FAC12-13: Bovine Respiratory Disease (young stock) Flashcards
Describe the aetiology of bovine respiratory disease.
Normally: respiratory tract defences exclude commensals from lower respiratory tract
Bovine respiratory disease can be caused by the following scenarios:
- Primary pathogens compromise upper respiratory tract defences allowing opportunists to colonise lower respiratory tract
- Primary pathogens colonise upper respiratory tract and/or lower respiratory tract, also allowing opportunists to colonise lower respiratory tract
- Environmental factors compromise respiratory tract defences, permitting pathogens and/or opportunists to colonise respiratory tract
What are the risk factors to bovine respiratory disease?
Anything that Increases pathogen load
Anything that compromises defences
- Damage to mucociliary escalator
- Immuno-suppression
Specifically:
- Sourcing calves from multiple farms
- Transport
- Large group sizes
- Mixed age groups
- Group changes/mixing
- Poor colostrum management
- Changes in or extremes of temperature
- Damp and draughts
- Insufficient airflow and high levels of humidity in cattle sheds
- Nutrition
- Water
- Dust
- Stockmanship
- Other stressful management events
What is the lower critical temp and upper critical temp of a calf at birth?
LCT: 10C
UCT: 29C
What is the most important factor in making the stack effect work?
You need an appropriate number of animals
What are the major viral pathogens of bovine resp disease?
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
- Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
- Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3)
- Bovine corona virus (BoCV)
- Bovine viral diarrhoea
What are the major bacterial pathogens that cause bovine respiratory disease?
- Mannheimia haemolytica
- Pasteurella multocida
- Histophilus osmni
- Mycoplasma bovis
Define bruxism
Teeth grinding
What are the sample options when examining calves for bovine respiratory disease?
- Blood (serum)
- Conjunctival swabs
- Nasopharyngeal swabs
- Trans-tracheal lavage
- Broncho-alveolar lavage
- Whole calf
- Lung - fresh fixed
Describe the process of taking a broncho-alveolar lavage.
- Halter animal
- Extend neck
- Pass 1m silicone tube through ventral meatus and through larynx
- Feed 2m silicone tube through the first tube until lodged in bronchus
- Flush 60 ml sterile saline and draw back immediately
- Place in sterile sample pot
- Drive straight to alb
How do you treat bovine resp disease?
NSAIDs
- Anti-pyrexic
- Anti-inflammatory
- Analgesic
Bromhexine
- Mucolytic
- Improves airway potency
Supportive/fluid therapy
Antibiotics
What is the difference between injectable and oral antibiotics for bovine resp disease?
Oral: often used for group treatment of pre-ruminating calves, commonly following arrival on calf rearing units
When do you use fluoroquniloes and 3rd/4th generation cephalosphorins?
ONLY if indicated by C&S
What do you do with dead or moribund animals?
PM
What are the antibiotics licenced in the UK for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle?
Beta-lactams
- Penicillin ± streptomycin
- Ampicillin
- Amoxicillin ±clavulanic acid
- Cefquinome
- Ceftiofur
- Cefalexin
Macrolides
- Tylosin
- Tilmicosin
- Gamithromycin
- Tulathromycin
- Tildipirosin
Tetracyclines
- Oxytetracycline
- CHlortetracycline
- Doxycycline
Fluoroquinolones
- Danofloxacin
- Enrofloxacin
- Marbofloxacin
Trimethoprim and Sulfadiazine
Florfenicol
Spectinomycin
