DAY 2 Mineralogy Flashcards

1
Q

when did the mohs scale established

A

1824

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2
Q

when was mohs hard scale invented?

A

1894

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3
Q

who invented the mohs scale?

A

frederic m

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4
Q

who invented the mohs scale?

A

frederic mohs

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5
Q

who invented mohs scale

A

frederic mohs

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6
Q

how man

A
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7
Q

transition elements within crystal lattices that can change the color of a mineral

A

chromophores

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8
Q

transition elements within crystal lattices that can change the color of a mineral

A

chromophores

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9
Q

how many silicates in mohs scale

A

4 talc orthoclase feldspar quartz topaz

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10
Q

how many hydrous in mohs scale

A

4 talc gypsum apatite topaz

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11
Q

how many hexagonal in mohs scale

A

calcite apatite quartz corundum

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12
Q

how many isometric in mohs scale

A

2 fluorite and diamond

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13
Q

how many isometric in mohs scale

A

2 fluorite and diamond

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14
Q

how many orthorhombic in mohs scale

A

1 topaz

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15
Q

how many monoclinic in mohs scale

A

3 talc gypsum orthoclase feldspar

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15
Q

how many orthorhombic in mohs scale

A

1 topaz

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15
Q

how many isometric in mohs scale

A

2 fluorite and diamond

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15
Q

ratio of velocity of light in air and the velocity of light in a medium

A

refractive index

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15
Q

this has a single refractive index

A

isotropic minerals

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15
Q

more than one refractive index

A

anisotropic minerals

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15
Q

property of a mineral that can produce a “double image” of an object behind the mineral due to light passing through the mineral having two polarized rays vibrating at right angles from each angle

A

double refraction

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16
Q

minerals that are deformed through compressive stress

A

malleable

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17
Q

also called hypdiomorphic hypautomorphic sub idioblastic

A

suhedral

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18
Q

also called allotriomorphix xenomorphic xenoblastic

A

anhedral

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19
Q

smallest unit of pattern that when repeated by a set of symmetry operations will generate the long range pattern characteristics of crystal

A

motif

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20
Q

point used to represent any motif

A

node

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21
Q

set of rules that govern the repetition of motifs which can produce two or three dimensional patterns with long range order

A

symmetry operations

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22
Q

specific length and direction of systematic displacement by which the pattern is repeated

A

unit translation vector

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23
Q

smallest units of meshes which contains at least one node and the unit translation vectors

A

unit meshes

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24
Q

groups denoted by their rotational and reflection symmetry

A

plane point groups

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25
Q

combines translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis

A

screw rotation

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26
Q

how many plane lattice groups

A

17

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27
Q

recognized groups that are based on the total symmetry of their plane lattices

A

plane lattice groups

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28
Q

3d equivalents of the 2d plane point groups

A

space point groups

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29
Q

3d patterns of points produced from the translation of nodes of space point groups

A

space lattices

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30
Q

defined on the basis of the external symmetry of mineral crystals and belong to six crystal systems with its own characteristic symmetry

A

crystal classes

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31
Q

parallelipiped whose edge lengths and volume are defined by the 3 unit translation vectors

A

unit cell

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32
Q

orientation of the unit cell edge

A

crystallographic axes

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33
Q

consists of a 3d set of one or more crystal faces that possess similar relationship to the crystallographic axes

A

crystal forms

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34
Q

encloses a mineral specimen and exist alone in perfectly formed euhedral crystals and also include all forms in the isometric system and many forms in the tetragonal hexagonal trigonal and orthorhombic systems

A

closed crystal form

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35
Q

what are the crystal class of isometric?

A

hexoctahedral
hextetrahedral
gyroidal
dipyroidal
tetraoidal

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36
Q

what are the crystal class of tetragonal?

A

ditetragonal-dipyramidal
ditetragonal-pyramidal
tetragonal scalenohedral
tetragonal trapezohedral
tetragonal dipyramidal
tetragonal disphenoidal
tetragonal pyramidal

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37
Q

what are the crystal class of hexagonal?

A

dihexagonal dipyramidal
dihexaginal pyramidal
ditrigonal dipyramidal
hexagonal trapezohedral
hexagonal dipyramidal
hexagonal pyramidal
trigonal dipyramidal

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38
Q

crystal class of rhombohedral/trigonal

A

hexagonal scalenohedral
ditrigonal pyramidal
trigonal trapezohedral
trigonal pyramidal
rhombohedral

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39
Q

crystal class of orthorhombic?

A

rhombic ipyramidal
rhombic pyramidal
rhombic disphenoidal

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40
Q

crystal class of monoclinic?

A

prismatic
sphenoidal
domatic

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41
Q

crystal class of triclinic?

A

pinacoidal
pedial

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42
Q

consists of a single face

A

pedion

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43
Q

a pair of parallel faces

A

pinacoid

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44
Q

has 3 parallel to an axis

A

prism

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45
Q

has 3 or more faces that intersect at an axis

A

pyramid

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46
Q

a pair of faces symmetrical about a mirror plane

A

dome

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47
Q

pair of faces symmetrical about an axis of rotation

A

sphenoid

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48
Q

proportional lengths of the 3 crystallographic axes

A

axial ratio

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49
Q

also called unit face any face that intersects all 3 axes at distances from the center that correspond to the axial ration of the mineral

A

unit plane

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50
Q

method describing the relationship between sets of crystal faces or planes and the crystallographic axes that are always expressed in the sequence a b c where each represents their respective axes generally k k l where each represent a b and c axis

A

weiss parameters

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51
Q

the reciprocal of any faces or set of planes weiss parameters written as hkl that represents the reciprocal of the face of the planes of the weiss parameters of the a b and c axis respectively

A

miller indices

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52
Q

what are the forms under isometric

A

cube 001 6 square faces halite galena pyrite fluorite

octahedron 111 8 triangular faces spinel magnetite chromite diamond

dodecahedron 011 12 diamond shaped faces garnet sphalerite sodalite cuprite

tetrahedron 111 4 triangular faces tetrahedrite sphalerite

pyritohedron h0I 12 pentagonal faces pyrite

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53
Q

forms under tetragonal

A

tetragonal dipyramid 111 hh1 011 8 triangular faces with top 4 separated from bottom 4 by mirror plane zircon rutile cassiterite wolfenite

tetragonal prism 0kl and variations 4 rectangular faces parallel to c axis scheelite vesuvianite malachite azurite

tetragonal disphenoid 0kl 4 triangular faces with alternation pairs symmetrical about c axis chalcopyrite

basal pinacoid 001 pair of faces perpendicular to c axis vesuvianite wolfenite

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54
Q

forms under hexagonal

A

hexagonal dipyramidal 1121 12 triangular faces inclined to c axis with top 6 separated from bottom 6 by mirror plane apatite zincite

hexagonal prism 1120 6 rectangular faces parallel to c axis apatite quartz tourmaline

basal pinacoid 0001 pair of faces perpendicular to c axis beryl corundum

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55
Q

forms under trigonal?

A

rhombohedron 6 parallelogram faces inclined to c axis dolomite siderite rhodochrosite

trigonal scalenohedron 23 scalene triangle faces inclined to c axis calcite

trigonal prism 3 rectangular facs parallel to c axis tourmaline quartz calcite

trigonal dipyramid 6 triangular faces top 3 separated from bottom 3 by a mirror plane tourmaline

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56
Q

orthorhombic forms?

A

rhombic pyramids 8 triangular faces top 4 separated from bottom 4 by a mirror plane topaz aragonite olivine

rhombic pyramids 4 rectangular faces parallel to a single crystallographic axis stibnite celestite enstatite

pinacoids 2 parallel faces perpendicular to a b or c axis andalusite hemimorphite barite

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57
Q

monoclinic forms?

A

monoclinic prisms 4 rectangular faces gypsum staurolite clinopyroxene

pinacoids 001 010 110 pair to rectangular perpendicular to a b c axis sphene epidote micas

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58
Q

triclinic forms?

A

pinacoids 2 parallel faces kyanite plagioclase microcline

pedions single face rhodonite wollastonite

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59
Q

what is the weight of a nucleus and protons

A

1.00867 amu nucleus
1.00728 amu protons

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60
Q

who developed the periodic table of elements

A

dmitri mendeleev march 1 1869

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61
Q

the amount of energy required to strip an element of an electron from its outermost shell

A

ionization potential

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62
Q

mineral groups that has no group or subgroup?

A

antimonides sb^3
arsenates asO4^3
arsenides As^3
borates BO3^3 BO4^-3
chromates CrO4^-2
molybdates MoO4^-2
nitrates NO3^-1
phosphates PO4^-2
selenides Se^-2
sulfides S-2
tellurides Te-2
Tungstates WO4^-2
Vanadates VO4^-2

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63
Q

what are the mineral groups of carbonates?

A

calcite group CO3^-2
dolomite group
aragonite group

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64
Q

groups under the mineral group halides

A

anhydrous halides
hydrous halides CL-1 Br1 F1

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65
Q

what are the subgroups under hydroxides?

A

brucite type group
gibbsite type group OH1

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66
Q

what are the groups under native element

A

metals group:
gold group
platinum group
iron group

semimetals group
non metals group

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67
Q

groups under oxides?

A

simple oxides group:
protoxide subgroup XO-2, X2O-2
rutile subgroup XO2^-2
hematite group X2O3^-2

complex oxides group:
spinel group XY2O4^-2
iron subgroup chromite subgroup O-2

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68
Q

groups under silicates?

A

nesosilicates island silicates 1:4:
olivine garnet aluminum silicates group SiO4^-4

sorosilicates double island silicates 2:7:
Epidote group Si2O7^-6

cyclosilicates ring silicates- 1:3:
beryl tourmaline group Si2O7^-6

inosilicates chain silicates - 1:3:
pyroxene single Si2O6^-4 amphibole double silicate Si4O11^-6

phyllosilicates sheet silicates 2:5:
mica group serpentine clay chlorite Si2O5^-2

tectosilicates framework silicates 1:2:
silica feldspathoid plagioclase feldspar potassium feldspar group scapolite zeolite SiO2

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69
Q

groups under sulfates?

A

anhydrous sulfates
hydrous sulfates SO4^-2

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70
Q

this theory suggests that beams of light consist of material particles that spread in all directions from luminous bodies

A

corpuscular theory

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71
Q

particle of lights which are discrete packets of energy that interact with atoms at the subatomic level

A

photons

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72
Q

assumes that units of quanta radiates discontinuously from radiating oscillators in a black body

A

quantum theory

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73
Q

surface that represents the direction of the propagation of light energy simultaneously in same place

A

wavefront

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74
Q

line at any point in the direction of the propagation of light perpendicular to the surface of a wave front

A

wave normal

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75
Q

perpendicular to the wavefront represents the direction of propagation of light

A

ray of light

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76
Q

materials whose light passing through them have light rays parallel to the wave normal and perpendicular to the wavefront

A

isotropic

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77
Q

light passing have light rays that are not parallel to the wave normal

A

anisotropic

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78
Q

curve that may represent that combined movement around a circle with movement along a straight line

A

displacement

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79
Q

component of light found on the wavefront that is perpendicular to the light ray in isotropic materials but is only perpendicular in limited directions for anistropic materials

A

vibration direction

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80
Q

filters the light and eliminate the orange light

A

base
blue filter

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81
Q

polarizes light in a single wave direction generally only those oriented in the N-S direction

A

sub stage
polarizer (lower polarizer)

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82
Q

controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

A

sub stage
iris diaphragm

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83
Q

controls and focuses the light from the light source

A

sub stage
condenser

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84
Q

used to retard the light coming through the specimen

A

intermediate
accessory plates

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85
Q

polarizes light in a single wave direction only those in the E-W direction

A

intermediate
analyzer (upper polarizer)

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86
Q

used to observe interference figures

A

intermediate
bertrand lens

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87
Q

magnifies the observed image

A

intermediate
objective lens

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88
Q

adjusts the stage’s distance from the objective lens

A

stand
coarse adjustment knob

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89
Q

focuses and sharpens observed image

A

stand
fine adjustment knob

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90
Q

let’s users to observe the image produced

A

Assembly: Ocular
Part: Eyepiece

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91
Q

ratio of the wave normal velocity in a vacuum regardless if the medium is isotropic or anisotropic

A

refractive index

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92
Q

light consists of a single wavelength

A

monochromatic light

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93
Q

component of light vector that lies parallel to the wave front and perpendicular to the direction of the propagation except for anisotropic minerals

A

light vector

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94
Q

light vector that measures the electrical displacement

A

electric light vector

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95
Q

measures magnetic displacement

A

magnetic light vector

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96
Q

147nm retardation dimensions are usually NW-SE

A

mica plate

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97
Q

550nm retardation dimensions are usually NW-SE

A

gypsum plate

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98
Q

various retardation to determine the order of the interference color exhibited by a mineral

A

quartz wedge

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99
Q

optically positive if the interference color between the melatope ; negative if melatope

A

decreases; increases

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100
Q

optically positive if the colors move in along the trace of the OAP and out along the ON

A

negative if the colors MOVE OUT along the trace of the OAP and in along the ON

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101
Q

monoclinic variety of albite

A

monalbite

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102
Q

lapiz lazuli, chalcedony amazonite and jasper were cut and curved where?

A

babylonia

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103
Q

it is also known an emerald filter

A

chelsea

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104
Q

also called flame fusion, was the first commercially successful method of manufacturing synthetic gemstones, developed in the late 1883

A

Verneuil method

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105
Q

also called as crystal pulling

A

Czochralski process

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106
Q

heavy walled steel cylinder closed at one end

A

autoclave or bomb

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107
Q

a process for growing single crystal or crystals of a metal or compounds. ruby and emerald are grown here

A

Flux method

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107
Q

which materials dyeing used

A

chalcedony jade and turquoise

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107
Q

gems successful for heat treatment

A

zircon quartz beryl topaz and zoisite (tansanite)

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108
Q

clinonet is also known as what?

A

clinonet

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109
Q

what is called as german silver?

A

iron nickel zinc

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110
Q

equation describing the relationship of than angle of incidence and angle of refraction with the refractive index of the light in air and in the medium and predicts that incident light that is not perpendicular to the surface of the medium will always be refracted in the medium

A

snells law

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111
Q

degree of visibility of a transparent mineral in an immersion medium or the difference between the refractive index between a mineral and a medium

A

relief

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112
Q

difference between RI of the mineral and the surrounding medium that involves a halo around the boundary of the mineral grain, and becomes either less or more visible as you increase the free working distance by defocusing the microscope

A

becke line method

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113
Q

difference between the RI of the mineral and the surrounding medium that involves blocking parts of the light and observing the shadow of the mineral grain. The RI of the mineral is higher than the surrounding medium if the shadow is on the lighted part of the visible field while it is lower when its shadow is on the darkened part of the visible field

A

oblique illumination method

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114
Q

composed of two rays

A

cross polarized light

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115
Q

travels in the low refractive index direction

A

fast ray

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116
Q

travels in high refractive index

A

slow ray

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117
Q

measured in number of wavelengths and it is the amount by which the slow rays lag behind the fast ray. It is proportional to the birefringence and to the distance traveled through the specimen

A

retardation

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118
Q

twinning where two crystals form as penetration twins

A

carlsbad twinning

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119
Q

lamellae are both observed with respect to each other and every alternate twin plate or slab has an identical atomic structure

A

lamellar twinning

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120
Q

two kinds of repeated twinning in thin sections with one set of twins arranged at 90 to other set

A

tartan twinning

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121
Q

outer rim is composed of low temp mineral compared to its center which is composed of high temp mineral of the same solid solution

A

normal zoning

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122
Q

outer rim is composed of high temperature mineral compared to its center which is composed of low tem mineral of the same solid solution

A

reverse zoning

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123
Q

step like progression of higher temp mineral tot he lower temp mineral at margins with local reversals in adjacent zones

A

oscillatory zoning

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124
Q

minerals extinct at certain angles that may be due to being deformed

A

undulatory extinction

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125
Q

systematic pattern of chemical variations from solid solution which starts at the periphery of the crystal towards the center regarding an incomplete continuous chemical reaction between the crystal and surrounding melt

A

zoning

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126
Q

divisions in the michel levy chart for every 550um that is marked by a reddish hue interference color

A

order

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127
Q

lens inserted below the oculars used to observe interference figures

A

bertrand lens

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128
Q

bands of interference colors which increases in order form the melatope to the outer bands

A

isochrome

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129
Q

arms of the interference figure

A

isogyre

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130
Q

point where the isogyres cross and where the optic axis emerges

A

melatope

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131
Q

specific direction in anisotropic minerals where only one ray travels through the mineral

A

optic axis

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132
Q

is a sphere and indicatrix with constant radius due to light travelling in all directions with the same velocity

A

isotropic indicatrix

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133
Q

an ellipsoid that revolves around the crystals c axis optic axis

A

uniaxial indicatrix

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134
Q

anisotropic minerals where minerals with tetragonal and hexagonal crystal system belong which have only one optic axis

A

uniaxial minerals

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135
Q

semi axis perpendicular to the c axis that has length proportional to the RI perpendicular to c and is associated with the ordinary light

A

omega

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136
Q

one of the two rays refracted when light entered uniaxial minerals and always moves parallel to the c axis which is parallel tot he crystals c axis and is always perpendicular to the extraordinary ray

A

ordinary ray

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137
Q

semi axis parallel to the c axis that has a length proportional to the RI parallel to c and is associated with the extraordinary ray

A

epsilon

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138
Q

one o fthe two rays refracted when light entered uniaxial minerals and moves anywhere between perpendicular to nearly parallel to the ordinary wave and is always perpendicular to the ordinary ray

A

extraordinary ray

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139
Q

intermediated refractive indices possessed by intermediate velocities of epsilon that are associated with other e ray directions

A

epsilon prime

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140
Q

perpendicular to the optic axis the c axis and ordinary ray path

A

circular section

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141
Q

viewed when the optic axis is parallel to the stage which is parallel to the extraordinary wave vibration direction

A

principal section

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142
Q

other section parallel to the stage that have two rays pass through the crystal path ans is associated with epsilon prime

A

random sections

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143
Q

a sign that denotes ray is associated with either the larger or smaller refractive index

A

optic sign

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144
Q

uniaxial minerals that are geometrically prolate that occurs when the epsilon which is the slow ray and associated with the larger refractive index and is more than the omega whish is the fast ray associated with the smaller refractive index

A

uniaxial positive

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145
Q

uniaxial minerals that are geometrically prolate that occurs when the epsilon which is the slow ray and associated with the larger refractive index and is lesser than the omega whish is the fast ray associated with the smaller refractive index

A

uniaxial negative

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146
Q

an accessory plate used for minerals with low birefringe in order to determine their optic sign by retarding the ineral by 550um or specifically one order

A

gypsum plate

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147
Q

observed when the optic axis is perpendicular to the stage so that the circular section is parallel to the stage

A

centered uniaxial optic axis OA figure

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148
Q

observed when the optic axis is inclined more steeply than 60 - 70 degrees with respect tot he stage making a random section parallel to the stage

A

off centered optic axis OA figure

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149
Q

observed when the optic axis lies within the plane of the stage making a principal section being viewed thus both the omega and epsilon vibration directions being observed. The flash figure will be observed every 90 degrees rotation of the stage when the optic axis is parallel to one of the two polarizing lenses

A

uniaxial flash figure

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150
Q

a triaxial ellipsoid the represents the refractive indices of a biaxial mineral in every direction

A

biaxial indicatrix

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151
Q

class of anisotropic minerals where minerals are triclinic monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals systems belong which have only two optic axes

A

biaxial minerals

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152
Q

minimum refractive index in the biaxial indicatrix that is associated with the short axis of the ellipsoid X parallel to the vibration direction of the fast ray

A

alpha

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153
Q

minimum refractive index in the biaxial indicatrix that is associated with the long axis of the ellipsoid Z parallel to the vibration direction of the slow ray

A

gemma

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154
Q

intermediate refractive index in the biaxial indicatrix that is associated with the intermediate axis of the ellipsoid Y associated with the vibration direction of an intermediate ray

A

beta

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155
Q

elliptical XY plane

A

optic plane

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156
Q

elliptical XZ plane perpendicular to the Y

A
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157
Q

elliptical XZ plane perpendicular to the Y

A

optic axial plane

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157
Q

circular sections in a biaxial indicatrix that are perpendicular to the two sections

A

optic normal sections

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157
Q

the angle between the optic axes measured in optic plane

A

optic angle 2V

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158
Q

line parallel to the y axis of a biaxial indicatrix that intersects the optic normal sections

A

optic normal

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159
Q

line in the optic plane that bisects the optic angle between the optic axes

A

optic normal

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160
Q

complementary line that bisects the optic angle that may either 2Vx or 2Vz depending on the mineral optics

A

acute bisectrix bxa

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161
Q

accessory plate used for minerals with high birefringence to easily determine their optic signs

A

quartz wedge

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162
Q

biochemical sedimentary rocks that contain more than 15% by weight and occur in rocks that range in age from 3.8 Ga to the present

A

iron rich bichemical sedimentary rocks

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163
Q

constitutes 60% of the iron ores

A

banded iron formation

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164
Q

type of BIf dominate the archean iron rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 3.8 ga and 2. 6 ga

A

algoma type BIF

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165
Q

dominate the proterozoic iron rich sedimentary rocks the formed between 2.6 GA and 1.8 Ga and again 0.8 Ga to 0.5 Ga and are supposedly much larger compared to algoma type

A

superior type BIF

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166
Q

iron formation contained superior type of BIF which formed in fairly shallow water environments on passive continental shelves with limited influx of detrital sediments

A

granular iron formation

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167
Q

most widespread type of phanerozoic iron rich sedimentary rock that are quite thin and are composed predominantly of goethite and hematite with smaller amounts of iron bearing chlorite mineral chamosite

A

ironstone

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168
Q

contain less than 30% gravel sized clasts and sand mud ratio of <1:1 in their detrital fraction

A

mudrocks

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169
Q

smectite rich that formed from the alteration of volcanic as deposits from explosive eruptions

A

bentonite

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170
Q

at what temp and pressure does diagenesis occur?

A

~150 +- 50 degrees celcius and ~0.3 kbar

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171
Q

early shallow diagenesis that occurs shortly after burial

A

eodiagenesis

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172
Q

later deeper diagenesis

A

mesodiagenesis

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173
Q

even later and shallow diagenesis that occurs as sedimentary rocks approach the surface due to erosion

A

telodiagenesis

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174
Q

diagenetic product of plastic grains that can be difficult to distinguish from detrital matrix constituents

A

pseudomatrix

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175
Q

most abundant group of biochemical sedimentary rocks and constitute about 15% of all sed rocks

A

carbonates

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176
Q

also called as allochems sand to gravel sized carbonate particles that include shells ooids and limeclasts and peloids

A

grains

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177
Q

also called as allochems sand to gravel sized carbonate particles that include shells ooids and limeclasts and peloids

A

grains

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178
Q

mud sized carbonate particles in limestones and dolostones

A

micrite

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179
Q

process where micro boring activity of blue green cyanophyt texture

A

micritization

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180
Q

emphasizes the texture of carbonate rocks

A

dunham classification

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181
Q

emphasizes thecomponents of carbonate rocks

A

folks classification

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182
Q

carbonate rocks with gravel sized particles

A

calcirudite/dolorudite

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183
Q

carbonate rocks with sand sized particles

A

calcarenite/dolarenite

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184
Q

carbonate rocks with mud sized particles

A

calcilutite/dololutite

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185
Q

composed of lithified colluvium deposited from mass wasting

A

diamictite

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186
Q

less than 30% gravel sized clasts and a sand:mud ratio of >1:1 in their detrital fraction

A

sandstones

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187
Q

sandstones containing 75-95% quartz grains with F:L ratio 1:>1

A

subarkose

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188
Q

sandstones containing 75-95% quartz grains with F:L ratio of 1:> 1

A

sublitharenite

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189
Q

rock fragment rich sandstones

A

lithearenite

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190
Q

contains less than 75% quartz grains with F:L ratio between 1:1 to 3:1

A

lithic arkose

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191
Q

contains less than 75% quartz grains with F:K ratio between 1:1 to 1:3

A

feldspathic litharenite

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192
Q

how many percent is sed rocks in earths surface

A

85%

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193
Q

quick method of determining the phi size value for any percentile

A

sorting coefficient

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194
Q

more complicated measure of sorting that involves finding values that are one standard deviation and two standard deviations above and below the mean

A

inclusive graphic standard deviation

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195
Q

rod shaped particles that have an elongate cylindrical that have on axis much longer than the other two

A

prolate

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196
Q

disk shaped particles that have a flattened cylindrical or disk like shape where two saxes are shorter than the other two

A

oblate

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197
Q

particles that have a flattened shape where the 3 axes have 3 different lengths

A

bladed

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198
Q

gravelstones with an interior source eroding from the same source and lithifying in place making the clasts and matrices compositions uniform

A

intraformational

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199
Q

compositions derived outside of depostional basin with the clasts and matrices composition different from each other

A

extraformational

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200
Q

more than 90% of the framework clasts consisting of a single or few resistant rocks and minerals

A

oligomict

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201
Q

clasts of different compositions that are prone to weathering and erosion

A

petromict

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202
Q

clasts composed of a single composition

A

monomictic

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203
Q

2-4 different types of parent rocks

A

diamictic

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204
Q

clasts with numerous amounts of types of composition

A

polymictic

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205
Q

the total overall retardation is greater than that exhibited prior to the accessory plate being inserted

A

positive elongation

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206
Q

what are the isotropic minerals with low relief

A

halite
halloysite
antigorite
cliachite
collophane

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207
Q

what are the isotropic minerals with moderate relief

A

opal
fluorite
lechatelierite
sodalite
analcime
hauyne

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208
Q

what are the isotropic minerals with moderate to strong relief

A

periclase
garnet group
grossularite
pyrope
almandite
spessarite
uvavorite
andradite

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209
Q

what are the isotropic minerals with very high relief

A

limonite
spinel
chromite
perovskite
sphalerite

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210
Q

do not affect the polarization direction of the light which has passed through lower polarizer

A

isotropic minerals

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211
Q

will appear dark or extinct every 90 degrees of rotation of the microscope stage

A

anisotropic minerals

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212
Q

produce elongate grains and cleavage are distinguishable

A

biotite hornblende plag

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213
Q

production of plane polarized refractive index

A

nicol prism

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214
Q

minerals that exhibit parallel extinction

A

orthopyroxene biotite

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215
Q

minerals that exhibit inclined extinction

A

clinopyroxene hornblende

216
Q

minerals that exhibit symmetrical extinction

A

amphibole calcite

217
Q

minerals that exhibit no cleavage

A

quartz olivine

218
Q

measures double refraction

A

snells law

219
Q

how many known minerals

A

4000 but 50 are common

220
Q

refractive index varies inversely with wavelength snells law

A

dispersion of light

221
Q

cleavage exhibits 56- 124 degrees

A

amphibole group

222
Q

two segments of one grain go extinct at different times as the stage is rotated

A

simple twins

223
Q

the segments are joined by a smooth twin plane separating the segments

A

contact twins

224
Q

the segments are joined by an irregular contact

A

penetration twins

225
Q

consists of numerous twin segments joined on parallel twin planes

A

polysynthetic twinning

226
Q

the separation of a single homogeneous mineral into two or more distinct minerals in the solid state

A

exsolution or unmixing

ex: perthite albite exsolution from orthoclase at about 56 degrees celsius

227
Q

successive layers of sheet structure show regular variations in their orientation occurs in micas and clay

A

polytypism

228
Q

this mineral is colorless not pleochroic anhedral no cleavage very low relied uniaxial and length is slow

A

quartz

229
Q

colorless but cloudy
not pleochroic
subhedral to anhedral
2 cleavage directions
low relief
biaxial
carlsbad and tartan twinning

A

alkali feldspars

230
Q

colorless no pleochroic
euhedral to anhedral
perfect cleavage directions
low relief
weak birefringence
polysynthetic albite carlsbad pericline twinning
triclinic feldspars

A

plag felds

231
Q

An0 to An10

A

albite

232
Q

an90- an100

A

anorthite

233
Q

intergrowth where soda rich phase predominates over potash rich phase

A

antiperthite

234
Q

their atomic ration exceeds that of alkali feldspars

A

feldspathoids

nepheline
sodalite
leucite

235
Q

colorless
not pleochroic
high relief
no to poor cleavage
strong birefringence
parallel extinction
length slow

A

olivine

236
Q

F065-FO0

A

fe rich igneous rock

237
Q

colorless and weakly pleochroic
2 cleavage directions at 87 and 93 degrees
stubby crystals
bery high relief
weak to moderate birefringence
parallel inclined symmetric extinctions

A

pyroxenes

238
Q

orthorhombic orthopyroxenes

A

enstatite bronzite hypersthene ferrosilite

239
Q

monoclinic ca mg fe pyroxenes

A

augite pigeonite diopside hedenbergite

240
Q

sodic pyroxenes

A

aegerine-jadeite

241
Q

colored with varying pleochroism
slender crystals
high relief
2 cleavage directions
mod to strong birefringence
parallel inclined symmetric

A

amphibole

242
Q

mg fe amphiboles

A

antophyllite-cummingtonite-grunerite

243
Q

ca fe mg amphiboles

A

tremolite-actinolite-hornblende

244
Q

sodic amphiboles

A

glaucophane-ribeckite-arvedsonite

245
Q

various shades of brown with tinges of red and green
highly pleochroic
1 perfect basal cleavage
fair relief
strong birefringenece
high interference color
parallel inclinced
biaxial

A

biotite

246
Q

minute crystals usually tabular or prismatic habit and birefringent

A

microllites

247
Q

smaller spherical rod like and hair like isotropic forms

A

crystallites

248
Q

an aphanitic or glassy texture that are completely free of phenocrysts

A

aphyric

249
Q

some are euhedral subhedral rest are anhedral

A

granitic structure

250
Q

all are anhedral

A

aplitic texture

251
Q

phenocrysts are gathered distinct clusters

A

glomeroporphyritic

252
Q

monomineralic clusters in a glomeroporphyritic texture

A

glomerocrysts

253
Q

polyminerallic clusters in a glomeroporphyritic texture

A

cumulocrysts

254
Q

continuous ranges of size in crystals of the principal minerals in a fine grained matrix

A

seriate

255
Q

broken series of sizes

A

hiatal

256
Q

relatively large crystal of one mineral (oikocryst)
enclose numerous smaller crystals of one or more other mineral (chadacryst) which are randomly oriented oikocryst is the latest to finish crystallizing

A

poikolitic

257
Q

randomly arranged plagioclase chadacrysts are elongate and ate wholly poikolophitic enclosed by the augite oikocryst

A

ophitic

258
Q

glass occupies wedge shaped interstices between plan laths

A

intersertal

259
Q

spaces between plag laths are occupied by one or more grains of pyroxene olivine or opaque minerals

A

intergranular

260
Q

other term for euhedral

A

idiomorphic
automorphic

261
Q

other term for subhedral

A

hypidiomorphic
hypoautomorphic

262
Q

other term for anhedral

A

xenomorphic
allotriomorphic

263
Q

subparallel arrangement of microcystalline lath shaped feldspars in groundmass

A

trachytic

264
Q

trachytic texture with crystalline material in between feldspars

A

pilotaxitic

265
Q

trachytic texture with cglassy material in between feldspars

A

hyalopilitic

266
Q

subparallel arrangement of tabular bladed or prismatic crystals which are visible to the naked eye

A

trachitoid

267
Q

dense holocrystalline tightly appressed microlites generally of feldspars interwoven in irregular unoriented fashion

A

felty

268
Q

boundary involves interdigitations

A

consertal

269
Q

form a eutectic mixture or through replacements similar to cuneiform writing

A

graphic

270
Q

patches of plag felds intergrown with vermicular qtz

A

mermyktic texture

271
Q

intimate intergrowth of 2 minerals in which one mineral has a vermicular

A

symplectite texture

272
Q

composed of an aggregate of fibtrous crystals radiating from a nucleus with glass or crystals in between

A

spherulitic

273
Q

radiate texture with radiating fibers extending from either end if linear nucleus rahter than a point

A

axiolitic

274
Q

radiate texture with fanlike arrangement of divergent often branching fibers

A

variolitic

275
Q

crystal of one mineral is surrounded by a rim or mantle of one or more crystals of another mineral

A

corona

276
Q

corona texture charac by an overgrowth by NA plag on large K felds

A

rapakivi

277
Q

charac by an overgrowth of pyroxene of hornblende or olivine or garnet

A

kelyphitic

278
Q

one or more concentric bands ina single crystal are picked out by lines of inclusions or by gradual or abrupt changes in solid solution

A

zoning

279
Q

charac having dips or bay like section in thte crystals as a result of resorption disequilibrium

A

embayed

280
Q

how many space groups are determined?

A

230 space groups

281
Q

4-faced form where the faces
are related by mirror planes

A

Rhombic Pyramid

282
Q

4-faced form where the faces
are related by a 4 axis

A

Tetragonal Pyramid

283
Q

8-faced form where all faces
are related by a 4 axis.

A

Ditetragonal Pyramid

284
Q

o 12-faced form where all
faces are related by a 6-fold
axis. This form results from
mirror planes that are parallel
to the 6-fold axis

A

Dihexagonal Pyramid

285
Q

are closed forms consisting of 6, 8,
12, 16, or 24 faces. Dipyramids are
pyramids that are reflected
across a mirror plane. Thus, they
occur in crystal classes that have
a mirror plane perpendicular to a
rotation or rotoinversion axis

A

Dipyrami

286
Q

are closed 6, 8, or 12 faced forms,
with 3, 4, or 6 upper faces offset
from 3, 4, or 6 lower faces.

A

Trapezohedrons

287
Q

closed form with 8 or 12 faces. In
ideally developed faces each of
the faces is a scalene triangle. In
the model, note the presence of
the 3-fold rotoinversion axis
perpendicular to the 3 2- fold axes

A

Scalenohedrons

288
Q

6-faced closed form wherein 3
faces on top are offset by 3
identical upside down faces on
the bottom, as a result of a 3-fold
rotoinversion axis.

A

Rhombohedrons

289
Q

closed form consisting of 4 faces.
These are only present in the
orthorhombic system (class 222)
and the tetragonal system (class )

A

Disphenoids

290
Q

A hexahedron is the same as a
cube. 3-fold axes are
perpendicular to the face of the
cube, and four axes run through
the corners of the cube.

A

Hexahedron

291
Q

8 faced form that results form
three 4-fold axes with
perpendicular mirror planes. The
octahedron has the form symbol
{111}and consists of the following
8 faces: (111), (), (11), (1), (1), (1),
(11), and (11).

A

Octahedron

292
Q

12-faced form. Dodecahedrons
can be formed by cutting off the
edges of a cube. The form symbol
for a dodecahedron is {110}.

A

Dodecahedron

293
Q

12-faced closed form with the
general form symbol {hhl}. This
means that all faces intersect two
of the a-axes at equal length and
intersect the third a-axis at a
different length

A

Trapezohedron

294
Q

occur as accessory
minerals in igneous and
metamorphic rocks and as
resistant detrital grains in
sediments

A

Oxides

295
Q

Includes the majority of ore
minerals

A

Sulfides

296
Q

adjacent silica tetrahedra share
oxygens to form the different types of
silicates

A

polymerization

297
Q

describes the
phenomena of polarization, reflection,
refraction and interference, which form
the basis for optical mineralogy

A

Wave theory

298
Q

In isotropic materials the Wave Normal
and Light Ray are?

A

parallel

299
Q

A measure of how effective a material is in bending light is called

A

Index of Refraction (n)

300
Q

used to calculate
how much the light will bend on
travelling into the new medium

A

Snell’s law

301
Q

in which minerals are seen with pleochroism?

A

tourmaline, biotite, hornblende, (most
amphiboles), some pyroxenes.

302
Q

The ability to selectively
transmit and absorb light is termed

A

pleochroism

303
Q

involves the determination
of the refractive index of minerals, using
the immersion method.

A

Refractometry

304
Q

This method relies
on having immersion oils of known
refractive index and comparing the
unknown mineral to the oil.

A

Refractometry

305
Q

the degree to which a mineral
grain or grains appear to stand out from
the mounting material, whether it is an
immersion oil, Canada balsam or another
mineral

A

Relief

306
Q

the indices of the
mineral and surrounding medium
differ by greater than 0.12 RI units.

A

Strong relief

307
Q

indices differ by 0.04 to 0.12 RI units

A

Moderate relief

308
Q

Indices differ by or are within 0.04 RI
units of each other

A

Low relief

309
Q

what is the index of oil

A

1.45

310
Q

It is a band or rim of light visible along the grain boundary in plane light when the grain mount is slightly out of focus.

A

Becke Line

311
Q

exhibits parallel extinction
inclined
symmetrical

A

orthopyroxene biotite
Clinopyroxene, Hornblende
amphibole; calcite

312
Q

become familiar with this plate, it
produces ~550 nm of retardation.
The interference colour in white
light is a distinct magenta colour.
This colour is found at the boundary
between first and second order
colours on Plate 1. First Order Red Plate)

A

Gypsum Plate

313
Q

Retardation of 147 nm, the
interference colour is a first order
white

A

Mica Plate

314
Q

Wedge shaped and produces a
range of retardations

A

Quartz sWedge

315
Q

the overall total retardation is less than
that exhibited by the mineral prior to the accessory plate being inserted.

A

negative elongation

316
Q

the total
overall retardation is greater than that
exhibited prior to the accessory plate
being inserted

A
  • POSITIVE ELONGATION,
317
Q

Minerals which display moderate to strong
birefringence may display a change in
relief as the stage is rotated, in plane light.

A

Relief

318
Q

coloured anisotropic minerals display a
change in colour

A

pleochroism or diachroism

319
Q

form when the vibration
directions in the interference figure
parallel the vibration directions of the
polars. These are areas of extinction

A

Isogyres

320
Q

breaking up of the white light

A

Dispersion

321
Q

Plane-Polarized (PPL) Properties

A

Color
- Pleochroism
- Habit
- Cleavage and Fracture
- Relief
- Index of Refraction

322
Q

Cross-Polarized (XPL) Properties

A

Birefrringence
- Extinction
- Sign of Elongation
- Twinning and Zoning

323
Q

This property is present when areas with differing extinction orientations within the same mineral grain have planar contacts.

A

Twinning

324
Q

polarizing transmitted-light microscope,
commonly known as

A

petrographic
microscope

325
Q

typical bulb used has a tungsten filament, which gives the field view a yellowish tint.

A

The Light Source

326
Q

used to reduce the area of
light entering the thin section and should be in focus at the same position asthe thin section: it should be opened until it just disappears

A

field diaphragm

327
Q

closed to increase resolution, it can be
seen when the Bertrand’s lens is inserted

A

aperture diaphragm

328
Q

serves to direct a cone of light on the thin section and give optimum resolution for the objectives used
small circular lens (the condenser) is
attached to a swivel bar, so that it can be inserted into the optical train when required

A

Condenser and Convergent Lens

329
Q

marked in degree units and a side vernier enables angles of rotation to be accurately measured

A

Stage

330
Q

power of magnification inscribed on each
lens (e.g. x5, x30). An objective of very high
power (e.g. x100) usually requires
immersion oil between the objective lens
and the thin section

A

Objectives

331
Q

used to examine interference figures. When
it is inserted into the upper microscope tube an
interference figure can be produced which fills the field
of view, provided that the convergent lens (condenser)
is also inserted into the optical path train

A

The Bertrand Lens

332
Q

The slot is oriented so that accessory
plates are inserted at 45o to the cross wires. In some
microscopes the slot may be rotatable

A

The Accessory Slot

333
Q

what is the grit called

A

carborundum grit

334
Q

standard thickness

A

30 microns

335
Q

30 microns

A

Buffing

336
Q

> 66 wt. %

A

Felsic

337
Q

52 – 66 wt. % SILICA

A

Intermediate

338
Q

45 – 52 wt. % silica

A

Mafic

339
Q

silica content
< 45 wt. %

A

Ultramafic

340
Q

usually occur from the rapid
crystallization of lava extrusive
rocks cool very quickly, therefore their
minerals form fine crystals which
cannot be seen and distinguished by
the naked eye

A

Aphanitic

341
Q

type of texture id
formed when magma cools and
some minerals increase in size
extensively. The sizes may range from
some centimeters to quite a number
of meters

A

Pegmatitic

342
Q

plutonic igneous rocks, which
underwent slow crystallization
underneath the surface of the earth

A

Phaneritic

343
Q

can also form
when magma is crystallized under a
volcano but eruption occurs before
the crystallization is complete.

A

porphyritic texture

344
Q

low silica and gas contents make
them very fluid; i.e., they have a low
viscosity, or resistance to flow

A

Classification of Ultramafic Intrusive
Rocks
Classification of Pyroclastic Rocks
Ultramafic Rocks

345
Q

intrusive
ultramafic rocks,

A

peridotite

346
Q

extrusive ultramafic rocks.

A

komatiite

347
Q

Rocks composed mostly of pyroxene,
calcium-rich plagioclase, and minor
amounts of olivine

A

Mafic Rocks

348
Q

Rocks composed mostly of hornblende
and intermediate plagioclase feldspars
produced primarily in convergent plate boundaries in which an oceanic plate is subducting beneath either another oceanic plate a continental plate

A

Intermediate Rocks

349
Q

similar to pumice but usually made of iron rich minerals found in basalt lava

A

cinders (scoria)

350
Q

mafic crystals of felsic
intermediate
mafic
ultramafic

A

1-15%
16-45%
46-85%
>85%

351
Q

occurs between
diagenesis and melting

A

Metamorphism

352
Q

rock or metamorphic formation
which has arrived at a chemical
equilibrium through metamorphism at
constant temperature and pressure
conditions, the mineral composition is
controlled only by the chemical
composition

A

metamorphic facies

353
Q

substantial chemical change
accompanies metamorphism
involves the infiltration of
fluids and/or the diffusion of material
through the fluid and solid phases
chemical alteration takes place as a
result of these fluids

A

Metasomatism

354
Q

when
the T-P increases on a body of rock

A

Prograde metamorphism

355
Q

T-P fall due to erosion of overlying rock or due to tectonic uplift

A

Retrograde metamorphism

356
Q

Pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the overlying bedrocks

A

lithostatic pressure

357
Q

orce acting
equally from all directions, it is a type of
stress called hydrostatic stress, or uniform
stress.

A

Pressure

358
Q

rocks undergo metamorphic
reactions due to heating (little or no
pressure change)

when a hot igneous intrusion
(magma) comes into contact with
cold country rock, it creates a
metamorphic aureole / contact
aureole or baked zone.
produces hornfels, a nonfoliated
metamorphic rock

A

Contact Metamorphism

359
Q

Rock in the deep portions of faults
undergoes dynamic
metamorphism and creates a fine grained metamorphic rock called

A

mylonite

360
Q

referred to as shock
quartz

A

coesite or stishovite

361
Q

Started out originally with clay
minerals and as a result of
metamorphism, alumna rich
minerals form

A

Pelitic

362
Q

The clay minerals have
recrystallized into tiny micas which
reflect a glossy luster

A

Phyllite

363
Q

The rock developed a near planar
foliation caused by the preferred
orientation of sheet silicates.
However, quartz and feldspar
grains show no preferred
orientation

A

Schist

364
Q

irregular planar foliation

A

schistosity

365
Q

When non-mica minerals (quartz,
feldspars, kyanite, garnet,
staurolite, and sillimanite) occur
with a grain size greater than the
rest of the rock, they are called

A

pophyroblasts

366
Q

dark colored minerals tend
to become segregated in distinct
bands through the rock, giving
the rock

A

gneissic banding

367
Q

e highest grades of
metamorphism, all of the hydrous
minerals and sheet silicates
become unstable and thus there
are few minerals present that
would show this

A

granulite

368
Q

the temperature reaches the
solidus temperature, the rock may
begin to melt and start to comingle with the solids. Usually
these solids are felsic with the
mafic material remaining
metamorphic

A

Migmatites

369
Q

Usually poorly foliated and form at
intermediate to high grades of
metamorphism of basaltic or
gabbroic protoliths

A

Amphibolite

370
Q

Very fine- grained rocks that
usually form as a result from
magma intruding into fine
grained igneous rocks or shales.
- The magma causes a type of
metamorphism called
contact metamorphism.

A

Hornfels

371
Q

Mineral assemblages form from
fine-grained unstable starting materials
such as glassy volcanic rocks, pyroclastics
and greywackes. Diagnostic minerals may
also occur in veins cutting largely
unrecrystallized rocks

A

Zeolite Facies and Prehnite-Pumpellyite
Facies

372
Q

what are the Intermediate Pressure Facies

A

Zeolite Facies and Prehnite-Pumpellyite
Facies
Greenschist facies
Amphibolite facie
Granulite facies

373
Q

heulandite + analcite + Qtz ± clay
minerals
* laumontite + Ab + Qtz ± Chl
* prehnite + pumpellyite + Chl + Ab
+ Qtz
* pumpellyite + Chl + Ep + Ab + Qtz
* pumpellyite + Ep + stilpnomelane
+ Musc + Ab + Qtz

A

Metavolcanics and greywackes

374
Q

Musc + Chl + Ab + Qtz
(indistinguishable from
greenschist facies)

A

Metapelitic rocks

375
Q

Chl + Ab + Ep ± actinolite, Qtz
* Metagreywackes
* Ab + Qtz + Ep + Musc ±
stilpnomelane
* Metapelites
* Musc + Chl + Ab + Qtz
* chloritoid + Chl + Musc + Qtz ±
paragonite Bt + Musc + Chl + Ab +
Qtz + Mn-rich garnet

A

Metabasic rocks (Greenschist facies)

376
Q
  • Dolomite + Qtz
A

Siliceous dolomites (Greenschist facies)

377
Q

Hbl + Pl ± Ep, garnet,
cummingtonite, diopside, Bt

A

Metabasic rocks (Amphibolite facies)

378
Q

Musc + Bt + Qtz + Pl ± garnet,
staurolite, kyanite/sillimanite
* Siliceous dolomites
* dolomite + calcite + tremolite ±
talc (lower amph. f.)
* dolomite + calcite + diopside
and/or Fo (upper amph. f.)

A

Metapelitic rocks (Amphibolite facies)

379
Q

Forms under conditions of P(H2O) <Ptotal. The presence of orthopyroxene in metabasic rocks is diagnostic of this and the pyroxene hornfels facies

A

Granulite facies

380
Q

Opx + Cpx + Hbl + Pl ± Bt
* Opx + Cpx + Pl ± Qtz
* Cpx + Pl + garnet ± Opx (higher P)
* Metapelitic rocks
* garnet + cordierite + sillimanite +
K-feldspar + Qtz ± Bt
* sapphirine + Opx + K-feldspar +
Qtz ± osumilite (very high T)

A

Metabasic rocks (Granulite facies)

381
Q

what are the High Pressure Facies

A

Blueschist Facies.
Eclogite Facies

382
Q

Known also as the glaucophane-lawsonite schist facies; these occur along Mesozoic and Tertiary orogenic belts such as the circum-Pacific belts and the Alpine-Himalayan chain. In high pressure rocks,
mica is phengite rather than muscovite.

A

Blueschist Facies

383
Q

glaucophane + Law
+ Chl ±
phengite/paragonite, omphacite
* Metagreywackes
* Qtz + jadeite + lawsonite ±
phengite, glaucophane, Chl

A

Metabasic rocks (Blueschist Facies
)

384
Q

phengite + paragonite +
carpholite + Chl + Qtz

A

Metapelites (Blueschist Facies)

385
Q

Aragonite

A

Carbonate rocks (Blueschist Facies)

386
Q

Eclogitessensustricto are metabasic rocks,
occurring in a variety of associations, e.g.
as enclaves or tectonically-incorporated
blocks in blueschists or medium to high
grade gneisses, or as nodules brought up
in kimberlite pipes. In certain regions, rocks
preserve (albeit imperfectly) distinctive
high-pressure assemblages. Plagioclase is
entirely absent

A

Eclogite Facies

387
Q

omphacite + garnet ± kyanite,
Qtz, Hbl, zoisite

A

Metabasic rocks (eclogite facies)

388
Q

Qtz + phengite +
jadeite/omphacite + garnet

A

Meta-granodiorite (eclogite facies)

389
Q

phengite + garnet + kyanite +
chloritoid (Mg-rich) + Qtz
* phengite + kyanite + talc + Qtz ±
jadeite

A

Metapelites (eclogite facies)

390
Q

what are the Low Pressure Facies

A

Albite-Epidote Hornfels Facies
Hornblende Hornfels Facies
Pyroxene Hornfels Facies
Sanidinite Facies

391
Q

Likely to be recognized only in the
outermost parts of thermal aureoles in
country rocks originally of very low
metamorphic grade. This is the lowpressure equivalent of the greenschist
facies, and the assemblages are very
similar.

A

Albite-Epidote Hornfels Facies

392
Q

Ab + Ep + actinolite + Chl + Qtz
* Metapelites
* Musc + Bt + Chl + Qtz

A

Metabasic rocks (Albite-Epidote Hornfels Facies)

393
Q

Low pressure equivalent of the
amphibolites facies. The assemblages
described below can also be found in
regionally metamorphosed rocks
belonging to the low pressure facies series

A

Hornblende Hornfels Facies

394
Q

Hbl + Pl ± diopside,
anthophyllite/cummingtonite, Qtz

A

Metabasic rocks
Hornblende Hornfels Facies

395
Q

Musc + Bt + andalusite + cordierite
+ Qtz + Pl

A

Metapelites
Hornblende Hornfels Facies

396
Q

cordierite + anthophyllite + Bt + Pl
+ Qtz

A

K2O-poor sediments or metavolcanics
Hornblende Hornfels Facies

397
Q

same as amphibolite facies

A

Siliceous dolomites
Hornblende Hornfels Facies

398
Q

Developed in the inner parts of high
temperature thermal aureoles, such as
those around large basic bodies.
Assemblages similar to granulite facies,
but can be developed at P(H2O) = Ptotal
Hornblende is not stable.

A

Pyroxene Hornfels Facies

399
Q
  • Opx + Cpx + Pl ± Ol or Qtz
A

Metabasic rocks
Pyroxene Hornfels Facies

400
Q
  • cordierite + Qtz + sillimanite + Kfeldspar (orthoclase) ± Bt
  • cordierite + Opx + Pl ± garnet, Sp
A

Metapelites
Pyroxene Hornfels Facies

401
Q

calcite + Fo ± diopside, periclase
* diopside + grossularite +
wollastonite ± vesuvianite

A

Calcareous rocks
Pyroxene Hornfels Facies

402
Q

Rarely found, as the extremely high
temperatures required are only achieved
at direct contacts with flowing basic
magma, or in completely-immersed
xenoliths

A

Sanidinite Facies

403
Q

cordierite + mullite + sanidine +
tridymite (often inverted to Qtz) +
glass

A

Metapelitic rocks
Sanidinite Facies

404
Q
  • wollastonite + An + diopside
  • monticellite + melilite ± calcite,
    diopside
  • alsotilleyite, spurrite, merwinite,
    larnite and other rare Ca- or CaMg silicate
A

Calcareous rocks
Sanidinite Facies

405
Q

showed
that metamorphism of tuffs in NZ
accompanied by substantial
chemical changes due to circulating
fluids, and that these fluids played an
important role in the metamorphic
minerals that were stable

A

Boles and Coombs

406
Q

Mafic Assemblages at Low Grades

A

Zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite
facies

407
Q

Mafic Assemblages of the Medium P/T
Series

A

Greenschist, Amphibolite, and
Granulite Facies

408
Q

constitute the most
common facies series of regional
metamorphism

A

greenschist, amphibolites and
granulite facies

409
Q

classical Barrovian series of pelitic
zones and the lower-pressure BuchanAbukuma series are variations on this
trend

A

Mafic Assemblages of the Medium P/T
Series

410
Q

Metamorphism of mafic rocks first evident

A

greenschist facies, which correlates
with the chlorite and biotite zones of
associated pelitic rock

411
Q

impart
the green color form which the mafic
rocks and facies get their name

A

Chlorite, actinolite, and epidote

412
Q

Amphibolite facies transition
involves two major mineralogical changes
1. Albite→ oligoclase
2. Actinolite→ hornblende(amphibole
accepts increasing aluminum and
alkalis at higher T)

A

Greenschist

413
Q

Mafic Assemblages of the Low P/T
Series

A

Albite-Epidote Hornfels,
Hornblende Hornfels, Pyroxene
Hornfels, and Sanidinite Facies

414
Q

Albite-epidote hornfels facies correlates
with the greenschist facies into which it
grades with increasing pressure

A

Hornblende hornfels facies correlates with
the amphibolite facies, and the pyroxene
hornfels and sanidinite facies correlate
with the granulite facies

415
Q

Mafic Assemblages of the High P/T
Series
The association of glaucophane +
lawsonite is diagnostic

A

Blueschist and Eclogite Facies

416
Q

characterized in
metabasites by the presence of a sodic
blue amphibole stable only at high
pressures (notably glaucophane, but
some solution of crosstie or riebeckite is
possible)

A

blueschist facies

417
Q

stable to
lower pressures, and may extend into
transitional zones

A

Crossite

418
Q

breaks down at high pressure by
reaction to jadeitic pyroxene + quartz:

A

Albite

419
Q

Unstable minerals

A

pyroxenes,
olivines, amphiboles, some plagioclase
feldspars

420
Q

Stable minerals

A

quartz, K-feldspar,
Na- feldspar, muscovite, clay minerals,
some ‘heavy minerals’

421
Q

(transported to the
site of deposition

A

allogenic
example: Framework grains and
matrix

422
Q

precipitated at the site of
deposition

A

authigenic
cements

423
Q

Preferential orientation of particles in a
sediment or tendency of a rock to break
in specific directions

A

Fabric

424
Q

cemented by minerals
precipitated in pore spaces breccia and conglomerate

A

✓ Silica (quartz)
✓ Carbonate (calcite)
✓ Ferruginous (Fe-oxides)

425
Q

Common cements

A

calcite,
hematite, quartz, and clay

426
Q

Common association on glacial
till and debris flow deposits

A

Paraconglomerate

427
Q

Flat-pebble conglomerates
formed by mud rip-ups

A

Intraformational (within basin)

428
Q

More likely to be petromictic

A

Extraformational (outside basin)

429
Q

Three components of a rock:

A

Grains: > 0.03 mm (about φ5 = 31.3 mm;
i.e. coarse silt and coarser).
- Matrix: < 0.03 mm (finer than coarse silt);
- Cement: not considered in this
classification

430
Q

high textural
maturity, grain-supported fabric,
grains held together by chemically
precipitated cement.

A

< 15% matrix - arenites

431
Q

15%-75% matrix

A

wackes: dirty, low
textural maturity, largely matrixsupported fabric

432
Q

The degree of mineralogical maturity can be determined by looking at the types of grains present

A

contains no feldspar (feldspar easily
weathers to clay)

433
Q

Presence of fresh, large, angular feldspar
fragments in a sandstone imply

A

a high relief source area (rapid
erosion, transport, burial, with little
weathering effect OR ;
b. a very arid or extremely cold climate
(retards chemical weathering)

434
Q

Small, rounded, highly weathered
feldspars imply:

A

a. a low relief source area and/or warm,
humid climate (modernintense weathering processe

435
Q

Absence of feldspars imply

A

a. intense weathering (destroying
feldspars) OR no feldspars in original
source

436
Q

rock fragments are
chiefly of shale or slate

A

Phyllarenite

437
Q

where the rock fragments
are of limestone

A

Calcilithite

438
Q

Feldspar is chiefly K feldspar and
much of this is microcline.
Texture is typically poorly- to wellsorted, with very
typical red or pink,
through the feldspar’s color, but
also through the presence of
finely disseminated hematite.

A

Arkoses

439
Q

chiefly of mudrock and
their low grade metamorphic
equivalents and volcanic grains

A

Lithics

440
Q

fluvial and deltaic
sandstones
Immature composition implies
high rates of sediment production
followed by short transport
distances

A

Litharenites

441
Q

fine-grained matrix, which consists
of an intergrowth of chlorite,
sericite and silt- sized grains of
quartz and feldspar
fine-grained sedimentary
and meta-sedimentary rock types
dominate. Feldspar grains are
chiefly Na plag

A

Greywackes

442
Q

oscillatory (microscale) zoning:
volcanic or hypabyssal origin
- progressive (coarse) zoning:
igneous source, undifferentiated

A

Plagioclase Zoning

443
Q

are the most abundant of all
lithologies, some 45 - 55% of sed. rxs.
- Main constituents - clays and qtz.
- Clay mineralogy reflects to a greater
extent the

A

MUDROCKS

444
Q

calcareous mudrocks

A

Marls

445
Q

<4µm; Silt - 4 to 62 µm

A

Clay -

446
Q

usu. laminated and fissile.

A

Shale

447
Q

used for a more indurated
mudrock

A

Argillite

448
Q

Absent when sediments are
bioturbated, presence of much qtz silt
or calcite, flocculation of clays during
sedimentation

A

Fissility

449
Q

mainly due to variations in grain size
and/or changes in composition
- Deposited in relatively short periods of
time (hours or days) by turbidity
currents or
- Develops over months or years if there
are annual or seasonal change in
sediment supply or biological
productivity

A

Lamination

450
Q

The simplest phyllosilicates result from
bonding one silicate layer to one
octahedral layer. Because of this
arrangement, we call these the 1:1
phyllosilicates

A

Phyllosilicate Structures

451
Q

Montmorillonite and beidellite
result from the alteration of
volcanic ash to give bentonite
clay deposits

A

Montmorillonite Group (Smectites)
Clay Minerals

452
Q

the most common clay mineral in
sedimentary rocks

A

. Illite

453
Q

Montmorillonite Group 2:1

A

Illite
Chlorite

454
Q

dominant in low-latitude areas,
particularly off major rivers draining
regions of tropical weathering.

most important 1:1 phyllosilicate

A

Kaolinite

455
Q

more common in ocean-floor muds
of higher latitudes.

A

Illite

456
Q

related to active mid-ocean
ridge systems and volcanic oceanic
islands

A

Smectites

457
Q

25% of all sedimentary rocks
✓ Present from the pre-cambrian
onward

A

Carbonate Rocks

Pre-cambrian Carbonates –
almost all dolomite
- Tertiary Carbonates – very
little dolomite

458
Q

Carbonate Requirements

A

Sunlight – carbonates form in shallow
water within the photic zone (0-60m);
this is related to primary productivity
(phytoplankton)
2. Turbidity – form in clear clastoic free
water. Low turbidity enhances light
penetration and prevents clogging of
filter feeders, abrasion of shells by
quartz
3. Temperature – form in warm water.
Carbonate accumulate requires
water below 20oC with consistent
temperature
4. Stable normal oceanic salinity – 35 ppt
5. Thus, limited to within 30o Noth and
South of equator (tropics and
subtropics

459
Q

Orthorhombic Crystal
- Hardness of 4

A

Aragonite

460
Q

Hexagonal (rhombohedral crystal)
▪ Hardness of 3

A

been dominant
skeletal material in during the
Paleozoic

461
Q

Siderite – (FeCO3)
* Magnesite – (MgCO3)
* Rhodochrosite – (MnCO3)

A

Dolomite – CaMg(CO3)2

462
Q

– fecal material excreted
by benthic organisms

A

Peloids

463
Q

These are exoskeletons or benthic
(bottom-dwelling), mobile and
sessile (esp. attached) organisms

A

Gastropods (Snails)
* Pelecypods (Clams)
* Echinoderms (Sand dollars,
Starfish)
* Cnidarians (Corals)

464
Q

microgranular in many thinwalled foraminifera but fibrous in
larger, thicker species, such as
rotaliids, nummulites and orbitolinids.

A

test wall

465
Q

FORAMINIFERA

A

Composed of low or high-Mg calcite,
rarely of aragonite.
- Very diverse in shape but common
forms are circular to subcircular w/
chambers.

466
Q

(Jurassic-Recent.)
are planktonic algae w/c have lowMg calcite skeleton consisting of a
spherical coccosphere (10-100µm
diameter) composed of numerous
calcareous plates, called coccoliths.
- Coccoliths are chiefly disc-shaped,
commonly w/ a radial arrangement
of crystals.
significant component
of modern deep-water carbonate
oozes, particularly those of lower
latitudes, esp. in Tertiary and
Cretaceous

A

Coccolithophorids

467
Q

other term for Coccolithophorids

A

Chrysophyta

468
Q

generally < 4 µm
✓ Lime mud is common in both
modern and ancient
✓ Consists of microcrystalline calcite
or aragonite
✓ In the modern, lime mud is derived
from disaggregation of
calcareous green algae which
releases aragonite needles 1-5µm
long
✓ Other possible sources or origin of
micrite
a. Inorganic precipitation
b. Bioerosion where organisms
such as boring sponges and
microbes attack carbonate
grains and substrates
. Mechanical breakdown of
skeletal grains thru waves and
currents.

A

. Micrite

469
Q

large crystals of
Lo-Mg calcite that from cement in
limestones

A

Sparry calcite

470
Q

photic zone

A

(generally 0-30 m) is the most productive
site for carbonate sediments, the socalled carbonate factor

471
Q

year of folks

A

1959 1962

472
Q

limestone
formed in situ such as a stromatolite or
reef-rock;

A

biolithite-

473
Q

micrite w/
cavities such as birds-eye limestone

A

dismicrite

474
Q

general term for fine-grained
siliceous sediments of chemical,
biochemical or biogenic origin.

A

Chert

475
Q

for chert nodules occurring in
Cretaceous chalks

A

Flint

476
Q

fine-grained siliceous rocks
w/ a texture and fracture similar to
unglazed porcelain; also used for an
opaline claystone composed largely of
opal-C

A

Porcellanite

477
Q

Three major groups of organisms that build
their skeletons of silica:

A

Sponges-very
important contributors of siliceous
spicules to the sea-floor since the
Paleozoic
Radiolarians- marine planktonic protozoans;
Paleozoic to Recent
- skeleton or “tests” of opaline silica
- live in near surface waters and
feed of phytoplankton dominant
sediment in the Equatorial Pacific
beneath the CCD
Diatoms- marine and non-marine;
photosynthesing algae
- live in the surface water -
photosynthetic zone
- since the early Cretaceous
- principal component of marine
phytoplanktons; a.k.a. “grass of
the sea”; base of the food chain

478
Q

also referred to as
drusy quartz as it commonly
occurs as a pore- filling cement

A

megaquartz

479
Q

usually occur in a radiating
arrangement
* forming wedge-shaped, mammillated and spherulitic growth
structures
fibrous variety
w/ crystals varying from a few tens to
hundreds of microns in length

A

chalcedonic quartz

480
Q

defined as sediments with > 15-20%
P2O5; a source of fertilizer

A

Phosphatic Sediments

481
Q

associated with regions
of relatively high surface water fertility;
accumulate near the edges of the
oxygen minimum depth zone and is
commonly a place where organic rich
sediments like diatom ooze is being
deposited

A

Phosphorites

482
Q

deposits of organic
material (mainly from phytoplanktons)
in marine basins and lakes

A

Sapropels

483
Q

forms during the accumulation
of plant remains in anaerobic, watersaturated environment, generally in
fresh water swamps and bogs in cool
climates

A

peat

484
Q

vascular (land) plant derived
organic compounds altered
by elevated temperature
and burial pressure

A

Humic coal

485
Q

Formed from non-vascular
(algal) plant material

A

Sapropelic coal

486
Q

sylvinite: mixture of sylvite,
carnallite and halite – fertilizer

A

potash

487
Q

metastable; not
preserved in rocks older than miTertiary; readily devitrified and
replaced during weathering and
diagenesis

A

Volcanic glass

488
Q

smectite rich clay beds
derived from the alteration of
volcanic ash

A

Bentonite

489
Q

hydrous sodium calcium
aluminum silicates; formed from
alteration volcanic glass, usually
cryptocrystalline; often develop when
ash has fallen into alkaline lakes

A

Zeolites

490
Q

generally refers to beds thicker than
10 mm

A

beds:
✓ very thick bed > 1 m thick
✓ thick bed 1-0.3 m
✓ medium bed 0.3-0.1 m
✓ thin bed 0.1-0.01 m (overlap with thick
lamina)
✓ very thin bed < 10 mm (overlap with
medium lamina)

491
Q

generally refers to beds thinner
than 10 mm

A

laminae
✓ thick lamina 10-30 mm
✓ medium lamina 3-10 mm
✓ thin (fine) lamina 1-3 mm (e.g.
Devonian Ratner of Sask) very thin
(fine) lamina < 1 mm (deep sea and
deep lake deposits, glacial lake
varves)

492
Q

(= ichnofossils = lebensspuren): traces of
organism (commonly animal) activities
and behavior (dwelling, feeding,
locomotion, resting), not actual body
fossils.

A

Trace fossils

493
Q

MINERAL RESOURCES FROM SEDIMENTS

A

Banded iron formation (BIF)
* Evaporite deposits (halite, gypsum,
potassium and magnesium)
* Placer deposits (gold, diamond, tin
oxides)
* Bauxite (aluminum; residual of clay
deposits in tropical and subtropical
regions)
* Laterite (iron; residual soil; tropical
weathering)
* Magnetite
* Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal)

494
Q

groundmass is made up rectangular formed feldspar instead of lath slender lath crystals

A

orthopyric

495
Q

phenocrysts in a porphyritic texture are clustered into aggregates called glomerocrysts or crystals clots which indicates crystal fractionation by crystal settling

A

glomeroporphyritic

496
Q

phenocrysts contain small grains of other minerals enclosing them indicating that the smaller grains may have crystallized first

A

poikilitic

497
Q

variety of poikilitic texture where plag laths are enclosed by pyroxenes or olivine

A

ophitic

498
Q

variety of ophitic wherein plag encloses ferromagnesian minerals indicating slower cooling in basaltic rocks

A

subophitic

499
Q

also called corona reaction rim and rapakivi displays a secondary mineral formed around another mineral indicating a post magmatic reaction

A

opacitic

500
Q

variety of opacitic where there is a secondary rim or corona

A

kelyphitic

501
Q

occurs where crystal occupies occupy spaces between at least two larger crystals indicating a later formation

A

intergranular

502
Q

denotes that angular spaces between crystals are filled with glass that may be devitrified or altered and small crystals

A

intersertal

503
Q

holocrystalline groundmass with lath shaped microlites typically pla are generally oriented irregularly

A

pilotaxitic

504
Q

extrusive igneous rock texture wherein the groundmass flow in the direction of lava flow and around inclusions and occurs in alkali rich rocks

A

trachytic

505
Q

microscopic variety of trachytic that is visible to the naked eye

A

trachytoid

506
Q

also called symplectic is an intergrowth of branching rods of quartz set in a single crystal of plag

A

myrmekitic

507
Q

intergrowth of plag feldspar in alkali feldspar host

A

perthitic

508
Q

intergrowth of alkali feldspar in plag feldspar host

A

holocrystalline

509
Q

mix of glass and crystals but contains more crystals than glass

A

hypohyaline

510
Q

contains 100% glass

A

holohyaline

511
Q

contains very coarse grains having >30mm in diameter

A

pegmatitic

512
Q

displays grains that are generally equant

A

granular

513
Q

medium to coarse grained minerals most of which are devoid of crystal faces

A

granitic

514
Q

contains equidimensional cryptocrystalline groundmass

A

felsitic

515
Q

variety of poikilitic where in inclusions have a complete series of crystal sizes

A

seriate

516
Q

loss or decrease in pressure which becomes the driving force of volcanoees to erupt causing the less dense magma material to rise and migrate to areas with less pressure

A

decompression

517
Q

lowering of the melting temperature of the mantle due to the presence of fluxes causing earlier melting and production of the magma

A

flux melting

518
Q

who devised the way of measuring the relative size or magnitude of volcanic eruptions ?

A

The Volcano Explositivity Index
Newhall, C. and Self S. in 1982

519
Q

steam eruptions that occur when water is heated by the country rock without having the need to be in contact with a magmatic body and erupts as a mixture of hot water and steam

A

phreatic

520
Q

also called surseyan eruption
is an explosive eruption produced when a magmatic body comes in contact with water causing rapid quenching and expansion of materials violently bursting into steam and volumes of ash

A

phreatomagmatic

521
Q

effusive eruptions that produce large volumes of very hot thin runny lava that extrudes from fissures

A

icelandic

522
Q

effusive eruptions similar to icelandic eruptions that originates from vents of volcanoes

A

hawaiian

523
Q

explosive euptions that shoot thicker lava along with a burst of steam gas and ash that spatters molten lava

A

strombolian

524
Q

series of discrete loud eruptions in throat clearing canon like explosions that shoor high velocity blocks and bombs

A

vulcanian

525
Q

also called nuee ardente eruptions occur when large amount of tephra gas and lava are erupted laterally from the crated producing glowing avalanches

A

pelean

526
Q

colossal explosive eruptions that involves very viscous magma and produce very large volumes of ash and tephra that can cover a very wide area

A

plinian

527
Q

composed mostly of loose ejected ash and some lava appearing relatively symmetrical and steeply built with large deep craters with most being produced by a single eruptive event

A

pyroclastic cone

528
Q

pyroclastic cones composed predominantly of vesicular basaltic material

A

scoria cone

529
Q

pyroclastic cones with various compositions

A

cinder cone

530
Q

volcanoes with an eruptive history that reached VE 8 or stronger

A

Supervolcano (yellowstone caldera)

531
Q

give examples of extinct volcano, dormant volcano, inactive volcano and potentially active volcano

A

mt. chimborazo, ecuador
mt. kilimanjaro tanzania
alligator lake tadlac lake laguna
mt. san cristobal laguna

532
Q

short detached vesicle free proximal lava that are often produced by viscous lava such as andesitic and rhyolitic lava

A

block lava

533
Q

a fractured surface texture formed when bombs cool

A

breadcrust texture

534
Q

black glassy streamlined particles that formed as lava droplets that quenched in flight

A

pele’s tears

535
Q

golden acicular glassy strands that formed as lava droplets were propelled through the air being partially stretched into shape

A

pele’s hair

536
Q

usually associated with phreatic and pheratomagmatic eruptions and identified to have a pinch and swelling beds with moderate sorting of moderately rounded clasts

A

pyroclastic surge

537
Q

generally hot flows made up of a mixture of pyroclastic materials and hot gases that can travel at rapid speeds

A

pyroclastic density currents

538
Q

also known as cognate clasts are derived directly from magma involved in the volcanic activity

A

juvenile clasts

539
Q

rock inclusions from the vent wall or brought from the surface by lava or pyroclastic walls

A

accidental clasts

540
Q

fragmentation through explosive ejection and aerial dispersal of pyroclasts of rock and magma from a volcanic vent

A

autoclastic process

541
Q

fragmentation brought by the weathering and disintegration of volcanic rocks

A

epiclastic process

542
Q

clasts within the mass flow behaving independently in moving interstitital fluids

A

traction transport

543
Q

a hot mixture of volcanic debris and tephra that is saturated with water that occurs directly related to an on going eruption

A

syn eruption lahar

544
Q

also known as large igneous provinces or LIPS are products of massive outpourings of low viscosity basaltic lava that envelop hundreds of thousands of square kilometers

A

flood basalt

545
Q

airborne blobs of liquid lava emitted by lava fountaining

A

spatter

546
Q

also called welded spatter are spatters that solidified at the base of the lava fountain

A

agglutinate deposits

547
Q

cones produced when welded spatters accumulate around a central vent that can typically grow less than 20m in height

A

spatter cone

548
Q

linear ridges formed when lave fountains erupt via fissures

A

spatter ramparts

549
Q

smaller tuff rings

A

tuff cone

550
Q

glassy volcanic debris and scoria develop die to the explosive eruption of basalt in a water

A

tuff ring

551
Q

when was PHIVOLCS established

A

September 17, 1984