DAY 2 Mineralogy Flashcards
when did the mohs scale established
1824
when was mohs hard scale invented?
1894
who invented the mohs scale?
frederic m
who invented the mohs scale?
frederic mohs
who invented mohs scale
frederic mohs
how man
transition elements within crystal lattices that can change the color of a mineral
chromophores
transition elements within crystal lattices that can change the color of a mineral
chromophores
how many silicates in mohs scale
4 talc orthoclase feldspar quartz topaz
how many hydrous in mohs scale
4 talc gypsum apatite topaz
how many hexagonal in mohs scale
calcite apatite quartz corundum
how many isometric in mohs scale
2 fluorite and diamond
how many isometric in mohs scale
2 fluorite and diamond
how many orthorhombic in mohs scale
1 topaz
how many monoclinic in mohs scale
3 talc gypsum orthoclase feldspar
how many orthorhombic in mohs scale
1 topaz
how many isometric in mohs scale
2 fluorite and diamond
ratio of velocity of light in air and the velocity of light in a medium
refractive index
this has a single refractive index
isotropic minerals
more than one refractive index
anisotropic minerals
property of a mineral that can produce a “double image” of an object behind the mineral due to light passing through the mineral having two polarized rays vibrating at right angles from each angle
double refraction
minerals that are deformed through compressive stress
malleable
also called hypdiomorphic hypautomorphic sub idioblastic
suhedral
also called allotriomorphix xenomorphic xenoblastic
anhedral
smallest unit of pattern that when repeated by a set of symmetry operations will generate the long range pattern characteristics of crystal
motif
point used to represent any motif
node
set of rules that govern the repetition of motifs which can produce two or three dimensional patterns with long range order
symmetry operations
specific length and direction of systematic displacement by which the pattern is repeated
unit translation vector
smallest units of meshes which contains at least one node and the unit translation vectors
unit meshes
groups denoted by their rotational and reflection symmetry
plane point groups
combines translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis
screw rotation
how many plane lattice groups
17
recognized groups that are based on the total symmetry of their plane lattices
plane lattice groups
3d equivalents of the 2d plane point groups
space point groups
3d patterns of points produced from the translation of nodes of space point groups
space lattices
defined on the basis of the external symmetry of mineral crystals and belong to six crystal systems with its own characteristic symmetry
crystal classes
parallelipiped whose edge lengths and volume are defined by the 3 unit translation vectors
unit cell
orientation of the unit cell edge
crystallographic axes
consists of a 3d set of one or more crystal faces that possess similar relationship to the crystallographic axes
crystal forms
encloses a mineral specimen and exist alone in perfectly formed euhedral crystals and also include all forms in the isometric system and many forms in the tetragonal hexagonal trigonal and orthorhombic systems
closed crystal form
what are the crystal class of isometric?
hexoctahedral
hextetrahedral
gyroidal
dipyroidal
tetraoidal
what are the crystal class of tetragonal?
ditetragonal-dipyramidal
ditetragonal-pyramidal
tetragonal scalenohedral
tetragonal trapezohedral
tetragonal dipyramidal
tetragonal disphenoidal
tetragonal pyramidal
what are the crystal class of hexagonal?
dihexagonal dipyramidal
dihexaginal pyramidal
ditrigonal dipyramidal
hexagonal trapezohedral
hexagonal dipyramidal
hexagonal pyramidal
trigonal dipyramidal
crystal class of rhombohedral/trigonal
hexagonal scalenohedral
ditrigonal pyramidal
trigonal trapezohedral
trigonal pyramidal
rhombohedral
crystal class of orthorhombic?
rhombic ipyramidal
rhombic pyramidal
rhombic disphenoidal
crystal class of monoclinic?
prismatic
sphenoidal
domatic
crystal class of triclinic?
pinacoidal
pedial
consists of a single face
pedion
a pair of parallel faces
pinacoid
has 3 parallel to an axis
prism
has 3 or more faces that intersect at an axis
pyramid
a pair of faces symmetrical about a mirror plane
dome
pair of faces symmetrical about an axis of rotation
sphenoid
proportional lengths of the 3 crystallographic axes
axial ratio
also called unit face any face that intersects all 3 axes at distances from the center that correspond to the axial ration of the mineral
unit plane
method describing the relationship between sets of crystal faces or planes and the crystallographic axes that are always expressed in the sequence a b c where each represents their respective axes generally k k l where each represent a b and c axis
weiss parameters
the reciprocal of any faces or set of planes weiss parameters written as hkl that represents the reciprocal of the face of the planes of the weiss parameters of the a b and c axis respectively
miller indices
what are the forms under isometric
cube 001 6 square faces halite galena pyrite fluorite
octahedron 111 8 triangular faces spinel magnetite chromite diamond
dodecahedron 011 12 diamond shaped faces garnet sphalerite sodalite cuprite
tetrahedron 111 4 triangular faces tetrahedrite sphalerite
pyritohedron h0I 12 pentagonal faces pyrite
forms under tetragonal
tetragonal dipyramid 111 hh1 011 8 triangular faces with top 4 separated from bottom 4 by mirror plane zircon rutile cassiterite wolfenite
tetragonal prism 0kl and variations 4 rectangular faces parallel to c axis scheelite vesuvianite malachite azurite
tetragonal disphenoid 0kl 4 triangular faces with alternation pairs symmetrical about c axis chalcopyrite
basal pinacoid 001 pair of faces perpendicular to c axis vesuvianite wolfenite
forms under hexagonal
hexagonal dipyramidal 1121 12 triangular faces inclined to c axis with top 6 separated from bottom 6 by mirror plane apatite zincite
hexagonal prism 1120 6 rectangular faces parallel to c axis apatite quartz tourmaline
basal pinacoid 0001 pair of faces perpendicular to c axis beryl corundum
forms under trigonal?
rhombohedron 6 parallelogram faces inclined to c axis dolomite siderite rhodochrosite
trigonal scalenohedron 23 scalene triangle faces inclined to c axis calcite
trigonal prism 3 rectangular facs parallel to c axis tourmaline quartz calcite
trigonal dipyramid 6 triangular faces top 3 separated from bottom 3 by a mirror plane tourmaline
orthorhombic forms?
rhombic pyramids 8 triangular faces top 4 separated from bottom 4 by a mirror plane topaz aragonite olivine
rhombic pyramids 4 rectangular faces parallel to a single crystallographic axis stibnite celestite enstatite
pinacoids 2 parallel faces perpendicular to a b or c axis andalusite hemimorphite barite
monoclinic forms?
monoclinic prisms 4 rectangular faces gypsum staurolite clinopyroxene
pinacoids 001 010 110 pair to rectangular perpendicular to a b c axis sphene epidote micas
triclinic forms?
pinacoids 2 parallel faces kyanite plagioclase microcline
pedions single face rhodonite wollastonite
what is the weight of a nucleus and protons
1.00867 amu nucleus
1.00728 amu protons
who developed the periodic table of elements
dmitri mendeleev march 1 1869
the amount of energy required to strip an element of an electron from its outermost shell
ionization potential
mineral groups that has no group or subgroup?
antimonides sb^3
arsenates asO4^3
arsenides As^3
borates BO3^3 BO4^-3
chromates CrO4^-2
molybdates MoO4^-2
nitrates NO3^-1
phosphates PO4^-2
selenides Se^-2
sulfides S-2
tellurides Te-2
Tungstates WO4^-2
Vanadates VO4^-2
what are the mineral groups of carbonates?
calcite group CO3^-2
dolomite group
aragonite group
groups under the mineral group halides
anhydrous halides
hydrous halides CL-1 Br1 F1
what are the subgroups under hydroxides?
brucite type group
gibbsite type group OH1
what are the groups under native element
metals group:
gold group
platinum group
iron group
semimetals group
non metals group
groups under oxides?
simple oxides group:
protoxide subgroup XO-2, X2O-2
rutile subgroup XO2^-2
hematite group X2O3^-2
complex oxides group:
spinel group XY2O4^-2
iron subgroup chromite subgroup O-2
groups under silicates?
nesosilicates island silicates 1:4:
olivine garnet aluminum silicates group SiO4^-4
sorosilicates double island silicates 2:7:
Epidote group Si2O7^-6
cyclosilicates ring silicates- 1:3:
beryl tourmaline group Si2O7^-6
inosilicates chain silicates - 1:3:
pyroxene single Si2O6^-4 amphibole double silicate Si4O11^-6
phyllosilicates sheet silicates 2:5:
mica group serpentine clay chlorite Si2O5^-2
tectosilicates framework silicates 1:2:
silica feldspathoid plagioclase feldspar potassium feldspar group scapolite zeolite SiO2
groups under sulfates?
anhydrous sulfates
hydrous sulfates SO4^-2
this theory suggests that beams of light consist of material particles that spread in all directions from luminous bodies
corpuscular theory
particle of lights which are discrete packets of energy that interact with atoms at the subatomic level
photons
assumes that units of quanta radiates discontinuously from radiating oscillators in a black body
quantum theory
surface that represents the direction of the propagation of light energy simultaneously in same place
wavefront
line at any point in the direction of the propagation of light perpendicular to the surface of a wave front
wave normal
perpendicular to the wavefront represents the direction of propagation of light
ray of light
materials whose light passing through them have light rays parallel to the wave normal and perpendicular to the wavefront
isotropic
light passing have light rays that are not parallel to the wave normal
anisotropic
curve that may represent that combined movement around a circle with movement along a straight line
displacement
component of light found on the wavefront that is perpendicular to the light ray in isotropic materials but is only perpendicular in limited directions for anistropic materials
vibration direction
filters the light and eliminate the orange light
base
blue filter
polarizes light in a single wave direction generally only those oriented in the N-S direction
sub stage
polarizer (lower polarizer)
controls the amount of light passing through the specimen
sub stage
iris diaphragm
controls and focuses the light from the light source
sub stage
condenser
used to retard the light coming through the specimen
intermediate
accessory plates
polarizes light in a single wave direction only those in the E-W direction
intermediate
analyzer (upper polarizer)
used to observe interference figures
intermediate
bertrand lens
magnifies the observed image
intermediate
objective lens
adjusts the stage’s distance from the objective lens
stand
coarse adjustment knob
focuses and sharpens observed image
stand
fine adjustment knob
let’s users to observe the image produced
Assembly: Ocular
Part: Eyepiece
ratio of the wave normal velocity in a vacuum regardless if the medium is isotropic or anisotropic
refractive index
light consists of a single wavelength
monochromatic light
component of light vector that lies parallel to the wave front and perpendicular to the direction of the propagation except for anisotropic minerals
light vector
light vector that measures the electrical displacement
electric light vector
measures magnetic displacement
magnetic light vector
147nm retardation dimensions are usually NW-SE
mica plate
550nm retardation dimensions are usually NW-SE
gypsum plate
various retardation to determine the order of the interference color exhibited by a mineral
quartz wedge
optically positive if the interference color between the melatope ; negative if melatope
decreases; increases
optically positive if the colors move in along the trace of the OAP and out along the ON
negative if the colors MOVE OUT along the trace of the OAP and in along the ON
monoclinic variety of albite
monalbite
lapiz lazuli, chalcedony amazonite and jasper were cut and curved where?
babylonia
it is also known an emerald filter
chelsea
also called flame fusion, was the first commercially successful method of manufacturing synthetic gemstones, developed in the late 1883
Verneuil method
also called as crystal pulling
Czochralski process
heavy walled steel cylinder closed at one end
autoclave or bomb
a process for growing single crystal or crystals of a metal or compounds. ruby and emerald are grown here
Flux method
which materials dyeing used
chalcedony jade and turquoise
gems successful for heat treatment
zircon quartz beryl topaz and zoisite (tansanite)
clinonet is also known as what?
clinonet
what is called as german silver?
iron nickel zinc
equation describing the relationship of than angle of incidence and angle of refraction with the refractive index of the light in air and in the medium and predicts that incident light that is not perpendicular to the surface of the medium will always be refracted in the medium
snells law
degree of visibility of a transparent mineral in an immersion medium or the difference between the refractive index between a mineral and a medium
relief
difference between RI of the mineral and the surrounding medium that involves a halo around the boundary of the mineral grain, and becomes either less or more visible as you increase the free working distance by defocusing the microscope
becke line method
difference between the RI of the mineral and the surrounding medium that involves blocking parts of the light and observing the shadow of the mineral grain. The RI of the mineral is higher than the surrounding medium if the shadow is on the lighted part of the visible field while it is lower when its shadow is on the darkened part of the visible field
oblique illumination method
composed of two rays
cross polarized light
travels in the low refractive index direction
fast ray
travels in high refractive index
slow ray
measured in number of wavelengths and it is the amount by which the slow rays lag behind the fast ray. It is proportional to the birefringence and to the distance traveled through the specimen
retardation
twinning where two crystals form as penetration twins
carlsbad twinning
lamellae are both observed with respect to each other and every alternate twin plate or slab has an identical atomic structure
lamellar twinning
two kinds of repeated twinning in thin sections with one set of twins arranged at 90 to other set
tartan twinning
outer rim is composed of low temp mineral compared to its center which is composed of high temp mineral of the same solid solution
normal zoning
outer rim is composed of high temperature mineral compared to its center which is composed of low tem mineral of the same solid solution
reverse zoning
step like progression of higher temp mineral tot he lower temp mineral at margins with local reversals in adjacent zones
oscillatory zoning
minerals extinct at certain angles that may be due to being deformed
undulatory extinction
systematic pattern of chemical variations from solid solution which starts at the periphery of the crystal towards the center regarding an incomplete continuous chemical reaction between the crystal and surrounding melt
zoning
divisions in the michel levy chart for every 550um that is marked by a reddish hue interference color
order
lens inserted below the oculars used to observe interference figures
bertrand lens
bands of interference colors which increases in order form the melatope to the outer bands
isochrome
arms of the interference figure
isogyre
point where the isogyres cross and where the optic axis emerges
melatope
specific direction in anisotropic minerals where only one ray travels through the mineral
optic axis
is a sphere and indicatrix with constant radius due to light travelling in all directions with the same velocity
isotropic indicatrix
an ellipsoid that revolves around the crystals c axis optic axis
uniaxial indicatrix
anisotropic minerals where minerals with tetragonal and hexagonal crystal system belong which have only one optic axis
uniaxial minerals
semi axis perpendicular to the c axis that has length proportional to the RI perpendicular to c and is associated with the ordinary light
omega
one of the two rays refracted when light entered uniaxial minerals and always moves parallel to the c axis which is parallel tot he crystals c axis and is always perpendicular to the extraordinary ray
ordinary ray
semi axis parallel to the c axis that has a length proportional to the RI parallel to c and is associated with the extraordinary ray
epsilon
one o fthe two rays refracted when light entered uniaxial minerals and moves anywhere between perpendicular to nearly parallel to the ordinary wave and is always perpendicular to the ordinary ray
extraordinary ray
intermediated refractive indices possessed by intermediate velocities of epsilon that are associated with other e ray directions
epsilon prime
perpendicular to the optic axis the c axis and ordinary ray path
circular section
viewed when the optic axis is parallel to the stage which is parallel to the extraordinary wave vibration direction
principal section
other section parallel to the stage that have two rays pass through the crystal path ans is associated with epsilon prime
random sections
a sign that denotes ray is associated with either the larger or smaller refractive index
optic sign
uniaxial minerals that are geometrically prolate that occurs when the epsilon which is the slow ray and associated with the larger refractive index and is more than the omega whish is the fast ray associated with the smaller refractive index
uniaxial positive
uniaxial minerals that are geometrically prolate that occurs when the epsilon which is the slow ray and associated with the larger refractive index and is lesser than the omega whish is the fast ray associated with the smaller refractive index
uniaxial negative
an accessory plate used for minerals with low birefringe in order to determine their optic sign by retarding the ineral by 550um or specifically one order
gypsum plate
observed when the optic axis is perpendicular to the stage so that the circular section is parallel to the stage
centered uniaxial optic axis OA figure
observed when the optic axis is inclined more steeply than 60 - 70 degrees with respect tot he stage making a random section parallel to the stage
off centered optic axis OA figure
observed when the optic axis lies within the plane of the stage making a principal section being viewed thus both the omega and epsilon vibration directions being observed. The flash figure will be observed every 90 degrees rotation of the stage when the optic axis is parallel to one of the two polarizing lenses
uniaxial flash figure
a triaxial ellipsoid the represents the refractive indices of a biaxial mineral in every direction
biaxial indicatrix
class of anisotropic minerals where minerals are triclinic monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals systems belong which have only two optic axes
biaxial minerals
minimum refractive index in the biaxial indicatrix that is associated with the short axis of the ellipsoid X parallel to the vibration direction of the fast ray
alpha
minimum refractive index in the biaxial indicatrix that is associated with the long axis of the ellipsoid Z parallel to the vibration direction of the slow ray
gemma
intermediate refractive index in the biaxial indicatrix that is associated with the intermediate axis of the ellipsoid Y associated with the vibration direction of an intermediate ray
beta
elliptical XY plane
optic plane
elliptical XZ plane perpendicular to the Y
elliptical XZ plane perpendicular to the Y
optic axial plane
circular sections in a biaxial indicatrix that are perpendicular to the two sections
optic normal sections
the angle between the optic axes measured in optic plane
optic angle 2V
line parallel to the y axis of a biaxial indicatrix that intersects the optic normal sections
optic normal
line in the optic plane that bisects the optic angle between the optic axes
optic normal
complementary line that bisects the optic angle that may either 2Vx or 2Vz depending on the mineral optics
acute bisectrix bxa
accessory plate used for minerals with high birefringence to easily determine their optic signs
quartz wedge
biochemical sedimentary rocks that contain more than 15% by weight and occur in rocks that range in age from 3.8 Ga to the present
iron rich bichemical sedimentary rocks
constitutes 60% of the iron ores
banded iron formation
type of BIf dominate the archean iron rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 3.8 ga and 2. 6 ga
algoma type BIF
dominate the proterozoic iron rich sedimentary rocks the formed between 2.6 GA and 1.8 Ga and again 0.8 Ga to 0.5 Ga and are supposedly much larger compared to algoma type
superior type BIF
iron formation contained superior type of BIF which formed in fairly shallow water environments on passive continental shelves with limited influx of detrital sediments
granular iron formation
most widespread type of phanerozoic iron rich sedimentary rock that are quite thin and are composed predominantly of goethite and hematite with smaller amounts of iron bearing chlorite mineral chamosite
ironstone
contain less than 30% gravel sized clasts and sand mud ratio of <1:1 in their detrital fraction
mudrocks
smectite rich that formed from the alteration of volcanic as deposits from explosive eruptions
bentonite
at what temp and pressure does diagenesis occur?
~150 +- 50 degrees celcius and ~0.3 kbar
early shallow diagenesis that occurs shortly after burial
eodiagenesis
later deeper diagenesis
mesodiagenesis
even later and shallow diagenesis that occurs as sedimentary rocks approach the surface due to erosion
telodiagenesis
diagenetic product of plastic grains that can be difficult to distinguish from detrital matrix constituents
pseudomatrix
most abundant group of biochemical sedimentary rocks and constitute about 15% of all sed rocks
carbonates
also called as allochems sand to gravel sized carbonate particles that include shells ooids and limeclasts and peloids
grains
also called as allochems sand to gravel sized carbonate particles that include shells ooids and limeclasts and peloids
grains
mud sized carbonate particles in limestones and dolostones
micrite
process where micro boring activity of blue green cyanophyt texture
micritization
emphasizes the texture of carbonate rocks
dunham classification
emphasizes thecomponents of carbonate rocks
folks classification
carbonate rocks with gravel sized particles
calcirudite/dolorudite
carbonate rocks with sand sized particles
calcarenite/dolarenite
carbonate rocks with mud sized particles
calcilutite/dololutite
composed of lithified colluvium deposited from mass wasting
diamictite
less than 30% gravel sized clasts and a sand:mud ratio of >1:1 in their detrital fraction
sandstones
sandstones containing 75-95% quartz grains with F:L ratio 1:>1
subarkose
sandstones containing 75-95% quartz grains with F:L ratio of 1:> 1
sublitharenite
rock fragment rich sandstones
lithearenite
contains less than 75% quartz grains with F:L ratio between 1:1 to 3:1
lithic arkose
contains less than 75% quartz grains with F:K ratio between 1:1 to 1:3
feldspathic litharenite
how many percent is sed rocks in earths surface
85%
quick method of determining the phi size value for any percentile
sorting coefficient
more complicated measure of sorting that involves finding values that are one standard deviation and two standard deviations above and below the mean
inclusive graphic standard deviation
rod shaped particles that have an elongate cylindrical that have on axis much longer than the other two
prolate
disk shaped particles that have a flattened cylindrical or disk like shape where two saxes are shorter than the other two
oblate
particles that have a flattened shape where the 3 axes have 3 different lengths
bladed
gravelstones with an interior source eroding from the same source and lithifying in place making the clasts and matrices compositions uniform
intraformational
compositions derived outside of depostional basin with the clasts and matrices composition different from each other
extraformational
more than 90% of the framework clasts consisting of a single or few resistant rocks and minerals
oligomict
clasts of different compositions that are prone to weathering and erosion
petromict
clasts composed of a single composition
monomictic
2-4 different types of parent rocks
diamictic
clasts with numerous amounts of types of composition
polymictic
the total overall retardation is greater than that exhibited prior to the accessory plate being inserted
positive elongation
what are the isotropic minerals with low relief
halite
halloysite
antigorite
cliachite
collophane
what are the isotropic minerals with moderate relief
opal
fluorite
lechatelierite
sodalite
analcime
hauyne
what are the isotropic minerals with moderate to strong relief
periclase
garnet group
grossularite
pyrope
almandite
spessarite
uvavorite
andradite
what are the isotropic minerals with very high relief
limonite
spinel
chromite
perovskite
sphalerite
do not affect the polarization direction of the light which has passed through lower polarizer
isotropic minerals
will appear dark or extinct every 90 degrees of rotation of the microscope stage
anisotropic minerals
produce elongate grains and cleavage are distinguishable
biotite hornblende plag
production of plane polarized refractive index
nicol prism
minerals that exhibit parallel extinction
orthopyroxene biotite