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ICC: Farm Animal > FAC23: Farm Animal Ophthalmology and Bovine Skin Diseases > Flashcards

FAC23: Farm Animal Ophthalmology and Bovine Skin Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

IBKC, NEw Forest Eye, pink eye

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2
Q

Describe what the cornea looks like in a cow with IBKC.

A

Central white/cloudy raised lesion

Oedema

After about 6 days there will be vascularisation

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3
Q

How do you treat IBKC?

A

Long-acting antibiotics. Treat both eyes (but the affected one last)

  • Topical - cloxacillin
  • Subconjunctival injections - Penicillin
  • Systemic - oxytetracycline or florfenicol
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4
Q

How do you control against IBKC?

A

Reduced predisposing factors

  • Fly control
  • Adequate headspace at feeders
  • Control dust/long vegetation
  • Quarantine replacement animals

In an outbreak

  • Isolate affected cattle
  • Mass treatment
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5
Q

What is another name of listerial uveitis?

A

Silage eye, ophthalmitis of cattle (and sheep)

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6
Q

What is the associated cause of listerial uveitis?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Big bale silage

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7
Q

Describe what the cornea looks like in a cow with listerial uveitis.

A

Bluish white corneal opacity spreading centrally

White focal aggregations of fibrin

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8
Q

How do you treat listerial uveitis?

A

If untreated, this painful condition may resolve in 2-3 weeks

Sub-conjunctival injection of penicillin and dexamethasone

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9
Q

What tissues are affected by ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Non-pigmeneted scleral, conjunctival palpebral tissues

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10
Q

Which breed is most often affected by ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

>5 year old Herefrods

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11
Q

What is the cause of ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Long-term sunlight exposure

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12
Q

What does the eye look like in a cow with ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

There are conjunctival plaques with or without palpebral hyperkeratosis

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13
Q

How do you treat ocular squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Surgical removal

  • Excision
  • Removal of 3rd eyelid
  • Enucleation
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14
Q

What disease has both eye and respiratory clinical signs?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

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15
Q

What cattle are susceptible to vitamin A deficiency?

A

Housed animals fed straw, cereals, sugar beet pulp that are low in VitA

Pastured animals after a severe drought

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16
Q

What is the cause of primary vitamin A deficiency?

A

Poor status in dam

Not enough colostrum

Fast growing calves

Low supply in feed

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17
Q

What is the cause of secondary vitamin A deficiency?

A

Low vitamins C/E

High phosphate

Chronic liver/intestinal disease

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18
Q

What are the ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Blindness with bone growth in orbit

Night blindness

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19
Q

Besides ocular signs, what are the other signs of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Congenital: Convulsions, syncope, ventral neck flexion

Growing calf: As above plus ataxia, bran-like scales in coat

Adult: Reproductive failure

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20
Q

How do you confirm a vitamin A deficiency diagnosis?

A

Plasma Vit A levels and CSF pressure

21
Q

How do you treat vitamin A deficiency?

A

Vit A injection

22
Q

Which age of sheep is most affected by ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis?

A

More severe in ewes than lambs

23
Q

What are the causes of IKC?

A

Mycoplasma conjunctivae, chlamydia psittaci, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Branhamella ovis

24
Q

How do you treat IKC?

A

Ewes

  • Single IM injection of oxytet
  • Separated

Lambs

  • Not always necessary
  • Topical chlortetracycline
25
Q

How do you prevent and control of IKC?

A

Adequate space in trough in pens

26
Q

What is the cause of bright blindness?

A

Prolonged ingestion of bracken

27
Q

How do you treat congenital entropion?

A

Sub-conjunctival injection of antibiotic (penicillin)

Application of michel clips - vertical fold of skin

28
Q

Name some non-ophthalmic causes of blepharitis.

A

Viral

  • Orf
  • Bluetongue

Bacterial

  • Dermatophilus
  • Actinobacillus

Fungal

  • Dermatophytosis

Parasitic

  • Psoroptes
  • Chorioptes
29
Q

What is the causative agent of dermatophytosis?

A

Ringworm

  • Trichophyton verrucosum
  • T. Mentagrophyttes
30
Q

Describe ringworm lesions.

A

Non-pruritic, alopecic lesions that have raised, grey/white powdery surface

Often circular or oval

31
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of ringworm

A
  • Infection of keratin of hair and skin
  • Enzymes attack keratin of actively growing hair
  • Hair breaks off
  • Inflammatory reaction (often mild)
32
Q

How do you treat/control for ringworm?

A

Disease is self-limiting (often 1-4 months) so any treatment just reduces the duration of the disease

Topical: Imaverol

Vaccination: Ringvac (prophylaxis or double dose for treatment)

33
Q

When are biting and sucking lice most common on cows?

A

Cold months when animals are housed or in close contact with each other

34
Q

How do you treat for biting and sucking lice?

A

Pyrethroid pour-ons or endectocides when animals are at housing

35
Q

What are the species of mites that cause mange?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes ovis, Chorioptes bovis, Demodex

36
Q

What is the difference between chorioptic mange and sarcoptic mange?

A

Chorioptic mange is a surface mite, life cycle of 2-3 weeks, and is only transmitted by direct contact

Sarcoptic mange (scabies) is a burrowing mite, life cycle of 10-17 days, and transmitted by direct contact or fomites

37
Q

How do you treat mites?

A

Ivermectin pour-on

Permethrin pour-on (not for Psorptes)

Endectocide injection (does not eliminate Chorioptes)

38
Q

What causes viral papillomatosis?

A

Bovine papillomavirus

39
Q

How do you treat papillomatosis?

A

Uncomplicated cases - no treatment

Otherwise surgical removal/debulking, cryosurgery

40
Q

What are the primary causes of photo-sensitisation?

A

Plant origin (St. John’s Wort)

Defective metabolism

41
Q

What are the secondary causes of photo-sensitisation?

A

Liver disease

Failure to metabolise phylloerythrin (chlorophyll breakdown product)

Builds up in circulation

42
Q

What plant causes contact photo-sensitisation?

A

Giant hogweed sap

43
Q

How do you treat photo-sensitisation?

A

House out of sun

Antibiotics for secondary infection

44
Q

How do you control against photo-sensitisation?

A

Control liver disease (fluke, ragwort, bog asphodel) and avoid toxic plants

45
Q

What is fly strike?

A

Larval infestation of soiled skin, especially in warm damp conditions

46
Q

How do you treat maggot wounds?

A
  • Manually remove as many maggots as possible
  • Clean wound
  • Topical application of injectable ivermectin
  • Fly repellent around wound
47
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of warble fly.

A
  • Adults lay eggs on the skin
  • Larvae hatch in 4 days and burrow into the skin to overwinter in muscle
  • SubQ nodules and cysts form along backs of cattle in spring
  • Larvae burst out and pupate to adults in the soil.
48
Q

How do you control against flies?

A

Pyrethroid ear tags

Hygiene

  • Dry manure
  • Reduce feed spoilage
  • Reduce moisture
  • Fly Traps
  • Chemical baits
49
Q

How do you control against summer mastitis?

A
  • Synthetic pyrethroid ear tags/pour on products
  • Graze open fields away from woods and streams
  • Weekly tar/micropore tape application of teats
  • Prevent teat lesions
  • Dry cow tubes

ICC: Farm Animal (54 decks)

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