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ICC: Farm Animal > FAC48-49: Non-Infectious Causes of Bovine Infertility > Flashcards

FAC48-49: Non-Infectious Causes of Bovine Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

Define female infertility.

A

The inability to produce viable offspring at term

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2
Q

Define abortion

A

Explusion of dead or non-viable calf before 260 days gestation

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3
Q

How do you handle an unknown cause abortion case?

A

Treat abortions as infectious until proved otherwise:

  • Isolation
  • Incineration or deep burial
  • Clean disinfect boxes
  • Burn litter/feed
  • Manure/slurry
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4
Q

When should abortions be reported?

A

Owner must inform AHDO of all abortions <271 days

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5
Q

What should be collected from an abortion?

A

WHole foetus if possible OR

  • Aseptically collected foetal stomach contents
  • Pleural or peritoneal fluid
  • Liver/Lung/Thymus
  • Blood

Placenta with cotyledons, lesions, and normal tissue

Blood Sample of mom

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6
Q

What are management causes of infertility?

A

Poor oestrus detection

Poor timing of AI

Cause of functional infertility (nutrition, stress)

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7
Q

What are causes of functional infertility?

A

Nutrition, endocrine, stress, etc

  • Anoestrus
  • Sub-oestrus
  • Persistent CL
  • Ovarian cysts
  • Ovulation defects (delayed, anovulation, ovarian cysts)
  • Luteal deficiency
  • Other
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8
Q

What are some hereditary/congenital causes of infertility?

A

Ovaries

  • Agenesis
  • Hypoplasia
  • Cysts - inactive

Oviducts

  • Aplasia
  • Segmental aplasia
  • Duplication

Uterus, cervix, vagina

  • Uterine diadelphis (failure of fusion)
  • Lack of patency of tract
  • Segmental aplasia
  • Uterus unicornis
  • Persistent hymen
  • Infantile vulva
  • Freemartinism
  • Lack of endometrial glands
  • Cysts of Gartner’s Ducts
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9
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Placental anastomosis in twins causes hormones, blood cells, and other cells to cross. Thus the testosterone and male cells with reach the female twin and masculinize her

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10
Q

What are some acquired anatomical issues that cause infertility?

A

Ovary

  • Granulosa cell tumours
  • Ovariobursal adhesions
  • Oophoritis
  • Ovarian Cysts

Oviduct

  • Oviduct salpingitis

Uterus

  • Uterine adhesions
  • Mucometra/hydrometra
  • Neoplasia
  • Uterine abscess

Lower General Tract

  • Stenosis/fibrosis
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11
Q

What are the three routes of infection during pregnancy?

A
  • Resident flora of reproductive tract during pregnancy
  • Transplacental
  • Haematogenous
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12
Q

What are the non-specific, primary infectious infertility diseases?

A
  • Metritis
  • Endometritis
  • Pyometra
  • Salpingitis
  • Cervicitis
  • Vaginitis
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13
Q

What are the primary, specific causes of infertility?

A

Bacteria

  • Leptospira
  • Campylobacter
  • Brucella abortus
  • Bacillus licheniformis
  • Salmonella dublin
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Trueperella pyogenes

Viruses

  • BVD
  • Bovine Herpes Virus
  • Infectious pustular vulvo-vaginitis
  • Transmissible viral papillomatosis

Other Microorganisms

  • Neospora caninum
  • Mycotic abortion
  • Mycoplasmosis
  • Granular vulvo-vaginitis
  • Q Fever
  • Epizootic bovine abortion
  • Trichomoniasis
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14
Q

What are the secondary, specific causes of infertility?

A

Bacteria

Gram +

  • Trueperella pyogenes
  • Staphycoccus aureus
  • B haemolytic Strep

Gram -

  • E. coli
  • Histophilus somnii
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Salmonella dublin
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15
Q

Define opportunistic (secondary) pathogens.

A

Pathogens found in the environment, unable to breach an intact healthy feto-maternal barrier, capable of transplacental infection and spread to fetus

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16
Q

Is leptospira zoonotic?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What gram is Campylobacter?

A

Gram -

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18
Q

How is campylobacter transmitted?

A

Service

This becomes a herd problem after introduction of new infected bulls or females

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19
Q

How do you diagnose campylobacter?

A

Females

  • Isolation of bacteria from post-service discharges
  • Vaginal Mucus Agglutination Test

Males

  • Bacteriological examination of semen
  • FAB on preputial washing/scrapings
  • Virgin heifer test
20
Q

How do you control against campylobacter?

A
  • AI all stock
  • Clean males on clean females
  • Two normal pregnancies by AI before resuming natural breeding (they will then have immunity)
21
Q

How do you treat camplyobacter?

A

Females are not usually treated

Males are usually culled

22
Q

How does Bacillus licheniformis infect?

A

It is found in mouldy hay, feed, silage and is a result of feed and bedding, overcrowding, ventilation

23
Q

What does the placneta of a cow infected with Bacillus licheniformis look like?

A

Placenta is dry, leathery, yellowish brown

24
Q

How do you control against salmonellosis?

A

Vaccination and eliminate active carriers

25
Q

Is listeriosis zoonotic?

A

Yes.

26
Q

When does the fetus have antibodies that work?

A
  • T cell recognition of self occurs around 90-120 days gestation
  • The more complex the antigenic stimulus the later in gestation fetal antibodies are produced
27
Q

How is Bovine Herpes Virus spread?

A

Venereally via natural service or AI

28
Q

What disease does bovine herpes virus cause?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

29
Q

What does infectious pustular vulvo-vaginitis look like?

A

Sudden onset 48 hours post-mating

vulval hyperaemia > vesicles > ulcers

30
Q

What do you do when you cows have infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?

A

all breeding stopped for 2-4 weeks

31
Q

How is neospora caninum spread?

A

Definitive host in the dog and it is shed in faeces with intermediate hosts being dogs, cattle, mice, horses, sheep

Dogs eat it when they eat placenta from infected cows

32
Q

What happens if a cow eats oocysts of neospora?

A

If she is pregnant, it will cross the placenta and cause either abortion of PI calf

33
Q

How do you diagnose neopora associated abortions?

A
  • Maternal serology
  • Testing calves at/close to birth (indicated dam status)
  • Foetus (Abs in foetal fluids, histology of brain and heart)
34
Q

How do you manage neospora?

A

ID positive cows

Cull infected cows

Selective breeding to beef

Reduce risk of infection in dogs and cows via faeces

Biosecurity

35
Q

What agents are responsible for mycotic abortion?

A

Aspergillus, absidia

36
Q

How is mycotic abortion spread?

A

Ingested/inhaled spores enter bloodstream > germinate at goetal/maternal junction > endometritis and placentitis > foetus

37
Q

What does myocotic abortion look like?

A

Thickened leathery allantochorion, cotyledons necrotic, reddish-brown, swollen

The foetus has cutaneous plaque-like lesions (Aspergillus)

38
Q

How do you control myocotic abortions?

A
  • Care with bailing/storing food and bedding
  • Avoidance of contaminated material
  • Improve ventilation, reduce overcrowding
39
Q

What are the agents that cause mycoplasmosis?

A
  • Acholeplasma laidlawii
  • Mycoplasma bovigenitalium
  • Mycoplasma bovis
  • Ureaplasma diversum
40
Q

What are the agents of granular vulvovaginitis?

A

U. diversum, M. bovigenitalium

41
Q

How do you treat granular vulvovaginitis?

A

Cease natural service, antibiotics

Bulls: topical and systemic tetracyclines

Females: tetracyclines or spectinomycin

42
Q

What is the agent of Q Fever?

A

Coxiella burnetti (zoonotic)

43
Q

How is Q Fever transmitted?

A

Airborne infection or mechanically by ticks etc

44
Q

What is the agent of epizootic bovine abortion?

A

Chlamydophilia abortus (zoonotic)

45
Q

How do you control again epizootic bovine abortion?

A

Keep susceptible cattle away from infected sheep

ICC: Farm Animal (54 decks)

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