Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

for review > structural > Flashcards

structural Flashcards

1
Q

real number reflecting temp mass density speed or any physcial magnitude that has no direction

A

scalar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

has both magnitufe and direction such as for e traction or verlocity

A

vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

same length and of the same amgbitude in 2 different cooridnate systems dofferent numbers has bith magnitutude and direction such as force traction or velocity

A

vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

linear stylolitic structures form a lineation that parallels the movement direction direction quite precisely

A

stylolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name often used for small extension fractures open are more commonly mineralized qirh quartz or carbonates and do not show dtriation typically dip around 45 degrees in teh slip direction witj respect to a horizontally oriented

A

T fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

set of fractures sometiomes dip in the opposite direction

A

p fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

low angle normal faults and

anthithetic reverse faults make high anfle

A

r fractures

r prime fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gibes the orientation of the prinicple atresswa and the shape of the stress sllipsoid

A

inversion of slip data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

datasets may contain slop curfsces formed under teo or more stress fields that must be separated to obtain useful tejlts

A

complex failt slip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vacancies or less impurities in the form of extea atoms in the lattice point defect interes missing atom

A

point defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

movement of vacancies

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

referred to as dislocations

A

line defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a mobile line defect that contributes to intracrystalline deformation by a mechanical callep slip

A

dislocations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

implies movements of dislocation front within ad plane plane in a crustal that has the highest density of atoms had the highest desity of atoms

A

slip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

includes structures such as grain boundaries subgrain bpudnaries and twon planes

A

plane defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

volume diffusion is also called

A

nabarro herring creep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

also called grain boundary diffusion

A

coble creep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

less energy demanidng than nabarro hearinfg

A

cobble creep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dislocation line oriented parallel to the slip direction bit like teating a pirce of paper

A

screw dialocations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

effect of non recrystallizing minerals such as small mica grains in quartzite or quartz rich mylonites

A

pinning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

non cylindrical upright antiform sometimes

A

doubly plunging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

can dorm attractice traps of oul and gas wolrds largest hydrocarbon

A

doubly plunging antiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

implies slip along layer interfaces or very thin layers during folding produces class 1b or parallel folds

A

flexural slip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

competent rock layers tah thave been stretched into segmetbs much longer in one fimension than the other two and thus define lineation appear ob the limbs of thw fold with their long axes oriented in the direction kf the fd axiseasily recognized in sections perpendicular to the long axis

A

boudinage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

linear deformations structures that are restricted the interface between a competent and a an incompetent rock striations on failt surfaces layer interfaces structures formed during layer parlel extension as well as contracriln

A

mullion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

place to find mullion

A

structures in metamorphic to ks at boudbaey between quartzite and phyllite or micaschist occur on the surface of quartz pods in micaschists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

result of discrete interference between compaction cleavage an a subsequent tectonic cleavage brtween teo eually developed tectonic cleavages

A

pencil structures
unmetamorphosed very low grade emtamorphic rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

relate to he irregular or corrugates shape of a slip surface

A

geometric stria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

special type of geometric striae seen on walls of the deformation band cluster zones

A

cigar shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

intersected by secondary fracturws such as ried fractures or twnsile fractures high angle to laip direction

A

intersection lineations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

tabular stur tures tend to point int he direction of contraction and slickentolites are thus a kind of lineation kinematically differet from other lineations

A

slickolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a very pronounced stretching lineation indicate

A

prolate strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

in plastic tegime lineations form

A

penetrative fabrics alone L favrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

together with foliatoond

A

LS fabrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

max lohest
extensional structures formed by layer parallel extension

single competent layers extended into separate pieces through plastic brittle combinationmore or less regulary shaped

A

boudins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

process that leads to the formation of boudins from originally continuos layers deforms plastically

A

boudinage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

regularly shaped areas pf thinning in many extended comptent layers without the separation into isolated fragments are boudin like elements that are barely connected

A

pinch and swell structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

process where a pinch and swell is formed

A

necking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

magnitude thicker than the microlayering represented bu the foliatio but fo i many ways resemble classic boudins a strong planar anistorpy in deformed rocks

A

foliation boudinage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

separated by tensile fractures filled with quartz or other hydrothermal mienrlas nad or by flow of adjacent rock layers foliation within the boudin pinched toward the extnesion fracture

A

dymmetric foliation boudin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

separate dby brittle shear fracturws or by ductile shear bands showing relative movement along the fractures/bands found in single conjugate sets

A

assetric foliation boudins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

boudinage in two directions of finite extension within the layer

A

chocolate tablet boudinage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

layer thickness and viscosity contrast extensional conuterpart to buckling

A

classic boudinage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

less dependent on viscosit contrasts strongly dependent on a foliation anisotropy not to he considered a direct counterpart to passive folding

A

foliation boudinage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

used for shear sense evaluation if original layer orientation aspect ratio and viscosity contrast

A

boudins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

tabular zone which strain is notably higher than in the surrounding rock

A

shear zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

no internal diacontinuities marker layers crossed vy the shear zone can be traced continuously throug hthe zonr at the mesoscopic scale

A

prefectly ductile shear zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

two perfectly planat blundaries separating it from completwly udneformws wall rocks ductile so the slip surfaces or other diacontinuities are non existent

A

ideal shear zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

deviates fro
thw idela ductile shear zone

A

general shear zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

cover the plane strai spectrum of simultaneous sinple shear and lure shear

A

subsimple shear zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where is mylonite derived from

A

scottish moine thrust zone

52
Q

where are mylonites common

A

thrusts extensional shear zones and stepp basement shear zones

53
Q

<50%
50-90%
>90%

A

protomylonite
mylonite
ultramylonite

54
Q

remains of the original texture or original minerals found as large lenses or fragments wrapped in the mylonitix foliation

A

protolithic lenses

55
Q

fragments of single crystals or minerlas and feldspar forms in deformwd grnaitic rocks during greenschist facies shearing temp is too low for feldspar to deform by cystalloplastic deformation mechanisms

A

porphyroclasts

56
Q

shear bands french for shear which relates to the movement of scissors

A

cisaillement

57
Q

structurws relatwd to partcile acceleration/deceleration

A

quarter structures

58
Q

veins forming under non coaxial deformation will rotate the moment they form results in a

A

sigmoidal geometry that can be used to determine the sense of shear

59
Q

shear zone are strain hardeningsheae zones deformation in the central part slows down as the zone thickens central part this records the dirst part kf the deformation history wbile ghe marginal parts only record the last part develop wide plateu thpe displacement progiles

A

type I

60
Q

shear zoneshave the same development as tpy i entire shear zone remaind active throughour the deformation history zone grows in wifth anc fhe strain increases from ghe margins toward the center margins obly record the last increment of shearing while ghe central parg has experienced the entire shearing history

A

type IV

61
Q

strain softenjng zones that quickly estbalish cerain thickness atter a while tue deformation localizes to the cnetral part margins become inactive and the actuve part of the shear zone gets thinner result is thin shear zones airh high shear strain

A

type II

62
Q

shear zones develop a fized thickness and the entire zone keep sdefor ing without any sign of itbernal localization shear zone maibtains its thickness which equals its active thickness model perhaps the elast tealistic one works on kink bands

A

type III

63
Q

generally reverse or thrust faults

A

contractional faults

64
Q

bring older rocks on top and higher metamorphic horizontal displacement

A

thrust faults

65
Q

charac features of contractional orognes such as the caledonian appalachian orogen and the alps

A

theust nappe

66
Q

area in the central portion of the collision zone

A

hinterland

67
Q

marginal part thus farthest into the continent

A

foreland

68
Q

smallest units in a thrust nappe are

A

horses

69
Q

thrust naloes that share common lithological and structural fratures referred to as a

A

nappe complex

70
Q

bounded by a basal fault

A

sole thrust or floor thrust and overlying roof thrust

71
Q

separates entire stack of thrust nalpes from a less deformwd or undeformed basement fundamental low angle extensional faults and significant or shear zones of uncertain sense of movement

A

detachment or decollement

72
Q

erosional remnant of nappe same in scandinavian caledonies erosional hole

A

klippe

73
Q

controlled by mantle plumes

controlled by plate tectonic stress

A

active faulting
passive faulting

74
Q

sequence is the sedimentary package deposited prior to extension

A

prerift

75
Q

sequence is constitues of sediments deposited during the rifting show thockness and facies variations across growth faults

A

synrift

76
Q

pure and shear model

A

mcKenzie model

Wernicke model

77
Q

geomtric form can be divided into smaller parts where each part has a form corresponding to the larger one called self similar one or more of their properties reparts at different scales

A

fractal

78
Q

plot along a fairly stright segment implies or self similar relation implies the data define mote or less straigjt line

A

powerlaw distribution

79
Q

deeper versions dominated by plastic deformation mechanism

A

strike slip shear zo es

80
Q

2 most famous strike slip

A

san andreas fault in california
north anarolian fault in turkey

81
Q

term used for strike slip faults in continental crust tht have free tips not constrained by oyher structures free tips move to that the fault i creases as displacementaccumulates have free tips and grow in length as they accumulate strike slip displacement

A

transcurrwnt faults

82
Q

make a low angle with the overall shear zone and show tha same sense of slip shown together with another fracture

A

riedel shear fractures

83
Q

develop after t fractures and their developments is probably related to ttemporal variations iny eh local stress field along the shear zone as offset accumulates

A

p shear fractures

84
Q

blue fractures can occur in the shear zone setting of riedels clay model form perpendiculat tocthe maximum instantaneous stretching axis

A

t shear fractures

85
Q

were active at about the same time under the same regional stress field acute angle between the two sets is bisected examples is himalaya

A

conjugate strike slip

86
Q

famous straight fault traces and stepp dips acted as strike slip faults toward the end of the caledonian orogeny

A

great glen fault in scotland
bollefjorden fault in svalbard

87
Q

lovated where a sinistr fault steps to the right

A

restraining beds

88
Q

subparallel reverse or oblique slip contractional faults vlunded butje two strike slip segmetbs can form

A

contraxtional strike slip duplexes

89
Q

form where a sinistral strike slip fault steps to the left or a dextral fault steps to the right

A

releasing bends

90
Q

created in an overlap zone between teo syike slip transforms

A

dead sea

91
Q

located in a releasing bend where normal faults have lowered the otherwise mountainous tegion to a level close to and locally under sea level

A

death valley

92
Q

releasing bend basins along strike slip faults

A

pull apart basins

93
Q

assoc sirh restraining beds

releasing beds

A

pos

neg flower structure

94
Q

results in oblate ellipsoids flattening

generates prolate ellipsoids

A

transpression

transtension

95
Q

internal decomposition of the total strain across a deformwd zone i to zones or domains of sifferent types of strain

A

strain partitioning

96
Q

movent of subsurface salt and the formation of salt diapirs

A

halokinesis

97
Q

low density of 2.160 g/cm3 less dense than other carbonate rocks denser than unlithified siliciclastic sefiments

A

pure salt

98
Q

viscoelastic medium used as waste repositories and two deformation wet diffusion and dislocation creep

A

salt

99
Q

involves simple shearing withing the salt layer as the overburden is translated relative to the substrate salt layers acting as decollmenys

A

couette flow

100
Q

plug like shapes

A

salt stocks

101
Q

slongted salt structures that appear as stocks in perpendicular cross sections

A

salt walls

102
Q

known as bulb

A

stem

103
Q

isolated salt bulbs

A

teardrop diapirs

104
Q

diapirs flatten out and join sg one and less commonly stratigraphic levels

A

salt stock canopies

105
Q

centrifuge skeme

A

hans ramberg

106
Q

contains carboniferoues age caused a series of salt anticlines notably in moab and arches national park area

A

upheaval dome in canyonlans national park utak marginal parts of the paradox basin

107
Q

similar structure in the north sea ocntaining circular faults

A

silverit crater

108
Q

lateral variationd in the state of stress created in the salt layer intiates flow of salt toward low presur eareas effective even at very shallow depths

A

differential loading

109
Q

causes salt to flow

A

vertica sed
lateral tectonic

110
Q

separated by unconformities near the salt structure results stackingh

A

halokinetic cycle

111
Q

exposed or very shllow dipairs that rise continually at a rate that morw or less keeps pace with sedimentaion

A

pssive diapirism

112
Q

assymetruc sturcutes trinagular shaped volume of salt in the footwall

A

salt roller

113
Q

known for their salt glaciers with estimate dflow rates of 0.3-16 m/yr

A

zagros mountains

114
Q

several submarine salt glaciers have been mapped

A

gulf of mexico

115
Q

where is salt wing i trusion found

A

southern norht sea
main slat layer permian zechsfein salt intruded higher and relatively thin traiassic evaporite layer

116
Q

implies discrete deformation phases while progressive deformation involves more continuous and gradula development at a lov regional scale

A

polyphasal

117
Q

temp and pressur eincrease

A

prograde metamorphism while retro is the opposite

118
Q

crystals latger than genral grin size common in mica bearing schists and gneisses

A

porphyroblasts

119
Q

syraight hence the striagjt central part pf tje inclusion pwttwrn seen

A

pre tectonic

120
Q

sinoly overgro the present fabric traced continuously thorugh the porphyroblasts

A

posttectonic

121
Q

direct dating of metamorphosm done nu and gives the age of zircon growth

A

U-Pb dating of zircon, monazite or sphene that has grown during metamorphism

122
Q

amphibole and white mica giving cooling agws and k fless

A

argon 40

123
Q

constrained by early middle devonian seds 425 Ma deposited in oceanic crust now found ophiolitic fragments in the collision zone

A

norway caledonides

124
Q

presefve in rifts orogens and strike slip settings reflects the tectonic history of the atea with regard tovtiming of dault movements salt growth or collapse exhumation metamorphic event sor other local regional tectonic events

A

syntectonic

125
Q

appraranc eof chromite has been interpreted as evidence for ophiolitic allochtons apporaching the basincfrom the hinterland

A

caledonian foreland

for review (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions