Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ICC: Farm Animal > FAC25-26: Practical Nutrition > Flashcards

FAC25-26: Practical Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the micro-organisms involved in rumen fermetnation and what is the job of each?

A

Anaerobic bacteria: cellulolytic enzymes that break down cellulose and hemicellulose into starch and sugar

Protozoa: ferment mainly starch and sugar

Anaerobic fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is normal rumen pH and at what pH are rumen micro-organisms depressed?

A

normal: 7
depressed: 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the end products of rumen fermentation

A

VFAs (acetat, butyrate, propionate)

Ammonia

Microbial cells

Gases (methane, CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name whats to ensure optimum rumen function.

A
  • Rumen pH 6.5-7
  • Enough effective long fibre
  • Cow comfort and welfare
  • Sufficient rumen degradable protein
  • Excess highly fermentable energy can disturb rumen function
  • Minimise any changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most important factor in diet formulation?

A

Dry Matter Intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the cow factors that influence DMI?

A
  • Body weight/ rumen volume
  • Milk yield
  • Stage of lactation
  • Stage of pregnancy
  • Body condition score
  • Cow comfort
  • Rumen health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the food factors affecting DMI?

A
  • Digestibility of foods
  • Concentrate feeding
  • Forages
  • Dietary deficiencies
  • Palatability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the management factors in DMI?

A
  • TMR
  • Frequency of presentation of food
  • Restriction of access
  • Water
  • Cow comfort
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the daily maintenance requirement for Holstein cows?

A

70-80 MJ of ME

Proportional to bodyweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the production requirements for Holstein cows?

A

5 MJ of ME per liter of milk

Proportional to Milk Quality and Milk Quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Metabolisable protein

A

It is the protein (mixture of amino acids) which the animal has absorbed into its body and is available to meet the needs for maintenance and to produce protein in milk, meat, and fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Metabolisable protein composed of?

A

Effective Rumen Degradable Protein and Digestible Undegradable Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is fiber important in cattle diet?

A
  • Important source of energy for rumen
  • Essential to promote rumination
  • Formation of rumen mat
  • Increases proportion of acetate produce in rumen > increase butterfat levels
  • Separate feedstuffs into cellulosic and non-cellulosic feeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much water per kg of milk do cows require?

A

2-3 liters per kg of milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the point of dry cow management?

A

The dry period is an opportunity for the cow to recuperate and restore resources

Critical for:

  • Increased dry matter intake in early lactation
  • Reduced disease problems in early lactation
  • Increased milk production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long is the dry period? What are the sub periods and how long does each last?

A

Dry period = 2 months

Far-off dry period = 2-1 month pre-calving

Near dry period = 2-4 weeks prior to calving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the aim of the far off dry period?

A

Recuperate ater lactation

Get cows in correct condtion score

18
Q

What are the aims of the near dry period?

A

Provide cows with best nutrition and environment

19
Q

What are the repercussions if a cow is too fat or too thin after far-off dry cow management?

A

Too Fat

  • Excess loss of condition score
  • Reduced DMI in early lactation
  • Health problems

Too Thin

  • Poor lactation yields
  • Health and reproductive problems
20
Q

What is the purpose of giving concentrated during near dry cow management?

A
  • Increase energy density of diet
  • Acclimatisation of rumen flora to concentrates
  • Conditioning of rumen papillae > increase surface area of rumen lining > rapid absorption of VFAs and stable rumen pH
21
Q

What are the different types of feeds for cows?

A

Forages

Grazing

Grass silage

Ensiled whole crop cereals (maize silage, whole crop cereals)

Hay

Straw

22
Q

What is the purpose of long fiber in the cow diet?

A

To stimulate rumination (scratch factor)

To form floating mat in the rumen

To promote chewing and saliva production

23
Q

What is the detriment of fine fiber in the cow diet?

A

Fine fiber > No rumination > Ruminal distension > acidosis

24
Q

What are the different grazing systems?

A

Set stocking

Rotational grazing

Strip grazing

Zero grazing (grass brought to cows)

25
Q

At above what ratio of concentrates to forage does acidosis occur?

A

If ratio of concentrate to forage in ration exceeds 60:40 on a DM basis, then acidosis may occur

26
Q

What are the advantages of total mixed ration (TMR)?

A

Health (feeds mixed together allow for a stable rumen pH)

Maximise Dry Matter intakes

Flexibility in ration formulation (use of cheapest available by-products)

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of total mixed ration (TMR)?

A
  • Cost of machine and setting up
  • Skill required in ration formulation
  • Less individual attention to animal
  • Some cows become over-fat
  • Problems with high concentrate levels
  • Works best if cows grouped according to requirements
28
Q

What is Bovine Somatotrophin (BST)?

A

It is a recombinant hormone, produced by genetic engineering used to increase milk yeild

29
Q

What are the advantages of Bovine Somatotrophin?

A

Increased milk yield by approx 20%

Increased feed efficiency by up to 15%

30
Q

What are the disadvantages of Bovine Somatotrophin?

A
  • Requires regular administration
  • Possible effects on fertility and lameness
  • Cost
  • Public acceptance
  • Not allowed in EU
31
Q

What determines milk quality?

A

Butterfat

Protein

Lactose

32
Q

Why is milk quality important?

A

Milk price varies according to milk quality

33
Q

What influences milk quality?

A

Genes: breed variation, genetic of individuals

Age

Yield/Stage of lactation: dilution effect

Disease: mastitis, liver fluke

34
Q

What are the nutritional influences on butterfat?

A

Unstable rumen conditions

  • Feed concentrates little and often
  • Diet chance
  • Sodium bicarb

Provision of adequate fibre

  • Quantity and access
  • Quality and palatability
  • Provision of forage

Dietary Fat

  • Saturated “hard” fats to a maximum of 5%
  • Unsaturated “soft” fats will depress butterfat
  • Protected fats
35
Q

What is the usual cause of low butterfat levels?

A

Lack of long fibre in the diet

36
Q

How is dietary energy related to milk protein?

A

The major source of milk protein is from microbial protein, the synthesis of which is dependent on dietary energy

37
Q

What are the nutritional influences on milk protein?

A

Historical energy status

  • Autumn poor nutrition > low winter milk protein
  • Monitor via condition scoring and/or metabolic profiles

Forages - maximise energy supply

  • Maximise DM intake
  • Feed forages with high energy content

Concentrates

  • Increase levels of concentrate feeding
  • Must avoid ruminal acidosis
  • DUP

Dry cow management

  • Too fat
  • Feeding DUP to help protein intakes
38
Q

Which is faster to correct: milk protein or milk butterfat?

A

Butterfat (days)

Protein (months)

39
Q

What are the risk factors for rumen acidosis?

A

Cow comfort (poor housing, overcrowding)

Excess carbs

Imbalance of protein: energy ratio

Sudden feed changes

Poor silage or hay

Lack of coarse fiber

40
Q

What diseases are associated with subclinical acidosis (SARA)?

A
  • Negative energy balance/acetonaemia
  • LDA
  • Lameness-solar ulcers/white line
  • Poor fertility
  • Other peri-parturient diseases
41
Q

How do you diagnose a poor rumen?

A

Assess ration - amount of long fibre

Asses cows - examine faeces

Production records- milk production, milk quality, disease

Rumen pH

ICC: Farm Animal (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions