FAC15-18: Medical Conditions of the Bovine GI Tract Flashcards
What does this animal have? What do you do with it?
Congenital Harelip
Euthanize
What does this animal have? What do you do with it? Why?
Cleft Palate
Euthanize because it will get aspiration pneumonia
What does this animal have? What do you do with it? Why?
Undershot Jaw (Prognathia)
Keep it, but do not breed from it. It will have a problem grazing ONLY IF the bottom incisors completely miss the dental pad
What is atresia coli?
How does it present?
What do you do with the animal?
Atresia coli = a section of its colon never developed
Clinical Signs
- Progressive abdominal distension by 2-3 days of age
- Inappetence
- Pain
- Depression
- Weakness
- May cause
What is the viral pathogen that causes Bovine Papular Stomatits? Is it zoonotic?
Parapox virus, yes.
What is the bacterium that causes stomatitis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What does the term Stomatitis/Pharyngitis mean?
Inflammation of the mucosae of the mouth/pharynx
What is the bacterium that causes actinobacillosis?
Actinobacillus lignieressi. It is a gram neg commensal
What is another term for actinobacillosis?
Wooden tongue
Besides the tongue, what are other lesions that are caused by actinobacillosis?
Cutaneous and intestinal
What antibiotics do you give to treat actinobacillosis?
Pen/Strep
What is another name for actinomycosis?
Lumpy jaw
What is the bacterium that causes actinomycosis?
Actinomyces bovis - gram positive commensal
What is the bacterium that causes oral necrobacillosis (calf biphtheria)?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Oral lesions and scour are common clinical signs. What is the DDx for:
Oral lesions and scour?
Oral lesions, no scour?
Scour, no oral lesions?
OL and S: BVD/MD, MCF, Rinderpest
OL no S: FMD, VS, BT, BPS, calf diphtheria
S no OL: Salmonella, WD, Johnes, parasites, cocci, barley poisoning, toxicities, SCC, amyloid
What are some common causes of squamous neoplasia?
Bracken and bovine papilloma virus
What are other names for barley poisoning?
Carbohydrate overload
Ruminal lactic acidosis
What causes barley poisoning?
Imbalanced concentrate to roughage ratio
Why is VitB1 used as supprotive treatment in barley poisoning?
VitB1 is used to make thiamine, which is involved in pumping water out fo the brain
Thiamine is made in rumen
What are the sequelae of barley poisoning?
Rumenitis caused by escape of rumen flora leading to liver abscesses and laminitis
Parakeratosis and fungal rumenitis
What is the cause of frothy bloat?
Failure of gas cap formation due to increased surface tension
Define primary and secondary bloat?
Primary: gas cap did not form
Secondary: able to form gas cap, but you can’t get rid of it
How does hypocalcaemia cause bloat?
No calcium (it is all in the milk)
Muscles no longer work without calcium > esophagus fails> secondary bloat
What causes juvenile bloat?
Oesophageal groove dysfunction (due to poor feeding management) thus allowing milk to enter the rumen and ferment
What pasture types usually cause frothy bloat?
Leguminous pasture: clover
Why is bloat a problem?
Compresses diaphragm, vena cava, vagal nerve (which further inhibits eructation)
What are the causes of free gas bloat?
Intra-luminal: physical obstruction/choke, oesophageal groove lesion (actinobacillosis/papillomatosis)
Extra-luminal: enlarged LNs, thoracic mass (thymic lymphosarcoma)
Extra-luminal, extra-cow: lateral recumbency
Neurological: tetanus, vagal indigestion
Metabolic: milk fever
Gas over-production: cereal overfeed/acidosis
What is the cause of vagal indigestion?
Cannot shift stuff through its pylorus as fast as it should due to vagal damage
What are the three techniques for local block?
Line, Inverted L, Distal para-vertebral
What are the benefits of distal para-vertebral anaesthesia?
Excellent analgesia
Smaller drug volume
Drug is distant from wound site (can extend wound site)
Easy in lean animals
Which vertebrae do you block in a distal para-vertebral block?
L1, L2, L4 and behind last rib
Where do you inject (in relation to the transverse process) in the distal paravertebral block?
Above and below the transverse process
Where do you inject (in relation to the transverse process) in the proximal paravertebral block?
Between adjacent t-processes
What stitch do you use to close the rumen?
Continuous inverting pattern = Utrect
Why should you not use the Utrect on intestine?
This pattern makes the diameter smaller - ok on things like rumen bad on things like intestine
Why does firm poo indicate a problem with the rumen?
If the rumination stops, the gut will go into stasis > firm poo
What are the two physical tests that indicate traumatic reticulo-pericarditis?
Withers pinch test and the bar test
Describe the Bar Test for TRP?
Pull bar up and then drop bar
- Normal response: cow drops when bar is released
- Diagnostic response: cow tries to stay high up when bar is released
Describe the Withers Pinch test.
Pinch Withers
Normal response: cow dips down to avoid the pinch
Diagnostic response: cow does not dip because it is in cranial abdominal pain when it ventro-flexes its abdomen
What is the normal heart rate of a cow? Temp? Resp rate?
HR: 60-80bpm
Temp: 38-39C
RR: 15-30 bpm
