mock boards Flashcards
The Nagas ultramafics are predominantly serpentinites and harzburgites while the Surop ultramafics are composed mainly of serpentinized harzburgite, dunite with lherzolite and podiform chromitite exhibiting tectonic fabric. These two ultramafic bodies are associated with the:
Pujada Ophiolite
Agno Batholith, the former name of the Central Cordillera Diorite Complex, was introduced by:
Fernandez and Pulanco
Which ridge defines the eastern limit of the Shikoku Basin?
Izu-Bonin Ridge
Plutonium 239 is an artificially created radioactive isotope that has a half-life of 24,400 years. After 48,800 years, how much would be left of any sample of Plutonium 239?
¼ of the original amount
One of the earliest works presenting a comprehensive description of the Philippine Fault was by __________, who outlined its regional trace, described its sense of displacement and presented evidence on its activity.
Allen (1962)
In an oceanic – continental subduction environment, sediments and rocks debris together with the original parent materials from the subducting slabs are subjected to different temperature and pressure conditions. In a low pressure – high temperature settings, what metamorphic facies occur in this particular event with minerals zoisite and clinozoisite?
Epidote – Amphibole facies
This type of metamorphism is often closely associated with the emplacement of magma. changes induced in rocks by extremely high temperatures at low pressures. It is typically an effect noted in contact metamorphic aureoles immediately adjacent to very hot, usually basic, high-level intrusions, and in xenoliths.
Pyrometamorphism
occurs when hot, chemically active, mineral laden waters interact with a surrounding preexisting rock (called the country rock) takes place at low pressures and relatively low temperature, as the phase diagram shows.
Hydrothermal Metamorphism
The Chicxulub impact crater on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico is one of the largest found on Earth and is believed to be a major factor in the extinction of the dinosaurs The crater measures _______________ across.
180 km
According to PAG-ASA’s Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, how strong are the sustained winds of super typhoons?
> 185 km/h
an area on a fault that is stuck or locked. In the Earth, tectonic earthquakes are caused by slip along a fault plane, where two rock bodies are in rigid contact. Locked sections of faults, causing fault segmentations Fault behaving with creep motion Section of fault radiating uncommon seismic energy
asperity
Which of the following is an aulacogen of the Afar Triangle?
East African Rift
How long is the ground rupture produced by the Digdig fault during the 1990 Luzon Earthquake?
125 km
Which of the following is true regarding the trend between Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) and Aragonite Compensation Depth (ACD)?
ACD is shallower than CCD
Physical juxtaposition of contrasting magma compositions with little or no chemical homogenization.
Magma Mingling
tiny pockets of magma that get trapped in the crystals of growing igneous rocks. Traditionally, volcano scientists study melt inclusions because they give us a snapshot of the conditions which drove explosive eruptions.
Magma Inclusion
Forms where the angle of subduction of the downgoing slab is steep and the rate of subduction is greater than the rate of plate convergence. Rifting occurs in the region of the volcanic arc where the crust is hotter and weaker.
Backarc Basin
The Minilog Formation has the index fossil _________ exposed in Palawan.
Neoschwagerina sp.
The comet that made impact on the planet Jupiter in the 1990s
Shoemaker-Levy
part of the ph stratig
antique basin
iloilo arc
ancient negros range
Dinalungan Diorite Complex is formerly known as?
Coastal Batholith
Strong, cold air masses moving down mountain slopes or off the edges of ice masses. Sounding almost like acrobatic winds, katabatic winds do bear a resemblance to tumbling, since they are essentially winds that flow downhill. Also known as fall winds, usually caused by gravity pulling higher density air downslope to lower density air
Katabatic Winds
prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes and trend towards the poles and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner.
Prevailing Westerlies
also called upslope wind, local air current that blows up a hill or mountain slope facing the Sun. During the day, the Sun heats such a slope (and the air over it) faster than it does the adjacent atmosphere over a valley or a plain at the same altitude.
Anabatic Winds
dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the east. They emanate from the polar highs, areas of high pressure around the North and South Poles flow to low-pressure areas in sub-polar regions.
Polar Easterlies
A fold with an interlimb angle between 70° to 120°
Open
Thickness of the outer core as measured in miles
1410
How long does it take for the synodic month cycle to happen?
29.5 days
Reidel Shears indicate an overall what motion?
Right lateral
Thermoremanent magnetism is a development in several igneous rocks wherein the magnetic minerals will be parallel aligned to:
The earth’s magnetic field at the time the rock first solidified
Synonym of “cognate xenolith”, these are pieces of older rock within the intrusion genetically related to the intrusion A rock fragment that has become enveloped in a larger rock of a similar type, during the latter’s development and hardening.
Autolith
A rock fragment that has become enveloped in a larger rock of a similar type, during the latter’s development and hardening. can be any type of rock and sometimes the changes in texture and mineralogy are so dramatic that is difficult to distinguish what the protolith was.
protolith
On 43 Ma, this Plate undergone a 50-degree clockwise major kinematic organization with respect to hotspots:
Pacific
A microstructure usually attributed with faults which form a steep angularity with the slip direction. The spaces represent cavity where minerals like carbonates and silicates may form as in-fills.
Step
fracture surfaces in rocks that are polished and/or coated with secondary mineral growths and that commonly bear a linear structure. The usual inference is that they are shear fractures.
Slickenline
There are three active collision zones in the Philippines. The Mindoro-Panay collision zone is characterized as:
arc-continent
ph stratig groupings
south china sea basin
sulu sea basin
celebes sea basin
When spreading centers develop on a continent, the final stage is
Mid-oceanic Ridge
Which of the following is an Equal Angle stereonet? This is used mainly in mineralogy for crystal projections
Wulff
It is the largest basin in the Philippine Sea Plate, occupying about 50% of the plate’s area
West Philippine Basin
complete ophiolite sequence
Isabela
Pujada
Southern Palawan
These are sediment packages of genetically related beds representing a single minor transgression event followed by sediment progradation. a set of relatively conformable, genetically interrelated rock strata or stratal set that is bounded by marine flooding surfaces and their correlatable interfaces
Parasequences
as the packaging of rocks bounded by discontinuities within a time-stratigraphic framework (NACSN, 1983). These bounding discontinuities can include unconformities, ravinement surfaces, flooding surfaces, and omission surfaces
Allostratigraphic Units
This is a geologic feature of thrust faulting terranes, which result in outlier exposure. It is a remnant produced by the erosion of hanging wall transported for kilometers from its original distance. Often, they are nearly horizontal translated strata overlying autochthonous strata.
Klippe
a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 2 km (1.2 mi) or 5 km (3.1 mi) above a thrust fault from its original position. form in compressional tectonic settings like continental collision zones or on the overriding plate in active subduction zones.
Nappes
as an area where older rocks are found to be surrounded by younger rocks.
inlier geology
What type of fault produced the 2013 Bohol Earthquake?
Reverse
One of the sites where ammonite fossils were discovered in the Philippines include the Silungan ng Higante (Giant’s Haven) in San Andres, Catanduanes. These fossils from Catanduanes are estimated to be at _______ years old
100.5 to 125 million
Also called artesian aquifer, this aquifer holds water under pressure by a layer above it that does not allow water to pass through.
Confined Aquifer
In tectonics, this refers to something formed elsewhere than its present location.
Allochthonous
Element/s with an affinity for silicate phases.
Lithophile
Which of the following is an Equal Area stereonet? This is mostly used in structural geology for the statistical analysis of spatial data.
Schmidt
The largest system of canyons and rifts in the solar system which runs about 1⁄4 of Mars.
Valles Marineris
This is a sequence of conglomerates, sandstones and shales, in places with limestone lenses and interbeds of volcanic flows and tuffs, unconformably overlying the Pugo Formation
Zigzag Formation
It is the amplitude of the largest peak acceleration recorded on an accelerogram at a site during a particular earthquake.
Peak ground acceleration
Φ range values for gravel-sized sediment particles.
-1 to -12
Which of the following is likely to be an end product of the weathering of a typical granite?
Quartz and Kaolinite
The boundary between Earth’s boundary and outer space roposed conventional boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space set by the international record-keeping body FAI
Karman Line
What term is used to describe the lowest layer in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir, characterized by colder, denser water, a constant temperature, and no mixing?
Hypolimnion
What is the epilimnion and hypolimnion?
These layers are referred to as the epilimnion (warm surface waters) and hypolimnion (cold bottom waters) which are separated by the metalimnion, or thermocline layer, a stratum of rapidly changing temperature.
The middle layer in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir. In this layer there is a rapid decrease in temperature with depth. Also called thermocline.
Metalimnion
The lower, dense stratum of a meromictic lake (one with permanently stratified layers) that does not mix with the waters above. [
Monimolimnion
s a lake which has layers of water that do not intermix. In ordinary, holomictic lakes, at least once each year, there is a physical mixing of the surface and the deep waters.
meromictic lakes?
A line joining points of equal time intervals or ages is known as an
Isochron
a line on a map that shows a meteorologist what the pressure is at the surface of the earth. They are lines that connect equal points of pressure.
isobar geology
A contour that connects points of equal thickness.
Isopachgeology
The product of collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate
Philippine Mobile Belt
The formation of new channel across an inner bend sediment deposit of floodplain peninsula enclosed by a meander loop that typically results in gradual closure of the abandoned channel by vegetation. to allow the rapid transport of items from the upper floors to a central location on one of the lower floors or basement.
Chute
a standing wave oscillating in a body of water. This animation shows a standing wave (black) depicted as a sum of two propagating waves traveling in opposite directions (blue and red).
Seiches
When basalt undergoes partial melting, what kind of rock generally forms from the resulting magma?
Andesite
Which stream order could be classified as a “headwater” stream
1st Order
This man is credited of the modern usage for the term “facies” as referred to in stratigraphy.
Amanz Gressly
Orthosilicates, or silicates with the isolated tetrahedra structure, includes the following minerals
olivine
monticellite
humite
Beryl, a common ring silicate, crystallizes in what crystal system
Hexagonal
Schorl, Dravite, and Elbaite, are varieties of which mineral?
Tourmaline
Which of the following minerals exhibits a distinctive “bow-tie” structure and anomalous optical properties?
Prehnite
It was first described in 1827 by Ernst Friedrich Glocke for an occurrence in Moravia in the Czech Republic; the name is derived from the Greek “stilpnos” (“shining”), and “melanos” (“black”), alluding to its appearance. is a common mineral in low-grade metagreywackes and blueschist-facies rocks, as well as in metamorphosed iron formations.
Stilpnomelane
Some coloured minerals change color between two ‘extremes’ when the microscope stage is rotated. These two extremes in color are seen how many times during a complete (360°) rotation?
twice
Anisotropic minerals go into extinction how many times during the complete 360 degrees rotation?
four times
White light entering a mineral section is split into the colors of the spectrum. This phenomenon is called: the separation of light into colours, an effect more properly called angular dispersion
dispersion
The weight of a small quartz fragment is 4.265 grams in air; in water it is 1.609 grams. What is its specific gravity?
2.65
A common twinning law of quartz where the c-axis of two crystals meet at an angle giving a V-shaped twin
Japanese Twin Law
two intergrown crystals, one rotated 180o from the other about the [001] axis. the most common type of twinning in orthoclase, and is thus very diagnostic of orthoclase when it occurs. a pair of individual crystals, separated by a single line, in thin section
Carlsbad Twin Law
The law governing a twinning observed in the hexagonal system commonly shown by quartz in which two righthand or two lefthand crystals interpenetrate after one has revolved 180 degrees about the twinning axis.
Dauphine Twin Law
A type of twin found in quartz in which the two crystalline individuals are of opposite kinds, one being right-handed, the other left-handed, twinned across the {1120} plane, with a face of the trigonal prism of the second order as twinning plane.
Brazil Twin Law
The cation:anion radius ratio is calculated as 0.315. What is the coordination number of the atomic packing?
4
How many three-fold rotation axes does a crystal class 432 have?
four
The second symbol in the crystal class 4mm refers to
two mirror planes along the a1 and a2 directions
The face intercepts of a crystal face are ∞a, ∞b, 1c. What is the Miller Index of this face?
(001)
In the stereographic projection, the outer circle of the net is known as:
primitive
How many possible unique arrangements of symmetry elements in two dimensions are possible?
17
Out of the 14 Bravais Lattices, how many are primitive?
6
What is the hardness of plagioclase?
6
The members of the plagioclase series are defined based on anorthite content. What is the range of the anorthite content of labradorite?
50-70
What is the chemical formula of grossular?
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
he common members of the spinel group are
spinel, chromite, magnetite
Elements with atomic numbers 90 through 103 and valence electrons in 5f orbitals are known as:
Actinides
The twin law {010} which results in a polysynthetic twinning in plagioclase is known as: lagioclase (NaAlSi3O8 - CaAl2Si2O8) very commonly shows albite polysynthetic twinning. The twin law - {010} indicates that the twining occurs perpendicular to the b crystallographic axis
Albite Law
has [010] as the twin axis. As stated above, occurs as the result of monoclinic orthoclase or sanidine transforming to microcline (all have the same chemical formula - KAlSi3O8)
pericline twinning
forms a contact twin commonly observed in the mineral orthoclase. This twinning is very diagnostic of orthoclase when it occurs.
Manebach Law
Which of the following twin laws CANNOT be observed in minerals under a monoclinic system?
Brazil Law
What is anatexis?
Partial melting of preexisting rock, generally associated with high-grade metamorphism.
One of the common forms of the cubic system of crystal class 432 characterized by 24 identical faces.
Gyroid
an irregular dodecahedron composed of identical irregular pentagons. The name “pyritohedron” derives from that fact that a common crystal form in pyrite has this shape. An isometric closed crystal form of 12 faces, each an irregular pentagon. It is named after pyrite,
Pyritohedron
A solid with forty-eight equal triangular faces. sometric crystal having 48 equal triangular faces.
Hexoctahedron
a 12-faced solid belonging to the tetartohedral group of the isometric system and having faces corresponding to one fourth of those of the hexoctahedron
tetartoid
An element that tends to concentrate in silicates rather than in metals or sulfides.
Lithophile
gas loving
atmophile
Pauling’s fifth rule is also known as
Principle of parsimony
What are the five Pauling’s rules and what is the meaning of that rules?
First rule: the radius ratio rule. 2 Second rule: the electrostatic valence rule. 3 Third rule: sharing of polyhedron corners, edges and faces. 4 Fourth rule: crystals containing different cations. 5 Fifth rule: the rule of parsimony.
What is the chemical formula of monazite?
(Ce,La,Th)PO4
Which of the following minerals can be scratched by a fingernail?
Stibnite
The following are Goldschmidt’s rules of the ionic radius and charge
Ions of similar radii (± 15%) and the same charge will enter into a crystal in amounts proportional to their concentration in the liquid.
When two ions with the same charge compete for a lattice site, the ion of smaller radius will be preferentially incorporated into the growing crystal.
When two ions of the same radius (± 15%) compete for a lattice site, the ion with the higher charge will be preferentially incorporated into a growing crystal.
These are minerals with the same chemical formulae and the same structural sub-units, which are stacked in different ways.
polytypes
a high-symmetry structure type that can be viewed as an idealized version of a lower-symmetry structure. It was introduced by Helen Megaw in relation to perovskites, where it is still mostly used.
aristotypes
His work led to the development of the concept of the unit cell as the integral part of the crystal structure.
Hauy
If the microscope does not possess a Bertrand lens, what should be removed in order to examine interference figures?
eyepiece
Which of the following is a silicate containing REEs?
allanite
Amblygonite is a:
lithium aluminum phosphate
Graphite is also known as
plumbago
Graphic texture is indicative of
Eutectic crystallization
Silica-rich viscous magmas often produce
Strato-volcano
Which one of the following minerals is correctly matched with its optical property?
Pyroxene – Nearly orthogonal cleavage
Using the phase rule, the maximum number of phases in a 3 (three) component geological system having 1 (one) degree of freedom is:
4
A-type granites are associated with:
Subduction zone
Talc is formed from the alteration of olivine by:
Hydration
Texture having intergrowth of pyroxene and plagioclase is called
Ophitic
Which of the following methods is best suited to date the marine carbonates up to the last 30,000 yr BP?
Radiocarbon dating
Tectosilicates represent sharing of:
All oxygen ions for joining with adjacent units
Fibrolite is:
Has composition Al2SiO5
Which one of the following minerals is commonly used for determination of vibration direction of the polarizer in a petrological microscope?
Tourmaline
Two minerals P and Q, were studied under the microscope. Mineral P is characterized by two orthogonal cleavages. Mineral Q has more than one set of cleavage, but these are NOT at right angles, Q also changes relief on rotation of the stage. Identify P and Q from the following alternatives:
P-hornblende, Q-calcite
Which one of the following represents a closed form?
Dihexagonal pyramid
Decay of which one of the following isotopes can be used for dating Archean rocks?
Sm-147
(also known as radiocarbon dating) to estimate the age of certain objects. Traditional radiocarbon dating is applied to organic remains between 500 and 50,000 years old and exploits the fact that trace amounts of radioactive carbon are found in the natural environment
C-14
particularly useful for determining the ages of relatively recent lacustrine and coastal marine sediments and so has been applied increasingly to studies concerned with the impact of human activity on the aquatic environment (e.g., measuring the accumulation rates of pollutants in sediments).
Pb-210
Which of the following elements is present in 4 and 6 coordination with O?
Al3+
A greisen deposit exposes what part of the granitic body?
Uppermost
Early stages of diagenesis in carbonate rocks show:
Rim cement
consist of calcite rhomb mosaics that line and fill pores and intraskeletal chambers. The size of calcite rhombs commonly increases towards the center of void spaces. They are common in meteoric and burial environments where they may overlie earlier fibrous and bladed cements.
Drusy cement
s a deformation mechanism where solid material in the presence of its solution fluid responds to applied non-hydrostatic stresses by dissolution in the zone of largest normal stress (pitted pebble, stylolite, cleavage), mass transfer in the fluid phase and deposition in the zone of smallest norma
Pressure solution
The principal section of a uniaxial mineral contains:
Optic axis and ordinary ray
This assemblage is characteristic of low to medium grade low-P series metamorphism of pelites:
Cordierite+biotite+muscovite+quartz
A glide plane involves:
Reflection + translation
The spinifex texture with long spines of olivine is associated with:
Komatiite
Leucite is comparatively silica poor than microcline. Its chemical formula is:
KAlSi2O6
Bone coal refers to
Very impure coal containing high ash content
. What is the chief component of the alloy pewter?
Tin
Total number of lattice points in a 3D primitive cell is:
1
Which of the following silica minerals is a characteristic of high pressure in excess of 20 Kbar?
Coesite
The maximum total term for an Exploration Permit for nonmetallic minerals is:
4 years
Natural gas with a relatively high content of hydrogen sulfide is known as
Sour gas
Natural gas or landfill gas can be termed ‘sweet gas’ if it contains only trace quantities of H2S and CO2. in its pure form is non-corrosive, requires little refining, and we can transport and market it safely.
Sweet gas
Natural gas that contains more than 4 ppmv of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is commonly referred to as “. This is because the odour of hydrogen sulphide gas in air at very low concentrations is similar to that of rotten eggs. Significant quantities of natural gas resources around the world are known to contain H2S
sour gas
The Philippine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System is under Presidential Decree No. ______ which was ratified on June 11, 1978
1586
A major group of hydrocarbons with a general formula of CnH2n.
Naphthenes
hydrocarbons, organic compounds that consist exclusively of the elements carbon and hydrogen – without which life would not be possible on Earth. The main aromatics are benzene, toluene and the xylenes; they are used as starting materials for a wide range of consumer products.
Aromatics
organic compounds with a ring structure that contains in the cycle at least one carbon atom and at least one other element, such as N, O, or S. The most common cycles contain five or six atoms, with the stability of these rings being higher than that of three, four, seven, or larger rings.
Heterocompounds
What is the difference between paraffins and naphthenes?
The key difference between paraffinic and naphthenic is that paraffinic substances contain alkanes while naphthenic substances contain cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons. The term paraffinic refers to substances containing paraffin compounds, whereas the term naphthenic refers to the substances containing naphthene.
Cycloalkanes are monocyclic alkanes consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded with single bonds in a molecular structure containing a single ring.
Paraffins
On what year did the Marcopper mining disaster occur?
1996
In a gravity survey, correction due to topography is known as:
bouguer
deleterious minerals in concreting aggregate
Coal
Mica
Smectite
It is the most widely mined skarn deposit in the world.
Fe skarn
If you want to show on a map even the smaller details or features of a certain area, which of the following scales will you use?
1:5,000
Which of the following is an advantage of vector data over raster data?
provides precise locational information of points
The Late Oligocene – Early Miocene alkaline intrusive complexes in Northern Luzon are associated with alkaline-hosted mineralization. Which of these gold deposits are not alkaline-hosted?
Didipio Cu-Au
ithophiles are elements that remain or close to the surface. They combine readily with oxygen, forming compounds that do not sink into the core. Which of the following is not a lithophile element?
Zn
What is the collective name for the organic material that is insoluble in organic solvents, water, or oxidizing acids, and if exposed to sufficient time and temperature these large molecules will crack into smaller molecules, mostly petroleum?
kerogen
sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
bitumen
A fuel consisting of a blend of ethanol and unleaded gasoline, especially a blend of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline. The ethanol is obtained by the fermentation and subsequent distillation of sugar cane, maize, or potatoes.
gasohol
A type of biostratigraphic sampling method which can be performed at regular distance intervals and/or targeted to different lithologies. As a rule, each lithology should be sampled at several locations to determine if there are any lateral, as well as vertical, variations in fossil abundance.
spot sampling
In engineering geology, Atterberg limits are usually used to measure the _____ of soils.
Plasticity
This rule states that even atomic-numbered elements are more abundant than odd atomic-numbered elements.
Oddo – Harkins Rule
In contour maps the 5th line is heavier. What do you call this?
Index Contour
A thin section of an ore mineral shows the following properties under the reflected light microscope:
sphalerite
It is an alteration that is associated with carbonatite-hosted deposits and is characterized by the development of nepheline and aegerine.
Fenitization
involves the introduction into the rock of boron: hence the process is also known as boron metasomatism. Tourmaline is also a common detrital mineral in sediments derived from the erosion of granites and similar rocks.
What is Tourmalinization?
The formation of metasomatic tourmaline,
A process of hydrothermal alteration in which feldspar and muscovite are converted to an aggregate of quartz, topaz, tourmaline, and lepidolite (i.e., greisen) by the action of water vapor containing fluorine.
Greisenization
to convert into a zeolite. 2. : to fill (as the openings in a rock) with zeolites. 3. : to treat in a process using zeolite.
Zeolitization
Bauxite is the only ore from which aluminum is extracted. It is not a mineral but an aggregate. Which among these is not one of the chief aggregates of bauxite?
Ilmenite
Engineering rock fall control which does not affect the process of rock detachment, but rather focuses on containing and intercepting falling and sliding debris.
Passive Control
A “Deepwater Contract” refers to a service contract at least 85% of the total contract area is in water depths beyond ___ meters.
200
An unconventional petroleum reservoir that requires massive hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling to produce the well because of the impermeable nature of reservoir rocks.
Tight gas
an unconventional form of natural gas found in coal deposits or coal seams. It is a primary clean energy source of natural gas. The development and utilization of CBM is of great social and economic benefit.
Coal bed methane
tar sands, crude bitumen, or bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit. Oil sands are either loose sands or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay, and water, soaked with bitumen, a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay or other minerals, water and bitumen, which is a heavy and extremely viscous oil. It must be processed before it can be used by refineries to produce fuels such as gasoline and diesel.
Oil sands
Breccias; diatremes; residual vuggy quartz; stratabound disseminated; massive sulfide; veins and stockworks; veins generally late
Second description: Multiple stage veins of fine concordant and discordant layered mineral assemblages and breccias, comb and crustiform textures; sheeted veins; vein stockworks and breccias; fault intersections; disseminated
Third description: Multistage veins and associated breccias with coarse layers and comb and crustiform textures; disseminated; diatremes
high-sulfidation (first desc.), low-sulfidation (second desc.), intermediate-sulfidation (third desc.)
Which of the following statements is true for the term “Hundred Year Flood”:
Flood that has one in one hundred chance to occur in a year
Flood has greater magnitude than a 50-year flood
Importance of convolution, deconvolution, and correlation to geophysical data processing:
Quantitatively describe how a waveform is affected by a filter
Which of the following estimation methods considers the directional trends of the deposits?
kriging
The range in a variogram shows the separation distance greater than which the samples are dependent on each other.
false
It is the industry jargon for the disparity between what the geologist or the mining engineer estimates as the grade of the ores sent to the processing plant versus the grade that the plant engineers claim they received based on sampling from the mill feed.
Mine Call Factor
It is a graph or a plot of one-half of the average squared differences between pairs of samples separated by increasing distances.
variogram
. No vertical exaggeration (zero) of a cross-section means that the vertical scale is ____ the horizontal scale.
the same as
Which underground mining method is most effective in extracting ore in narrow veins?
cut-and-fill stoping
a surface mining technique that extracts minerals from an open pit in the ground. Open-pit mining is the most common method used throughout the world for mineral mining and does not require extractive methods or tunnels.
open pitting
a bulk underground mining method, which allows large low-grade deposits to be mined underground. This method involves undermining the orebody to make it collapse under its own weight into a series of chambers from which the ore extracted.
block caving
The process undertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and decide on different options for the use of land, including consideration of long-term economic, social, and environmental objectives and the implications for different communities and interest groups.
Land Use Planning
What are “dirty carbonates”?
carbonates that contain huge amounts of mud
The highest point of the hydrocarbon trap is known as ___________
Crest
Petroleum generation stage where crude oil and natural gas are formed.
Catagenesis
a phase in the formation of petroleum and natural gas during which the temperature rises above 150 °C and may exceed 200 °C, causing destruction of kerogen and release of gas (mainly methane); at the higher temperatures petroleum is destroyed, leaving only natural gas.
metagenesis
e attainment of sexual maturity by an organism still in its larval or juvenile stage and a secondary result of never experiencing later developmental stages. Organisms that are progenetic never achieve the adult form experienced by their evolutionary ancestors.
Progenesis petroleum
This is the ratio of the summation of resisting forces to the summation of driving forces. Calculation of this value is essential in slope stability analyses and the design of open pit mining areas.
Factor of Safety
the ratio of the change in the width per unit width of a material, to the change in its length per unit length, as a result of strain.
Poisson’s Ratio
Which of the following is not an impurity in coal deposits?
carbon content
This originates from the degradation of macerals during coalification. It is granular with rounded grains.
Micrinite
often with crenulated surfaces), and resinite (ovoid and sometimes translucent masses of resin). The liptinites may fluoresce (i.e., luminesce because of absorption of radiation) under ultraviolet light, but with increasing rank their optical properties approach those of the vitrinites, and the two groups become indistinguishable
Resinite
A maceral of coal within the vitrinite group, consisting of homogeneous jellified and precipitated plant material, lacking cell structure and of middle-range reflectance under normal reflected-light microscopy.
Collinite geology
a component of some types of kerogen alongside amorphous organic matter. Alginite consists of organic-walled marine microfossils, distinct from inorganic (silica)-walled microfossils that comprise diatomaceous earth.[ a complex soil aggregate of algae based biomass fossil, clay turned volcanic ash and calcium carbonate. This material contains a complete spectrum of minerals, biological, macro- and micro-organisms helping to turn lands fertile again in regions where soil has been severely degraded in the past.
Alginite
It is a green garnet mineral due to Cr- impurities in its crystal lattice
Uvarovite
In what part of the ophiolite suite does chromite ore occur?
Dunite and Peridotite
The most commonly utilized scheme for classifying organic matter in sediments based on the relative abundance of elemental C, O, and H plotted graphically as H/C and O/C ratio.
Van Krevelen Diagram
Which of the following types of epithermal systems is most affected by meteoric water?
low-sulphidation
What type of VMS deposit is found in Hixbar Mine?
Besshi
_____ are often considered the most primitive meteorites and are thought to be representative of the initial material from which the solar system was also derived.
Carbonaceous chondrites
You are driving a horizontal adit at the 700-meter level to reach a vertically dipping vein whose outcrop appears at a 900-meter elevation. The slope between the portal and the outcrop is about 30 degrees. You are advancing at 10 meters per day. How long will it take you to hit the vein?
35 days
Which of the following data formats would most likely represent a file exported from AutoDesk-AutoCAD?
.dxf
Tremolite and Actinolite are two very similar minerals that form a series with each other and essentially share the same chemical formula. Tremolite has a greater presence of magnesium over iron, whereas Actinolite has a greater presence of iron over magnesium. most common in contact and regionally metamorphosed calcareous sediments. They are also found in metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic rocks and in blueschists. Tremolite and actinolite are also common alteration product of pyroxenes and hornblende known as uralite.
A variety of actinolite, nephrite, is one of the two minerals called jade. Nephrite is more abundant than jadeite and has few color varieties, ranging only from creamy white to green.
Actinolite - Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5Si8O222
