diagnostic

Question 1

this forms the coastal folded belt of northern luzon and extends north and south between the high cordillera central and south china sea

Answer 1

ilocos basin

Question 2

temperature wherein diagenesis occur

Answer 2

200C

Question 3

product of extremely high grade regional metamorphism resulting into partial melting

Answer 3

migmatite

Question 4

difference of speleothems and speleogens

Answer 4

Speleothems are formed over thousands of years and are deposited on top of the existing cave. Speleogens are similar but form inside the bedrock at the same time as the cave.

Question 5

uses a 3d spherical surface to define locations on Earth

Answer 5

Geographic Coordinate System

Question 6

divides the world into sixty north-south zones, each 6 degrees of longitude wide. UTM zones are numbered consecutively beginning with Zone 1, which includes the westernmost point of Alaska, and progress eastward to Zone 19, which includes Maine.

Answer 6

The UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate system

Question 7

the result of very high shear stress, such as occurs along fault zones. Dynamic metamorphism occurs at relatively low temperatures compared to other types of metamorphism, and consists predominantly of the physical changes that happen to a rock experiencing shear stress.

Answer 7

Dynamic metamorphism

Question 8

occurs when low-grade or unmetamorphosed rocks change mineralogy or texture in response to a temperature increase.

Answer 8

Prograde metamorphism

Question 9

what is the oh stratigraphic groupings

Answer 9

southwest luzon uplands

Question 10

proposed extrusion tectonic to explain the formation of the South China Sea

Answer 10

Taponnier

Question 11

typhoon to have a landfall over the Mindanao Island in December 2012 and the name was retired due to its high casualty and damages

Answer 11

Typhoon Pablo

Question 12

will form in a metamorphic envi and when carbon is subjected to heat and pressure

Answer 12

graphite

Question 13

linear trough of subsidence of the Earth’s crust within which vast amounts of sediment accumulate.

Answer 13

geosyncline

Question 14

there were 4 main mobile belts that formed in the paleozoic namely franklin cordilleran applachian and

Answer 14

ouachita

Question 15

discovered in a cave in the St. Paul Limestone Formation in Palawan PH

Answer 15

Sirenia (dugongs and manatees)

Question 16

what are these

manidae
primates
dermoptera

Answer 16

pangolins
primates
flying lemurs

Question 17

direct implication of the opening of the China Sea

Answer 17

movement of the palawan microcontinental block from mainland china

Question 18

what is the taiwan collision zone charac as

Answer 18

continent-arc

Question 19

in soil temperature regimes the PH islands most likely belong to what category

Answer 19

isohyperthermic

Question 20

what does proglacial means

Answer 20

in front of the glacier

Question 21

rare extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks that are silicic and sodium-rich. They were originally associated with the subduction of young oceanic lithosphere (≤ 25 Ma); however, they are now also commonly identified in non-subduction zone settings.

Answer 21

Adakites

Question 22

any orthopyroxene-bearing quartz-feldspar rock formed at high temperature and pressure, commonly found in granulite facies’ metamorphic regions, sensu stricto as an endmember of the charnockite series.

Answer 22

Charnockite

Question 23

type of plutonic igneous rock containing quartz (20 – 60% of the felsic minerals) and abundant plagioclase.

Answer 23

Tonalite

Question 24

this crystallizes in the isometric system

Answer 24

pyrite

Question 25

is a sequence of sedimentary rock layers that progress from deep-water and turbidity flow deposits to shallow-water shales and sandstones. It is deposited when a deep basin forms rapidly on the continental side of a mountain building episode.

Answer 25

Flysch

Question 26

thick association of continental and marine clastic sedimentary rocks that consists mainly of sandstones and shales formed as shore deposits and refers to sandstones, shales and conglomerates that form as terrestrial or shallow marine deposits in front of rising mountain chains.

Answer 26

Molasses

Question 27

what kind of rock is zambales jade?

Answer 27

uvarovite
chromium-bearing garnet group species

Question 28

major type of seal in petroleum system

Answer 28

mudstone

Question 29

where does stilbite belong?

Answer 29

zeolite

Question 30

also known as siliceous sinter

Answer 30

geyserite

Question 31

<10
5 calsilicate minerals, 0-20% mica 80-100 quartz + feldspar

Answer 31

psammite

Question 32

high growth and high nucleation rates lead to what kind of texture

Answer 32

aphanitic

Question 33

texture usually restricted to coarser grained rocks that consists of concentrically banded spheres wherein the bands consist of alternating light colored and dark colored minerals

Answer 33

orbicular

Question 34

rare group of ultrapotassic igneous rocks charac by the presence of phenocrysts of mica and amphibole

Answer 34

lamproites

Question 35

a term that may be used for a light colored <10% alkali feldspar granite

Answer 35

alaskite

Question 36

a low-relief, broad volcanic crater formed by shallow explosive eruptions. The explosions are usually caused by the heating and boiling of groundwater when magma invades the groundwater table.
lower than scoria cone and has much larger central crater relative to the deposited ring of debris

Answer 36

maar

Question 37

tactite is a synonym of which metamorphic rock

Answer 37

skarn

Question 38

leuco-tonalite also known as

Answer 38

trondhjemite

Question 39

what does CIPW stands for?

Answer 39

Cross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington.

Question 40

chlorite + actinolite +/- albite +/- epidote

Answer 40

greenschist

Question 41

high-grade metamorphic rocks of the granulite facies that have experienced high-temperature and moderate-pressure metamorphism.

orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plag+garnet

Answer 41

granulite

Question 42

characterized by the minerals jadeite, glaucophane, epidote, lawsonite, and garnet.

Answer 42

blueschist

Question 43

high-pressure, moderate-temperature conditions and typically characterized by the development of the mineral assemblage pyrope garnet and omphacite

Answer 43

Eclogite facies

Question 44

facies charac by high pressure and moderate temp

Answer 44

sanbagawa

Question 45

high temperature-low-pressure metamorphism and implies a higher geothermal gradient than in other regional metamorphic settings

Answer 45

Buchan-type

Question 46

series of rocks that pass through the Zeolite, Prehnite-Pumpellyite, Blueschist, and Eclogite Facies of Regional Metamorphism

Answer 46

Franciscan Facies Series

Question 47

flood basalt province had a peak volcanic activity around 65 MA which is close to the cretaceous tertiary extinction event

Answer 47

deccan

Question 48

law states that angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same mineral are always the same

Answer 48

steno’s law

Question 49

the crystal class or point group 23 belong to which crystal system

Answer 49

isometric

Question 50

softest mineral in talmage hardness scale denoted by A

Answer 50

acanthite

Question 51

leucite, nepheline, sodalite, and lazurite vishnevite

Answer 51

feldspathoid

Question 52

chemical formula of pyroxene

Answer 52

XYSi2O6

Question 53

diposide hedenrbergite and augite are classified as

Answer 53

calcic clinopyroxene

Question 54

synonym for vesuvianite

Answer 54

idocrase

Question 55

The high density of these minerals gives rise to a qualitative property called Experienced geologists can roughly assess specific gravity
minerals density obtained by picking up the mineral and holding in your hand

Answer 55

“heft.”

Question 56

deep red colors of gemstones is caused by small amounts of which element

Answer 56

chromium

Question 57

composition of chert

Answer 57

quartz

Question 58

crystal in which the strenght of all bonds from a cation to its coordinating anions is equal to exactly one half the charge of the anions

Answer 58

mesodesmic

Question 59

locally known as adobe

Answer 59

tuff

Question 60

the only known deposit of zeolite in ph is found in

Answer 60

mangatarem pangasinan

Question 61

. The reference plane, or _____, from which elevations are measured for topographic maps, is
the mean (average) sea level.

Answer 61

Datum

Question 62

. Assuming a zinc deposit is altering a dolomite rock, the isotope of which element can be used
to trace the orebody?

Answer 62

Strontium

Question 63

The Geological Society of the Philippines (GSP), the only accredited integrated professional
organization of geologists in the Philippines by PRC, was established on

Answer 63

September 2, 1945

Question 64

The volcano that erupted in 1951 which led to approximately 500 casualties

Answer 64

Hibok-hibok

Question 65

The equation which yields the rate at which groundwater can pass through a unit area of
aquifer perpendicular to the flow

Answer 65

Hydraulic conductivity

Question 66

. A type of ore-bearing fluid usually involved in the formation of evaporites and phosphorites

Answer 66

Seawater

Question 67

The best-studied meteorite in history”

Answer 67

Allende

Question 68

A type of kerogen in which its origin is from Phytoplanktons, bacterial microorganisms in
marine sediments. It is also the most abundant.

Answer 68

Type II Kerogen

Question 69

Why is ventilation required in underground coal mining?

Answer 69

Due to elevated Methane released as Coal is being mined

Question 70

In the origin and maturity of kerogen and petroleum, which carbonaceous material or
hydrocarbon is typically formed last?

Answer 70

Graphite

Question 71

Which of the following has the least favorable environment for a High Sulfidation and Low
Sulfidation deposit to occur:

Answer 71

Granitic intrusions

Question 72

The magnitude 7.8 earthquake that occurred last February 6, 2023, took place within the
vicinity of a triple junction between which plates?

Answer 72

Anatolia, Arabia, and Africa plates

Question 73

What is the DENR Administrative Order that lifted the ban on open-pit mining of copper, silver,
gold, and complex ores in the country, and who initially enforced the said ban?

Answer 73

DAO 2021-40, Gina Lopez

Question 74

what are the percents of these for the slope angle ranfes acc to the DENR slope classification

0-3%
3-5%-8%
8%-18%
18%-30%
30%-50%
over 50%

Answer 74

level to nearly level
gently sloping to undulating
undulating to rolling
rolling to moderately steep
steep
very steep

Question 75

The parent magma believed to have released the fluid that accumulated to form the copperand gold-bearing quartz body in the Didipio orebody is of what comp

Answer 75

Syenitic

Question 76

The Board of Geology was created in accordance with the Geology Profession Law to
supervise and regulate the practice of the geology profession. The Board of Geology was first
created in the Philippines in

Answer 76

June 19, 1965

Question 77

Most coordinate systems used in GIS software correspond to a specific code set by the
European Petroleum Survey Group for the purpose of maintaining a geodetic parameter
database. What is the EPSG code for the widely used coordinate system World Geodetic System
84 (WGS 84)?

Answer 77

EPSG:4326

Question 78

these codes represent which

EPSG:4269
EPSG:4326
EPSG:4253
EPSG:4683

Answer 78

NAD83
WGS84
Luzon 1911
PRS92

Question 79

What is the difference between nautical mile and statute mile?

Answer 79

NM is longer than SM
NM 6076 feet SM=5280 feet

Question 80

what are the respective percents for the Copper percentage
bornite
chalcopyrite
covellite
chalcocite

Answer 80

63.3%
34.63%
66.46%
79.85%

Question 81

. Bronze is an alloy of what elements?

Answer 81

Cu and Sn

Question 82

Dubbed the “worst oil spill ever in the Philippines”, the oil tanker M/T Solar 1 sank on August
11, 2006, releasing as much as 500,000 liters of crude oil in the vicinity of the wreck. Where did
the M/T Solar 1 sink?

Answer 82

Guimaras Strait

Question 83

An oil with an API Gravity of 22.3–31.1 is considered as

Answer 83

Medium oil

Question 84

According to R.A. 7076, upon the declaration of a people’s small-scale mining area, the
director, in consultation with the operator, claim owner, landowner, or lessor of an affected area,
shall determine the right of the small-scale miners to existing facilities such as mining and logging
roads, private roads, port, and communication facilities. This is known as

Answer 84

Easement rights

Question 85

what are the RQD if thes rock quality

0-25%
25-50%
50-75%
75-90%
90-100%

Answer 85

very poor
poor
fair
good
excellent

Question 86

What deposit garnered attention and controversy due to the misrepresentation of its resource
which led to the creation of JORC?

Answer 86

Poseidon Nickel Deposit – Poseidon NL

Question 87

. A ‘Competent Person’ must have a minimum of _____ relevant experience in the deposit style
investigated

Answer 87

5 years

Question 88

the most effective seal rock?

Answer 88

Evaporites

Question 89

Which formation can one find the skarns in Larap?

Answer 89

Universal Formation

Question 90

What mine is controversial because of a massive tailings spill incident in 1996?

Answer 90

Marcopper Cu Mine

Question 91

Diwalwal gold rush started in what decade?

Answer 91

1980s

Question 92

what article of the GSP Code of Ethics stipulates the relation of geologists to coprofessionals?

Answer 92

IV

Question 93

This sets out the minimum standards, recommendations, and guidelines for public reporting
in the Philippines of exploration results, mineral resources, and ore reserves.

Answer 93

PMRC

Question 94

Which of the following uses a logarithmic scale?

Answer 94

Richter Scale

Question 95

. These isolines in maps indicate equal gravitational acceleration

Answer 95

isogal

Question 96

Size Hole (outside) diameter, mm Core (inside) diameter, mm
AQ
BQ

NQ

HQ

Answer 96

48 27
60 36.5
75.7 47.6
96 63.5

Question 97

What is added to quicklime to make morta

Answer 97

Clay

Question 98

This is used to measure the rate of change in a magnetic field.

Answer 98

Gradiometer

Question 99

What is the test similar to the Becke Line Test but used in mineragraphy?

Answer 99

Kalb Light Line

Question 100

The characteristic ore mineral assemblage and their sequence of formation

Answer 100

Paragenesis

Question 101

In variograms, this represents the maximum distance at which sample pairs can be said to
have some relationship to their separation distance

Answer 101

range

Question 102

What is the true dip of the coal seam?

Answer 102

11SE

Question 103

At what depth would the coal be encountered in a borehole at D?

Answer 103

200m

Question 104

Where is the type locality of the mineral Luzonite?

Answer 104

Mankayan, Benguet

Question 105

Which of the following countries has the most REE reserves?

Answer 105

China

Question 106

Developed just in recent years, IFSAR is a powerful approach in generating high-resolution
digital data using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and an orthorectified radar image. IFSAR stands
for what?

Answer 106

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

Question 107

correlation analysis
+- 1
+-0.81-0.99
+-0.61-+0.80
+-41-0.69
+_0.21-+-0.40
+-0.01-+-0.20
0

Answer 107

perfect linear relationship
very strong linear
strong linear
moderate linera
weak linear
very weak linear
no linear relationship

Question 108

7. As part of the application for an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), the Department
   of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order 2000-28 requires an additional
   requirement of producing an Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment Report
   (EGGAR) covering subdivision, housing, and other land development and infrastructure projects.
   Which of these events led to the creation of DAO 2000-28?

Answer 108

Cherry Hills Landslide in Rizal

Question 109

A vector-based data structure is made for storing terrain information in digital terrain modeling
in which each sample point has an xy coordinate and a height, or z value. All the points are
connected by edges to form a network of non-overlapping triangles that collectively represent the
terrain surface. This network is known as

Answer 109

TIN

Question 110

It is a mathematical operation defining the change of shape of a waveform resulting from its
passage through a filter.

Answer 110

convolution

Question 111

. A correlation coefficient of ± .81 to ± 0.99 indicates _________ linear relationship

Answer 111

very strong

Question 112

The Argyle Diamond Mine is the most significant source of pink diamonds in the world and is
located in Western Australia. The diamond deposit occurs in a ____________ pipe.

Answer 112

Lamproite

Question 113

This surface feature is a liquefaction effect during an earthquake, characterized by fissuring
and buckling.

Answer 113

Lateral spreading

Question 114

4. Reporting of mineral resources is just one of the geologist’s roles in the profession. Which of
   the following classification has the best level of geological knowledge and confidence?

Answer 114

Measured

Question 115

In hydrogeology, this term is applied in the search for groundwater, meaning a surface of
equal fluid pressure within the rock mass

Answer 115

Piezometric surface

Question 116

The Mining Act of _____ (Commonwealth Act 137) introduced the Regalian Doctrine (lands &
minerals owned by the state)

Answer 116

1935

Question 117

An oxide ore was observed in a porphyry copper deposit. It is an indication that the ore is at

Answer 117

Upper portion of the deposit

Question 118

Orebodies formed by hydrothermal fluids and gases that were introduced into the host rocks from elsewhere, filling cavities in the host rock. describes mineral deposits formed later.

Answer 118

Epigenetic

Question 119

ore deposits formed at the same time as the enclosing rock

Answer 119

syngenetic

Question 120

a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals

Answer 120

electrum

Question 121

a rare cadmium bearing metal sulfide mineral consisting of cadmium sulfide (CdS) in crystalline form. Greenockite crystallizes in the hexagonal system

Answer 121

Greenockite

Question 122

an analytical technique used to determine how much of certain elements are in a sample. It uses the principle that atoms (and ions) can absorb light at a specific, unique wavelength. When this specific wavelength of light is provided, the energy (light) is absorbed by the atom.
a technique for measuring the concentrations of metallic elements in different materials

Answer 122

Atomic absorption spectroscopy
AAS

Question 123

alloy of iron with chromium and nickel.

Answer 123

Stainless steel

Question 124

can be used in solar cells, which turn light energy into electrical energy.

Answer 124

Ruthenium

Question 125

mainly used for research purposes.

Answer 125

scandium

Question 126

Metallurgical process for dissolution of metals by means of acid solution. Examples include extraction of copper from oxide- or sulfide-bearing ore and dissolution of uranium from sandstone ores. Acid leaching can occur on heap-leach pads or in situ.

Answer 126

acid leaching

Question 127

A colloquial term for petroleum

Answer 127

black gold

Question 128

mark the upper and lower limits of normal variation for a particular population of data.

Answer 128

threshold values,

Question 129

a 2-dimensional reference surface, to convert locations
from a curved surface to a flat surface

Answer 129

map projection

Question 130

Started in 1953, this mine is the oldest porphyry copper mining operation
in the country

Answer 130

Atlas (Toledo)

Question 131

Which coordinates could be the approximate geographic center of the
Philippines

Answer 131

o 13⁰N, 122⁰E

Question 132

a bulk underground mining method, which allows large low-grade deposits to be mined underground. This method involves undermining the orebody to make it collapse under its own weight into a series of chambers from which the ore extracted.

Answer 132

block caving

Question 133

trike-slip movements along the Philippine Fault and the Digdig Fault within the Philippine Fault System.

Answer 133

1991 luzon earthquake

Question 134

seismically active regions in the country and has active faults that include the Masbate and Sibuyan Sea Segments of the Philippine Fault (PF), and potentially active faults that include the Uson Fault and Southern Masbate Fault.

Answer 134

2003 masbate earthquake

Question 135

the movement of one of the Philippines’ largest fault; the Philippine Fault System with the focal mechanism corresponding to strike-slip.

Answer 135

ragay gulf earthquake

Question 136

A “blind” gold-rich copper porphyry deposit was discovered in Surigao in
2000 at

Answer 136

Boyon- gan and Bayugo

Question 137

clay of choice for degradable sulfur fertilizer.

Answer 137

Bentonite

Question 138

toxic elements in mining?

Answer 138

cadmium, arsenic, lead, and mercury.

Question 139

Involves recording core recovery and rock mass defects by RQD or Rock
Quality Determination, including other information on discontinuities and
structures (fault, fractures, bedding) recorded in the core

Answer 139

geotechnical logging

Question 140

a zone around a mineral deposit where the metal values are less than those of the deposit but significantly higher than background values found in the country rocks around the deposit

Answer 140

dispersion halo

Question 141

mass of ore deposited in a vein. consists of the most valuable part of the ore deposit.

Answer 141

oreshoot

Question 142

A circular or crescentic distribution pattern about the source or origin of a mineral, ore, mineral association, or petrographic feature

Answer 142

mineralized halo

Question 143

an electrochemical effect caused by many factors, not all of which are completely understood.

Answer 143

chargeability

Question 144

The product of conductivity and thickness, typically measured in units of siemens

Answer 144

conductance

Question 144

an electromagnetic technique which assesses the ability of the topsoil or ploughsoil and features within it to be magnetised.

Answer 144

magnetic susceptibility

Question 144

atoms and particles move to new locations and geochemical environment

Answer 144

geochemical dispersion.

Question 145

an often produce a higher-grade commodity

Answer 145

deep narrow veins mining

Question 145

A method of mining in which large quantities of low-grade ore are mined without attempt to segregate the high-grade portions.

Answer 145

bulk mineable

Question 146

type of alteration system that has undergone advanced argillic and argillic alteration and is mainly composed of acid-sulfate alteration minerals characterized by alunite–kaolinite–dickite–quartz ± pyrite

Answer 146

lithocap

Question 147

non-ferromagnesian minerals.

Answer 147

Muscovite, Potassium Feldspar (Orthoclase), and Quartz:

Question 148

Fresh water -

Slightly saline water - Moderately saline
water -

Answer 148

Less than 1,000 ppm.
From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm.
From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm.

Question 149

This is a method of recovering gold and silver from pregnant cyanide
solutions by adsorbing the precious metals to granules of activated
carbon

Answer 149

activated carbon adsorption.

Question 150

anging between 1 and 4 μm.
Microcrystalline calcite, with a grain size finer than 4 μm;

Answer 150

Micrite,

Question 151

Limestone often contains larger crystals of calcite, ranging in size from 0.02 to 0.1 mm (0.79 to 3.94 mils)

Answer 151

sparry calcite or sparite.

Question 152

a pluton of igneous rock parallel to the bedding plane or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically, it is a typically lens-shaped pluton that occupies either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a syncline.

Answer 152

phacolith

Question 153

geological structure consisting of mobile material that was forced into more brittle surrounding rocks, usually by the upward flow of material from a parent stratum.

Answer 153

diapir

Question 154

a type of limestone that is composed of predominantly, more than 50 percent, of either clay-size or both silt-size and clay-size detrital (transported) carbonate grains.

Answer 154

calcilutile

Question 155

a ferro magnesian phyllosilicate mineral occurs as secondary in high temperature alteration zones in potassic altered porphyry copper deposits

Answer 155

biotite

Question 156

cryptocrystalline masses of apatite in phosphorite rich sed rock
referred to

Answer 156

collophane

Question 157

the sequence in which the minerals are formed in an ore deposit.

Answer 157

paragenesis

Question 158

Applied to dark-colored rocks, esp. igneous rocks, containing between 60% and 100% dark minerals;

Answer 158

melanochractic

Question 159

light-coloured because of a low content of ferromagnesian minerals.

Answer 159

leucocratic

Question 160

Neither leucocratic nor melanocratic; having a more or less even mixture of light and dark constituents.

Answer 160

mesocratic

Question 161

Bentonite clay is used as drilling mud, and mainly contains the mineral

Answer 161

60-80% of montmorillonite.

Question 162

The volcanic equivalent of an ultramafic rock

Answer 162

komatiite and picritic basalt

Question 163

most common titanium mineral?

Answer 163

Ilmenite

Question 164

minerals display one direction of well developed
cleavage

Answer 164

Biotite

Question 165

texture that is locally found in sphalerite in which unevenly distributed, variably sized blebs of chalcopyrite occur throughout a grain of sphalerite

Answer 165

Chalcopyrite disease

Question 166

A rock that is a mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock

Answer 166

migmatite

Question 167

If vesicles are so abundant that they make up over 50% of the rock and
the rock has a density greater than 1, then the rock is said to be

Answer 167

scoraceous.

Question 168

Where can a kelyphitic rim be found?

Answer 168

Where can a kelyphitic rim be found?

Question 169

Nacre is the layers of which a pearl is made of. What mineral is it

Answer 169

aragonite

Question 170

coarse crystalline calcite cement which fills pore spaces in many limestones after deposition, formed by the precipitation of calcite from carbonate-rich solutions passing through the pore spaces in the sediment

Answer 170

sparite

Question 170

The “alkaline” rocks typically are chemically undersaturated with respect
to

Answer 170

silica

Question 170

What was the name of the geoloist who first introduced the concept of
metamorphic facies?

Answer 170

Eskola

Question 171

When substantial chemical change accompanies metamorphism also called allochemical metamorphism

Answer 171

metasomatism’

Question 172

The term lamination is used for what thickness of bed?

Answer 172

less than 1cm

Question 173

the association of lath-shaped euhedral crystals of plagioclase, grouped radially or in an irregular mesh, with surrounding or interstitial large anhedral crystals of pyroxene;

Answer 173

ophitic texture

Question 173

refers to crystals, typically phenocrysts, in an igneous rock which contain small grains of other minerals.

Answer 173

poikilitic

Question 174

a texture of extrusive rocks in which the groundmass contains little volcanic glass and consists predominantly of minute tabular crystals, namely, sanidine microlites

Answer 174

trachytic

Question 175

What is measured by a goniometer?

Answer 175

interfacial angle

Question 176

a mineral deposit of gravel, sand, and nitrates, found especially in dry areas of South America

Answer 176

caliche

Question 176

very young soils with weak horizon differentiation;

Answer 176

Fluvisols

Question 176

determine the ages of formation and thermal histories of potassium-bearing rocks and minerals of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin, as well as extraterrestrial meteorites and lunar rocks

Answer 176

K-Ar method

Question 177

a scientific method that can accurately determine the age of organic materials as old as approximately 60,000 years.

Answer 177

carbon 14 dating

Question 177

one of the oldest and most refined of the radiometric dating schemes.

Answer 177

u-pb method

Question 177

The long-term accumulation of sediment in a channel and the readjustment of the stream profile where there is a vertical growth of the land surface is called

Answer 177

Aggradation

Question 177

Removal of dissolved or suspended material from a layer or layers of the soil by the movement of water when rainfall exceeds evaporation.

Answer 177

eluviation

Question 178

The first fishes had no jaws, bones, only cartilages. Their
name means “shell-skins”, and these were called

Answer 178

ostracoderms

Question 179

The horizontal component or amount of dip separation,
perpendicular to the strike of the fault

Answer 179

Heave

Question 180

Element with an affinity for silicate phases

Answer 180

Lithophile elements

Question 181

“iron-loving”

Answer 181

siderophile

Question 181

found in, attracted to, or having a tendency to occur in the atmosphere. used especially of chemical elements or compounds.

Answer 181

atmophile

Question 182

This scientist discovered the P’ discontinuity, or the Pwave deflections at inner-outer core boundary

Answer 182

Inge Lehmann

Question 182

This
biozone type is a body of fossiliferous strata between
two specified biostratigraphic horizons

Answer 182

Interval zones

Question 183

The body of strata representing the known stratigraphic and geographic range of occurrence of a particular taxon or combination of two taxa of any rank.

Answer 183

Range Zone

Question 184

named for the taxon in the lineage whose range or partial range it represents

Answer 184

A lineage zone

Question 185

defined by the biohorizons across which there is notable change in the abundance of the specified taxon or taxa that characterize the zone.

Answer 185

abundacne zone

Question 186

The Indo-Australian plate is presently subducting under
the Eurasian Plate along the trench in Indonesia

Answer 186

Sumatra

Question 187

The study of trace fossils

Answer 187

ichnology

Question 188

branch of paleontology that deals with the processes of fossilization.

Answer 188

taphonomy

Question 189

the practice and science of categorization or classification.

Answer 189

taxonomy

Question 190

Lineated fault surfaces that have been polished by the
process of frictional sliding

Answer 190

Slickensides

Question 191

a series of relatively small, alternating, interlocked, toothlike columns of stone;

Answer 191

stylolite

Question 191

an imaginary sea level surface that undulates (has a wavy surface) over all of the earth; i

Answer 191

geoid

Question 192

Materials, especially rock masses, that formed in their present location and have not been transported. Fault surfaces can separate indigenous rocks from allochthonous rocks, although some allochthonous rocks are clearly delineated by their differing composition.

Answer 192

authochthonous

Question 193

convex upward ontaining progressively younger rocks from their core outwards are anticlines has a crest, which is the highest point on a given stratum along the top of the fold.

Answer 193

antiform

Question 193

objects have been displaced from their original site of origin

Answer 193

Allochthonous

Question 193

sediment of which at least 30 percent is composed of the skeletal remains of microscopic floating organisms. deposits of soft mud on the ocean floor.

Answer 193

ooze, pelagic

Question 194

the steepest line that can be drawn on an inclined plane. Measured in terms of inclination (from the horizontal) and its bearing (from north), and when used in conjunction with unit length it can be considered a vector quantity. The azimuth of the dip is at right angles to the strike of a bed.

Answer 194

true dip

Question 195

the angle between the horizontal and a planar or tabular geologic feature such as a bed, fault or vein as seen in a structure section. When the section is per- pendicular to the strike, apparent dip equals true dip;

Answer 195

apparent dip

Question 196

Which sedimentary basin is bounded by the Luzon
Central Cordillera and the Sierra Madre Ranges

Answer 196

Cagayan

Question 197

What type of coastline is formed during sea level rise

Answer 197

Submergent coastlines

Question 198

This Plio-Pleistocene Philippine fossil is considered to be
a sister group of the mammoth and elephants

Answer 198

Stegodon

Question 199

The opening and closing of ocean basins through plate
tectonics

Answer 199

Wilson Cycle

Question 200

A statement of elastic deformation, that strain is directly
proportional to stress

Answer 200

Hooke’s law

Question 201

The Palawan micro-continent collided with the Philippine
Mobile Belt during the

Answer 201

late Early Miocene to early Middle Miocene age (20-16 Ma)

Question 202

A tectonic process by which material is added to a
tectonic plate or a landmass

Answer 202

Accretion

Question 203

an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side

Answer 203

Juxtaposition

Question 204

The sediment that a stream moves along the bottom of
its channel by rolling and bouncing

Answer 204

Bedload

Question 204

The first period (542 to 488.3 Ma) of the Paleozoic Era,
during which most modern animal phyla developed

Answer 204

Cambrian Explosion of Animal Life

Question 205

Which of the following rocks could least or not preserve
fossils

Answer 205

sandstone

Question 206

Which rock formations could you find stream water that is considered “hard water”

Answer 206

limestone

Question 207

Which major plate consists entirely of oceanic
lithosphere

Answer 207

Pacific

Question 208

In geologic time, when could be the beginning of the
Phanerozoic Eon

Answer 208

541

Question 209

dinosaurs diversified
and the first birds appeared

Answer 209

Late Cretaceous

Question 210

A basin that forms on the side of a volcanic arc away
from the trench

Answer 210

back arc

Question 211

Zone of saturation; area in aquifer, below the water
table, which relatively pores/fractures are water
saturated

Answer 211

phreatic zone, saturated zone, or zone of saturation

Question 212

The dome-shaped top of an igneous intrusion

Answer 212

cupola

Question 213

The lowest point of a ridge connecting two mountain
peaks, often constituting a pass or a saddle

Answer 213

col

Question 214

The angle that a bedding plane or fault makes with the
horizontal

Answer 214

dip

Question 215

provides a direction given as the primary compass direction (north or south), degree of angle, and an east or west designation. A bearing describes a line as heading north or south, and deflected some number of degrees toward the east or west.

Answer 215

bearing

Question 216

the angle between North, measured clockwise around the observer’s horizon, and a celestial body (sun, moon)

Answer 216

azimuth

Question 217

also termed the unsaturated zone, is the part of Earth between the land surface and the top of the phreatic zone, the position at which the groundwater is at atmospheric pressure

Answer 217

vadose

Question 218

The stress exerted by the water present in the soil pores

Answer 218

pore water pressure

Question 219

energy per unit weight of fluid is termed as

Answer 219

head

Question 220

common mineral that replaces organic substances in fossil formation

Answer 220

SiO2

Question 221

niagara falls has a limestone cap underlaid by

Answer 221

granite

Question 222

feature below that is most useful in indicating the direction of movement of continental glacier

Answer 222

drumlin

Question 222

sinkhole lakes would be found most readily in?

Answer 222

florida

Question 223

the most recent covering of New England by continental glaciers ended at a time closes to which one of the following

Answer 223

10,000 BC

Question 224

earliest deposits of graphite left by simple forms of life resulted from such life in

Answer 224

archeozoic

Question 225

the study of radioactive minerals shows the earth to have a minimum age in years closest to

Answer 225

5,000,000,000

Question 226

minimum average monthly temperature required for a zone to be considered tropical

Answer 226

64 degrees Farenheit

Question 227

information about auroras

Answer 227

occur near the poles only
are caused by ionization of oxygen and nitrogen in the upper air
at their brightest during maximum sunspot activity

Question 228

closest distance in miles from the Earth to the moon

Answer 228

2.5 x 10 ^5

Question 229

a plane on a great circe route

Answer 229

a meridian

Question 230

not truly described by its name

Answer 230

sea

Question 231

boothbay maine is charac by

Answer 231

long narrow bays

Question 232

deflecting force of ferell cell is greatest at what

Answer 232

80 degrees N

Question 233

one known 20th century for its most violently explosive type of eruption

Answer 233

mt.pelee martinique

Question 234

star nearest to the sun is in the constellation

Answer 234

centaurus

Question 235

summer solstice the vertical rays of the sun at noon are on the

Answer 235

tropic of cancer

Question 236

a mature river will become intrenched when the area in which it is located is

Answer 236

elevated

Question 237

gently undulating, almost featureless plain that, in principle, would be produced by fluvial erosion that would, in the course of geologic time, reduce the land almost to baselevel (sea level), leaving so little gradient that essentially no more erosion could occur.

Answer 237

peneplain,

Question 238

fall lines cities are located where rivers flow from the rocks of

Answer 238

older Appalachians to those of the coastal plain

Question 239

most cenozoic mammal fossils were preserved by

Answer 239

burail after drowning or suffocation

Question 240

skull of pithecanthroupus erectus differs from other ape why?

Answer 240

lack of median crest

Question 241

one in which the greatest variety of species is found in

Answer 241

cenozoic protozoa

Question 242

the triangulation point on a tropographic map

Answer 242

true elevation

Question 243

a heavy black line on a geologic map with the letters U and D appearing on opposite sides of the line

Answer 243

fault

Question 244

the symbol T 30 indicates

Answer 244

dip E-W strike 30 degrees N

Question 245

a sequence of sedimentary rock layers that progress from deep-water and turbidity flow deposits to shallow-water shales and sandstones. It is deposited when a deep basin forms rapidly on the continental side of a mountain building episode.
consists of repeated sedimentary cycles with upwards fining of the sediments. There are sometimes coarse conglomerates or breccias at the bottom of each cycle, which gradually evolve upwards into sandstone and shale/mudstone. ypically deposited during an early stage of the orogenesis. When the orogen evolves, the foreland basin becomes shallower and molasse is deposited on top of the flysch.

Answer 245

Flysch

Question 246

These deposits are typically the non-marine alluvial and fluvial sediments of lowlands, as compared to deep-water flysch sediments.

Answer 246

Flysch and Molasse

Question 246

refers to sandstones, shales and conglomerates that form as terrestrial or shallow marine deposits in front of rising mountain chains. The molasse deposits accumulate in a foreland basin, especially on top of flysch-like deposits.

Answer 246

“molasse”

Question 247

semi-precious stones include

Answer 247

ambales Jade” (uvarovite) and mauve, “Mindoro Jade” (sericite schists), minor floats of jadeite and nephrite, jasper/chert, serpentine, spinel, garnet, quartz, epidote, obsidian, bloodstone, agate, opal, tektite, azurite, malachite, amber, corals, and pearl considered as the National Gem of the Philippines.

Question 247

s a reaction where a solid phase and liquid phase will together form a second solid phase at a particular temperature and composition

Answer 247

Peritectic

Question 247

ormed by self-generated alteration of a granite and is a class of endoskarn; It means that greisen in most cases formed inside the granitic pluton itself that provided heat and hydrothermal fluids to initiate the greisenization.
commonly, are granitoid rocks in which >90% of the feldspar is replaced by quartz, mica, topaz, cassiterite and other minerals.
Commonly hosts workable - though not always currently economic - Sn - W - Mo ore bodies

Answer 247

Greisen

Question 247

Some deposits of these semi-precious stones are in:

Answer 247

Sta. Cruz, Zambales; Sta. Cruz, Occidental Mindoro; San Vicente- Mabini-Dasol, Pangasinan; Burgos, Ilocos Norte; Paracale, Camarines Norte; and Nagcarlan, Laguna.

Question 248

what are the zeolite minerals

Answer 248

natrolite
analcime
laumontite
chabazite
clinoptilolite
heulandite
stilbite
sodalite

Question 248

what are under incohesive non-foliated and foliated

Answer 248

non-foliated: fault breccia >30%visible fragments
fault gouge <30% visible fragments

foliated
foliated gouge

Question 248

equant with a nearly square cross sections halite galena

Answer 248

blocky

Question 248

what are under the cohesive non foliated

Answer 248

pseudotachylyte
crush breccia- fragments>5mm
fine crush breccia- fragmants 1-5mm
crush microbreccia fragments <1mm

catacalsites grain size reduction by cataclastic mechanisms

protocataclasite
cataclasite
ultracataclasite

Question 249

under cohesive foliated

Answer 249

mylonite series
grain size reduction by plastic def mechanism
protomylonite
mylonite
ultramylonite

grain size increase by recrystallize
blastomylonite

Question 249

Microcrystalline rocks of granitic composition

Answer 249

Felsite

Question 250

gneous rock texture in which an intergrowth of two minerals has the appearance of runic writing. Graphic textures are most commonly intergrowths of quartz and alkali feldspar in which the quartz appears as v-shaped inclusions enclosed by the feldspar.

Answer 250

Graphic Granite

Question 250

An opaline sinter that is often found around hot springs and geysers. A botryoidal form is called fiorite.

Answer 250

Geyserite

Question 250

form from waters that separate from a magma in the late stages of crystallization; this activity often occurs in small pockets along the margins of a batholith. Pegmatite can also form in fractures that develop on the margins of the batholith.

Answer 250

Pegmatites

Question 250

also made of silica, but tufa and travertine are made of calcium carbonate.

Answer 250

Diatomite

Question 251

general term for sandstone. It is equivalent to the Latin-derived term arenite and is commonly used in various publications to describe a metamorphosed sedimentary rock with a dominantly sandstone protolith

Answer 251

Psammite

Question 251

coarse gravel
medium sand
fine clay

Answer 251

psephite rudite
psammite arenite
pelite lutite

Question 252

a=b=c all angles 90 degrees

Answer 252

cubic fluorite

Question 253

a=b not equal to c
all angles at 90

Answer 253

tetragonal rutile

Question 254

a=b not equal to c
angles 120 or 90

Answer 254

hexagonal beryl

Question 255

abc all not equal all angles 90

Answer 255

orthorhombic
enstatite

Question 256

all abc not equal
a=y=90
beta not equal 90

Answer 256

monoclinic sanidine

Question 257

abc not equal and no angles 90

Answer 257

triclinic albite

Question 258

along with minerals of the melilite group, are referred to as foids in the IUGS classification of igneous rocks. They do not occur in igneous rocks containing original free silica. They are, in fact, incompatible with quartz, as is quite apparent from the following equations:

nepheline +quartz=albite and leucite+ quartz= k felds

Answer 258

Feldspathoids

Question 259

A coarse-grained crystalline rock consisting mostly of calcic plagioclase (>90%, usually labradorite) with <10% mafics. The lunar highlands are composed predominantly

Answer 259

Anorthosite
Because of linguistic similarities some people think that anorthosite is a rock composed of anorthite (one of plagioclase group minerals). This is not true. Anorthosite is usually composed of labradorite and sometimes bytownite or andesine as well (all plagioclase group minerals).

Question 260

main factor that detemines the texture of an igneous rock is

Answer 260

cooling rate dT/dt

Question 261

rate at which atoms or molecules can move through the liquid

Answer 261

diffusion rate

Question 262

rate at which enough of the chemicla constituents of a crystal can come together in one place w/o dissolving

Answer 262

rate of nucleation of new crystals

Question 263

the rate at which new constituents can arrive at the surface of the growing crystals depends largely on the diffusion rate of the molecules of concern

Answer 263

rate of growth of crystals

Question 264

small degrees undercooling the nucleation rate will be low and growth rate moderate since few nuclei

Answer 264

phaneritic texture

Question 265

larger degrees of undercoolingnucleation rate will be high and the growth rate also high

Answer 265

aphanitic

Question 266

hugh degrees of undercooling both the growth rate and nucleation rate will be low few crystals will form and they will not grow to any large size= glassy

Answer 266

holohyaline texture

Question 267

small holes left behind after lava cools and turns into volcanic rock. help geologists understand the cooling history of extrusive (volcanic rocks) because lava contains large amounts of dissolved gases that are released as the lava hardens.

Answer 267

vesicular

Question 268

if phenocrysts are found to occur as clusters of crystals then the rock should be described as glomeroporphyritic instead of porphyritic

Answer 268

glomeroporphyritic

Question 269

if vesicles have been filled with material usually calcite chalcedonyor quartz then the term amygdularshould be added to the textureal desciption of the rock defined as a refilled vesicle

Answer 269

amygdular

Question 270

vesicles are so abundant that they make up over 50% of the rock and the rock has a density less than 1 would float inwwater then the rock is

Answer 270

pumiceous

Question 271

vesicles are so abundant that they make up over 50% of the rock and the rock has a density greater than 1 then the rock is

Answer 271

scoraceous

Question 272

texture consisting of intergrowths of quartz and alkali feldspar wherein the orientation of the quartz grains resembles cuneiform writing most observed in pegmatites

Answer 272

graphic

Question 273

texture commonly found in glassy rhyolites wherein spherical intergrowths of radiating quartz and feldspar replace glass as a result of devritification

Answer 273

spherulitic

Question 274

texture usually restricted to coarser grained rocks that consists of concentrically banded spheres wherein the bands consist of alternation light colored and dark colored minerals

Answer 274

obicular

Question 275

fine
medium
coarse
very coarse

Answer 275

<1mm diameter <sugar granules
1-5mm diameter (sugar to pea sized)
5-50mm diameter
>50 mm diameter lower size limit is not really well defined

Question 276

When basaltic lava flows enter standing water, they form either tongues or more
equidimensional blob-like structures, both of which are called pillows. The resulting pillow
lavas contain numerous packed pillows, usually with glassy rinds, concentric
bands, and radial fractures within. Later pillows commonly flatten and conform to the shape of
the pillows upon which they settle, providing geologists with a method of determining the
original top of the deposit in folded terranes. The
hyaloclastite commonly devitrifies quickly to an orangish- brown material called

Answer 276

Palagonite

Question 277

The pillows may be embedded in fine glassy debris
called

Answer 277

hyaloclastite

Question 278

0.25-2.5km diameter

Answer 278

scoria cone

Question 279

0.2-3.0km diameter

Answer 279

maar

Question 280

0.2-3.0km diameter

Answer 280

tuff ring

Question 281

0.1-1.5 km diameter

Answer 281

tuff cone

Question 282

eskola proposed this diagram a way to illustrate metamorphic mineral assemblages on a simplified 3-componetn triangular diagram. He concentrated only on the minerals that appeared or disappeared during metamorphism thus acting as indicators of metamorphic minerals

Answer 282

ACF Diagram

Question 283

the norm is a method of recalculating a chemical analysis of an igneous rock into a set of ideal minerals. the norm was originally proposed as a method of classifying igneous rocks but the classification has since given way to drect chemical classifications. the norm is still used by some petrologists and it is most useful for volcanic or glassy rocks where the modal mineralogy is unavailbel. in the US commonl use formaulation developed by COPW which expresses the normative mienrals as weight percentages. the method descrived here is a simplication norm which expresses the normative minerasl as molecular percentages. the following mid ridge ocean basalt analysis will be usead as an illustration of the techniqua.

Answer 283

CIPW cross iddings pirsson and washington

Question 284

a hypothesis-testing paradigm for the evaluation of rock geochemistry, and generally provides an understanding of the nature and extent of material transfer that has taken place in a suite of rocks.

Answer 284

Pearce element ratio (PER)

Question 285

zeolites especially laumontite,wairakite,analcime in place of other Ca-Al silicates such as phrenite,pumpellyite,and epidote

Answer 285

zeolite

Question 286

phrenite,pumpellyite, +chlorite + albite

Answer 286

phrenite,pumpellyite,

Question 287

chlorite+albite+epidote(zoisite) +actinolite+quartz

Answer 287

greenschist

Question 288

hornblende+plagioclase (oligoclase,andesine)+garnet

Answer 288

amphibolite

Question 289

orthopyrozene+clinopyroxene+plag+garnet

Answer 289

granulite

Question 290

glaucophane+lawsonite or epidote/zoisoite+ albite +chlorite+garnet

Answer 290

blueschist

Question 291

pyralpsite garnet+omphacitic pyroxene+kyanite+quartz no plagioclase

Answer 291

eclogite

Question 292

mineral assembalges in mafic rocks of the facies of contact metamorphism do not differ substantially from those of the corresponfing regional at higher pressure

Answer 292

contact facies

Question 293

very low pressures

Answer 293

contact facies

Question 294

low pressure regional

Answer 294

buchan or abukuma facies

Question 295

medium pressure regional

Answer 295

barrovian facies

Question 296

high pressure moderate temperature

Answer 296

sanbagawa facies

Question 297

high pressure moderate temperature

Answer 297

franciscan facies

Question 298

which one large crystal encloses many smaller crystals similar to ophitic textures but the enclosing mineral need no be pyrozene greenvile maine
6mm

Answer 298

poikilitic texture

Question 299

quartz wedge

Answer 299

530 nm plate 1/4 plate

Question 300

acute bisectriz is Z

Answer 300

positive

Question 301

acute bisectrix is X

Answer 301

negative

Question 302

angle between the optic axes bisected by the X axis as 2Vx and the angle between the optic axes bisected by the Z axis as 2Vz the angles then can vary between 0 and 180 degrees with restrcition that 2Vx+2Vz=180

Answer 302

if 2V is exactly 90 then neutral

Question 303

2V <90, 2Vx>90

Answer 303

positive

Question 304

2V>90, 2V<90

Answer 304

negative

Question 305

a property closely related to crystal shape, includes shape and size of crystal faces, how forms combine, how well developed different forms are, and the way multiple crystals grow together. Habit, thus, is the characteristic appearance a mineral can have. The photos in Figure 3.16 show some contrasting examples.

The most useful terms describing habit are self-explanatory. Common ones used to describe the habit of single crystals include equant (equidimensional), acicular (needlelike), tabular, and bladed. These and other terms are defined below.

Answer 305

habit

Question 307

shows orange chabazite crystals on top of heulandite. Both of these are zeolite minerals that occur most commonly in openings within basalt, and less commonly in metamorphic rocks or hydrothermal veins. This sample comes from a classic locality near Wasson Bluff, on the shore of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, where many outcrops of 200-million year old basalt contain cavities filled with spectacular mineral specimens.

Although zeolites are best known for their occurrences in vugs and other open cavities in volcanic rocks, large volumes are found in volcanic ashes and saline lake deposits. Zeolites also may be present as products of diagenesis or low-grade metamorphism in sediments and rocks.

Answer 307

he zeolite group includes more than 40 minerals. They are, essentially, hydrated feldspars and are framework silicates containing open cavities that can hold loosely bonded large cations and water. The best-known use for zeolites is in water softeners. Because calcium in water causes it to be hard, suppressing the effects of soap, forming scale, or creating other problems, it is often filtered through zeolite. Zeolite charged with sodium ions (generally from dissolved salt) allows water to pass through its structure while exchanging calcium for sodium, thus making the water less hard. This process is reversible, so the zeolite can be flushed and used again.

Question 308

s a triclinic K-feldspar and has a characteristic cross-hatched tartan pattern of twinning seen with a petrographic microscope ad ample amount of time to cool down .

Answer 308

Microcline

Question 309

re both optically monoclinic K-feldspars. Sanidine occurs in volcanic and subvolcanic rocks. Orthoclase occurs in plutonic rocks.

Answer 309

Orthoclase and sanidine

Question 310

is a K-feldspar produced by low-temperature hydrothermal (veins) or authigenic processes. It is structurally similar to microcline but without the cross-hatched twinning. Low-temperature feldspars either crystallized at lower temperatures

Answer 310

Adularia

Question 311

the only alkali feldspar that is not K-feldspar. It is sodic in composition, optically triclinic and characterized by a twinning similar to microcline but on a smaller scale.

Answer 311

Anorthoclase

Question 312

igh temperature ordering because the cooling is very rapid

Answer 312

sanidine

Question 313

ault-related rock that maintained primary cohesion during deformation, with matrix comprising greater than 10 % of rock mass; matrix is fine-grained material formed through grain size reduction. Cataclasites are subdivided into those that have 10-50% matrix (protocataclasite), 50-90% matrix (cataclasite) and > 90% matrix (ultracataclasite).

Answer 313

Cataclasite

Question 314

are usually found in faults, which have been active at shallow crustal levels. They occur in fault zones of variable thickness and can be subdivided into

Answer 314

Incohesive brittle fault rocks

Question 315

n unconsolidated fault rock consisting of less than 30% matrix. If the matrix fragment ratio is higher, the rock is called a fault gouge. A fault gouge is thus a strongly ground-down version of the original rock. These unconsolidated fault rocks form in the upper part of the brittle crust. They are conduits of fluid flow in non-porous rocks but contribute to fault sealing in faulted porous rocks.

Answer 315

Fault breccia

Question 316

an be subdivided into cohesive breccia, cohesive cataclasite and pseudotachylyte. Cohesive cataclasite and breccia commonly show evidence for abundant pressure solution and precipitation effects. Rock fragments are transected by healed cracks aligned with fluid inclusions. Veins of quartz, calcite, epidote or chlorite, and in ultramafic rocks, serpentine, are common. These veins form during and after brittle deformation, since they have commonly been fractured.

Answer 316

Cohesive fault rocks

Question 317

oldest microscope national optics

Answer 317

then leica then recent is nikon

Question 318

Nikon microscope (as well as the Leica microscope) also have digital cameras attached to them, making them larger. The Nikon camera system includes the box sitting on the table to the right of the microscope.

These examples of National and Leica microscopes are student microscopes. The Nikon microscope shown here is a research-grade microscope. Please note that these companies each make different types and grades of microscopes: these are simply the examples we had at hand!

Answer 318

s a steady light source that is located in the base of the microscope. It is used for transmitted light microscopy.

The switch to turn on the illuminator is typically located at the rear or on the side of the base of the microscope. When the illuminator is ON, light will be visible through the base in the microscope. The following video clips show examples of turning on the illuminator for different microscopes:
illuminator

Question 319

The parts of the microscope that are located above the base but below the stage are called the

Answer 319

substage assembly. The substage assembly includes the condenser, the lower polarizer, light filters, and diaphragms.

Question 320

consists of two or more lenses that focus the illuminator light onto the sample placed on the stage, and one or more apertures to control illumination (see below). The condenser should be adjusted each time the objective lens is changed to maximize the quality of the image

Answer 320

condenser

Question 321

alogen lights used in microscopes typically give off a yellowish light, so a blue filter is often added to compensate for the yellow color of the light, providing a truer white light to pass through the sample.

Answer 321

A diaphragm or aperture cuts down the amount of light that reaches the sample by restricting the area that light can pass through. There are often multiple apertures on a microscope (Figure 2.4.5), including an aperture as part of the condenser assembly, as well as a field diaphragm that controls the size of the area which is illuminated on a sample

Question 322

The mechanical stage is an accessory which can be attached to the top of the rotating stage. Rather than a rotating motion, it allows motion along the x-axis (left-right) and y-axis (top-bottom). In Figure 2.4.10, the gold knob at the top controls motion in the x direction, and the gold knob on the right controls the y direction motion. The pincer-like arms (bottom left) wrap around the thin section and hold it in place.

Answer 322

Most polarizing light microscopes have two focusing knobs on each side of the microscope. The coarse focus is used to rapidly change the level of the stage and sample, and the fine focus knob is used to gently bring a sample into complete focus.

Question 323

Objectives are the main (but usually not the only) magnification mechanism in the microscope. Magnifications typically range from about 4x-64x, although objectives as low as 2.5x and as high as 200x are available. Because most polarizing light microscopes are compound microscopes containing more than one lens, the total magnification can be much higher (see the oculars section below).

Answer 323

The Amici-Bertrand lens (or simply the Bertrand lens) changes the plane of focus so that the viewer can observe interference figures

Question 324

he 1/4λ plate can also be called a mica plate, glimmer plate, or 147 nm.

Answer 324

yea

Question 325

Common Fluorescent Minerals
Over 500 minerals have been discovered that exhibit some sort of fluorescence when exposed to ultra violet light. What follows, is a collection of some of the more common and/or well-known fluorescent minerals. Importantly, not all specimens of these minerals will fluoresce, as minerals typically require an ion actuator to glow.

Answer 325

fluorite fluorospar
calcite
agrellite
apatite
aragonite
baryte
cerussite
Chalcedony
Corundum
Esperite
Hardystonite
Hyalite
Hydrozincite
Opal
Pyromorphite
Scapolite
Scheelite TUNSTEN
Selenite HOURGLASS
Smithsonite
Sodalite
Sphalerite
Tremolite
Tugtupite
Willemite
Wollastonite
Caliche

Question 326

lectron returns to its ground state (where it started) and releases the amount of energy it absorbed (thus returns light with that wavelength to the spectrum, thus, no color….

Answer 326

luminescence

Question 327

If some of the adsorbed energy is lost but the reminder is returned to the visible spectrum, the light returned has lower energy and thus, different color. [changes in energy = changes in wavelength = changes in color].

Answer 327

fluorescence

Question 328

are elements (e.g., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu…) that are not present in the pure compound. Impurities are elements that occur in low concentration in the gemstone.

Answer 328

Impurities

Question 329

Beryl containing iron (Fe):

Aquamarine = Fe++, beryl is blue
Heliodor = Fe+++, yellow
Green beryl : due to mixtures of Fe2+ and Fe3+
Beryl containing Manganese(Mn):
Morganite : Mn++ is pink
Red beryl : Mn+++ is red

Answer 329

Beryl containing Chromium(Cr):
Emerald = emerald green : Cr+++