolysis > return to oestrus and evacuation of uterus

85
Q

What is the aetiology of Rotten Calf and what are the resulting clinical signs?

A

Uterine infection > gas producing bacteria and calf death

Dam is acutely ill with bacteraemia/toxaemia

86
Q

How do you treat Rotten Calf?

A

Remove calf- mannually, fetotomy, C-sec
AB, NSAID, fluids
Cull

87
Q

How do you treat a vaginal or cervical prolapse?

A

Mild: observe, may self-cure post-partum
Severe: salvage slaughter or Csec for calf
In between: replace and retain - epiderual, clean perineum and prolapse, drain urine, check repalcement correct and no damage, AB and NSAID, retain prolapse with Buhner and non-absorbable suture (REMOVE AT START OF PARTURITION)

88
Q

How do you treat vaginal/uterine tears?

A

clamp the bleeding vessel and leave 2-3 days
AB
if severe: salvage slaught or leapartomy to attempt to repair

89
Q

How do you prevetn vaginal/uterine tears?

A

Avoid fetal.maternal disproportion

Overfat cows at calving

90
Q

How do you treat metritis?

A

ABs - amoxicillin
NSAIDs- flunixin
Fluids - IV hyper than iso orally
Remove RFM

91
Q

What are the different grades of metritis?

A

1: enlarged uterus, purulent discharge, no pyrexia/illness
2: systemic illness
3: toxaemic and hypothermic

92
Q

How do you treat endometritis?

A

PGF2a
Wash-out
***ABs not helpful

93
Q

What are the different grades of endometritis?

A

0: none
1: flecks of pus
2: more pus
3: 50% pus

94
Q

How do you treat RFM?

A

Do not pull. Will cause trauma > endometritis
Systemic ABs
PGF2a

95
Q

What is freemartinism and how does it come about?

A

Anastamosis in placenta when there are twins > share hormones and blood > masculinization of the female by the male twin

96
Q

Describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of mycotic abortion.

A

Aspergillus, Absidia

ingested/inhaled spores > bloodstream > germinate at the fetal/maternal junction > endometritis and placentitis

97
Q

How do you treat CHO overload?

A 
Antacids
Rumen stimulents
ABs (oxytet)
NSAIDs
Thiamine/VitB12
Fluids with Ca and Glu
98
Q

How do you treat actinobacillosis?

A

Streptomycin

Iodides - helps break down granulomatous lesions (BUT NOT IN PREGNANT ANIMALS)

99
Q

How do you treat choke?

A

Remove the choke: buscopan and massage or push or leave

Tracheostomy if necessary
ABs
NSAIDs

100
Q

What are the causes of an LDA?

A

Increased abdominal space and decreased gut motility due to: post partum, poor feed intake, excessive BCS loss, SARA, stress, concurrent disease, ketosis, hypoCa, sudden diet change

ICC: Farm Animal (54 decks)

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