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PPTs Flashcards

1
Q

small headeater channels at the tips of the channel network where sediment transport is dominated by hillslope processes

A

colluvial channels

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2
Q

the steepest of mountain channels charac by tumbling flow around individual boulders; disorganized streambed structure

A

cascade channels

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3
Q

channels lackinh well defined bedforms and instead displaying long reaches lacking pools

A

plane bed channels

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4
Q

mountain river morphology charac by alternating sequence of pools and bars

A

pool riffle channels

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5
Q

occurs when deposition is greater than erosion

A

aggradation

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6
Q

occurs when erosion is greater than deposition

A

incision

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7
Q

a deposit of coarse material resulting from a leeve breach during flood

A

splay

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8
Q

consists of long curving parallel ridges (scrolls) that during stages of high water have been aggradated against the inner bank of the meandering channel, while the opposite bank experienced erosion.

A

Meander scroll bars

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9
Q

prticles that are less than 1 nanometer micrometer in diamter that are highly dispersed and exist in molecular solution

A

solutes

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10
Q

particles of organic wnd mineral substances that range from 1-100nm normally exist in a highly dispersed state but may adopt a semi solid form

A

colloids

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11
Q

significant ingredient in mechani weathering is and it is the repeated generation of stress

A

fatigue

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12
Q

the spling of rock sheets from the main rock

A

exfoliation

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13
Q

expoliation in some rocks like granite may produce convex hills called

A

exfoliation domes

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14
Q

force produced is large enough to shatter rocks and the process is called

A

hydrofracturing

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15
Q

the formation of discrete bodies of ground ice in cold environment soils may lead to bedrock fracture

A

ice segregation

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16
Q

conjunction with the fatigue effect leads to wet dry weathering that physically disintegrates rocks

A

slaking

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17
Q

salt crystallizing within the ibterstices of rocks produes stresses and widen them leads to grabular disintegration

A

haloclasty

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18
Q

chemical waethering is strongest in

A

warm wet climates

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19
Q

if soil or rock becomes saturated with stagnant water it becomes oxygen deficient and with the aid of anaerobic bacteria

A

reduction

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20
Q

removal of metal ions and the agents are in part the decomposition products of plants and in part secretions from plant roots encourages chemical weathering and the transfer of metals in the soil or rock

A

chelation

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21
Q

ratio of surface area to vume of material controls the rate of what

A

weathering

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22
Q

mafic minerals weather by?
felsic?

A

oxidation
hydrolysis

oxides don’t weather at all

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23
Q

intense frost weathering of exposed bedrock produces

A

blockfields

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24
Q

also called as falsenmeer block meer and stone fields

A

block fields

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25
Q

steeper fields up to 35 degrees?

A

blockstreams

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26
Q

are large weathering features that take form the form of hollows or cavities on a rock surface

A

tafoni

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27
Q

instead of boulders it fashions slabs known as referring to the gneiss rocks

A

penitent rocks monkstones and tombstones

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28
Q

what inselbergs are

dome shaped hills
bear scattering of blocks
small and angular

A

bornhardts
nubbins or ks
castle kopples

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29
Q

pull apart basin form by

A

transtension

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30
Q

transverse orogen formed by

A

transpression

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31
Q

numerousw branching irregular faults which when they move may produce upthrust blocks and down sagging ponds

A

anastanosing faults

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32
Q

results from differential erosion along a fault line and when fault scarp undergoes erosion

A

fault scarp

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33
Q

if the valleys moves repeatedly the streams are rejuvenated to form

A

wineglass or funnel valleys

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34
Q

formed when beds dip in one direction whether caused by their original position or tilting may be symmetric or asymmetric depending on the invlination dip of the starta and the provess acting on them

A

monoclinal structures

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35
Q

when movement brings ridge crests on one side of tue fault opposite vallrys on the other side the valleys are shut off

A

shutter ridges

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36
Q

where tensionsl stress dominate strike slip faults subsudence occurs ang long shallow depressions

A

sag ponds may form

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37
Q

defined as the liquid linit minus the plastic limit is an important indicator of potential slope instability shows a moisture range which a soil will behave as a plastic

A

plasticity index
the higher the index the less stable the slope

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38
Q

iton ocides and hydroxides precipitate on the sea floor as it is a green iron silicate

A

chamosite

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39
Q

examples of iron oxides that form in land

A

siderite limonite goethite

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40
Q

form by soluble salt precipitation in low lying land areas and inland seas

A

evaporites

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41
Q

common biogenic rock

A

limestone

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42
Q

chemicals precipitated in soils and sediments often form hard layers called and they occur as hard nodules or crusts or simply as hard layers

A

duricrusts

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43
Q

a coarse rock composed of poorly cemented shells and shell fragments

A

coquina

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44
Q

a soft porous rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic marine oragnisms

A

chalk

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45
Q

are one celled marine plants that live in large numbers throughout the upper layers of the ocean. Bright blue green area in the satellite image is a bloom of these organisms off the coast of tasmania their skeletons will settle to the ocean floor as biochemical sediments

A

cocolithophores

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46
Q

sedimentary organic materials are called

A

dy and gyttja

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47
Q

a gelatinous, acidic sediment formed in humic lakes and pools by the flocculation anf preciipitation of dissolved humic materials

A

Dy

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48
Q

comprises several biologically produced sedimentary oozes commonly subdivided into oragnic calcareous and siliceouz types

A

Gyttja

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49
Q

peats of which there are many types

A

sedentary organic materials

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50
Q

3 main sedimentary sediments

gravity driven flows dry and wet
fluid flows tidal movements and wave unduced currents
suspension settling and unidirectional flow created by density currents in deep marine environments

A

terrestrial
shallow marine environments
deep marine environments

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51
Q

adjacent to the continental slipe contains material that was transported by dense underwater currents of suspended sediment each layer has coarser particles at the vottom and finer material on top

A

deep marine envi

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52
Q

sites where clay sand and carbonates rich muds are often deosited ripple marks caused by wave activity may be present

A

shallow marine envi

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53
Q

arid envi where evaporation exceeds precipitation produce evaporite dpeosits such as rock and salt and gypsum

A

inland seas and lakes

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54
Q

quiet water envi where mud and decayed plant material accumulate

A

swamps and bogs

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55
Q

measure of the rate at which humans create new landforms and mobilize sediments

A

geomorphic footprint

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56
Q

trilobite age

A

cambrian- late permian

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57
Q

what are the phyllum arthropoda

A

bilateral symmetry
jointed appendages
open circulatory system
segmented bodies
hard chitinous exoskeleton

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58
Q

crustacean age

A

cambrian-present

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59
Q

insecta age

A

carboniferous-present

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60
Q

subphylum crinozoa

A

crinoidea

sea lily (stalked crinoid)
calyx the crinoid antedon

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61
Q

age of crinoidea

A

middle cambrian-present

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62
Q

example and age of subphylum asteroza

A

ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Ordovician-present

asteroidea (sea stars)
Triassic-present

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63
Q

bilaterally symmetrical
segmented body
elongate and vilateral
complete circulatory system
distinct head
has posterior end and anterior head

A

phylum annelida

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64
Q

age iof leeches

A

silurian-recent

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65
Q

earthworm age

A

triassic-recent

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66
Q

arachnids age

A

silurian-present

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67
Q

myriapods

A

cambrian-present

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68
Q

proposed by Hutton

rocks were formed by heat concealed within the Earths interior

A

plutonism

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69
Q

rochs had setteled out of a large ocean whose level gradually dropped over time

A

neptunism

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70
Q

who amplified the concept of neptunism

A

abraham gottlob werner

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71
Q

proposed by baron georges cuvier

A

catastrophism

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72
Q

who justified Lemaitres theory?

A

Edwin Hubble

through observations that the universe is continuosly expanding galaxies are movinf away

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73
Q

who proposed the nebular theory

A

immanuel kant and pierre simon de laplace

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74
Q

composition of planetisimals

A

Si compounds and zfe and Mg ocides and smaller amounts of chrmical elements

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75
Q

rich in mineral perovskite

A

mantle

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76
Q

composed of the ultramafic rock peridotite

A

upper mantle

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77
Q

who established the age of the Earth?

A

clair C. Patterson
in 1953
reproting the ratio of lead types found in canyon meteorites and comparing them to lead ratios found jn the other rocks on the earth and oyhe rmetreorites

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78
Q

how many percent does mantle constitues in the earth

A

82% of its volume 68% of its mass

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79
Q

law of uniformitarianism
cross cutting relationship
law of inclusions
law of unconformities
1788 theory of earth
transactions of the royal society of edinburgh uniformity of causes
cyclic view of earth change
earth can rejuvenate itself

A

james hutton

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80
Q

principle of superposition
principle of original horizontality
principle of original lateral continuity

A

stenos law

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81
Q

faunal and floral succession
correlation

A

william strata smith

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82
Q

founder of the basic stratigraphy principles

A

nicolaus steno

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83
Q

father of stratigraphy
credited with creating the 1st detailed nationwide geologic map & showing the rock strata in Englanf and wales
famous for the principle of faunal and floral succession

A

william “strata” smith

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84
Q

some natural processes active in the past that may no longer be important on Earth assumes only a uniformity of kinds of natural causes
laws of nsture have been constant through time

A

actualism

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85
Q

grand canyon layers from oldest to youngest

A

unkar group zoroaste rgrnaite precambrian
bright angle shale cambrianmuav limestone devonianred wall limestone mississippian
supai group pennsylvanian
hermit shale permian
coconino sandstonepermian
toroweap formation permian
kaibab limestonepermian

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86
Q

a bed will extend laterally until

A

pinches out
abuts against older rock
truncated by erosion
cut by fault

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87
Q

represents a long period during which deposition ceased and erosion removed prev formed rocks before deposition resumed

A

law of unconformities

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88
Q

indicates history of uplofting above sea water undergoing erosion and lowering below the sea level again

A

disconformity

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89
Q

geologic time that is not represented in the strata

A

hiatus

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90
Q

gap or break in the stratigraphic record as part of the stratigraphic record removed by an erosional surface

A

lacuna

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91
Q

what doesn’t appear on younger rocks

A

extinct fossils

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92
Q

what another way to determien correlation

A

fossils !

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93
Q

the obly adjacent to one another in the modern can be occur superinposed in continuous uniterrupted stratigraphic succession

A

lithofacies

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94
Q

a systematic and logical process that tries to explain how the physical world operates

A

scientific inquiry

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95
Q

how science operates?

A

observation
hypothesis
experiment/ data gathering
analysis of results
conclusions

hypothesis and analysis can be interchangeable

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96
Q

educated guess dependent on variables

A

hypothesis

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97
Q

working hypothesis acceptable explanation

A

theory

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98
Q

no loopholes little discrepancies

A

law

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99
Q

who proposed the geocentric theory

A

claudius ptolemy 2 AD

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100
Q

whi proposed the heliocentric theory

A

nicolaus copernicus 15 AD

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101
Q

there is limit to the number of humans that the Earth cna support

A

thomas malthus

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102
Q

concepts sply the amount of biologically profuctive land/ sea area needed to support the lifstyle of humans

A

ecological footprint

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103
Q

are constructed from a multitude of mini strat columbs that together elucidates the succession of rocks fou d in a study area

A

generalized columns

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104
Q

how many percent is silicates on earths crust

A

90%

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105
Q

silicate polymers

A

monomer (nesosilicates)
dimer (sorrosilicates)
single chain (inosilicates)
ring silicates (cyclosilicates)
double chain (insoliciates)
sheet silicates (phyllosilicates)
framework (tectosilicates)

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106
Q

basic silicate tetrahedra consisting kf 1 Si with a +4 charge and 4 oxygen with -2 charges

A

monomer nesosilicates

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107
Q

dimers have 2 Si and 7 oxygen with -6 charge two silicate tetrahedra sharing oxygen

A

dimer sorosilicate

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108
Q

have 2 bridging oxygens which can be defined as SiO3 or Si2O6 with a 2- and 4- charge result into perfect prismatic cleavages bonds stronger within chains weaker between chains

A

single chain

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109
Q

alternative silicate formation from a chain silicates will form a ring the ratio of silicon to oxygen is 1:3 ex-beryl an dcordieritr

A

ring silicates cyclosilicate

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110
Q

the sig le chain shares an oxygen with a neighbouting chain ratio of silicon to oxygen of 4:11 or 8:22 pargasite

A

double chain

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111
Q

recognized with the chemical formula Z4O10 occurs when the 3 of the 4 ocygens of a silicon tetrahedron is shared all phyllosilicates are hydrous OH or other anion occupying the rings

A

sheet silicates phyllosilicates

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112
Q

all oxygens share kn every silicon tetrahedron which covalently bonded

A

framework (textosilicates)

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113
Q

desert very low annual rainfall of

A

<300mm

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114
Q

at least 12 consecutive months without rainfall

A

extremely arid

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115
Q

<250 mm of annual rainfall

A

arid

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116
Q

a mean annual precipitation of 250-500 mm

A

semi-arid

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117
Q

movement of coarse sand and pebbles 6x larger than saltati g grains as they slide and roll inpacting one another and transferring momentum
usually does not occur with velocities less than 4.5m/s

A

creep or traction

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118
Q

the mutual wear of particles carried along by the wind

A

attrition

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119
Q

how many meters makaya rag alsa sa wind pag trabsport or erode

A

2m above ground

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120
Q

weak mayerial of yardang

A

lacustrine silts

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121
Q

essential of ventifact formation

A

strong winds
abundance of sand
absence of vegetation

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122
Q

also called earth pyramid and tent rock

A

hoodoos

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123
Q

alcoves and niches in rock walls

A

wind caves

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124
Q

concentrations of pebbles and boulders

A

lag deposits

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125
Q

other term for lag deposits

A

desert pavement
regs- or stony desert portions of the sahara
hamadas-areas covered with large sized rocks
serirs- areas covered with small rock and gravel
ergs- areas kf sand accumulation

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126
Q

another term for sand shadows that have formes where wind sweeps sand over a cliff or escarpment

A

sand falls

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127
Q

flund to the lee of a gap between two obstructiond gap acts as a funnel theough which sand trails out to the leeward may be confused with thin deposits of sand called by Bagnold as sand sheets

A

sand drifts

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128
Q

what do you call a group of dunes

A

dune complexes dune colonies dune chains

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129
Q

mobile heal kf sand whose existence is independent of either ground form or fixed wind obstruction existence nit dependent upon an obstruction or topographic break

A

dune

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130
Q

found in africa australia along the coast of the gulf of mecico in texas and in the state og tamaulipas in mexico

A

clay dunes

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131
Q

confined largely to the egyptian sand sea are flat topped sand ridges which extend parallel to the prevailing winds vut lack collapsing fronts which mark seif 100miles long 2 miles wide 150 feet high

A

whalebacks or sand leeves

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132
Q

somewhat same in whalebacks buy shorter in lengrh lacking definite form form billowy surfaces between whalebacks and seifs

A

undulations

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133
Q

also known as desert peneplain

A

sand sheet

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134
Q

what color is unweathered loess

A

gray

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135
Q

broad bedrock surface with a gentle slope away from highlands

A

pediments

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136
Q

this feature appears as oval or elongated depressions with imperfect drainage conditions

A

back tilting of slope faces

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137
Q

irregular slope morpholigy micro relief associated with shallow movements or small retrogressive slide blocks on the aero photo the coarse surface texture of hummocky terrains stand in contrast with smooth surroundings

A

hummocky relief

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138
Q

named after the greek goddess of discord and strife. the object was discovered on Jan 5, 2005 by mike brown cahd trujillo and david rabinowitz aat pamoar observarvatory in the out ceahces of the kuiper belt

A

eris UB313

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139
Q

aka friction angle charac the frictional resistance among particles ina material

A

angle of internal friction

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140
Q

the inherent strenght of a material in the absence of any load

A

cohesion

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141
Q

the ability to resist deformation and fracture w/o significant failure. it is a function of both friction angle and cohesion

A

shear strength

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142
Q

shear strength equation the total shear strength of a slope material is where effective nomrla stress

A

mohr coulmb

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142
Q

have more or less circular failure surface show in general s steep almost vertical headscarp or corwn with the slided mass in front of it the movement makes that the slide mass is backtilting towards the headscarp tensional cracks occur in combination with small steps on the body

A

rotational slides

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143
Q

slideing mass movement along a pre existing failure plane bedding schistosity joint discontinuity between slope debris and underlyong rock the total displacement along this failure plane is generally longer this results in a charac smaller depth/length ratio for translational slides in the order of magnitude of 1/10 in comparison with rotational slides also frequently showing a considerable larger width than a rotational slide

A

translational slide

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144
Q

shallow translational movement in soil material

A

soil slips
sheet slide in cohesionless and dry soils
slab slide in soil material saturated with water

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144
Q

planar slides movement takes place along one and the same failure plane
sypped slides movement occurs along a number of parallel failure planes
wedge failures failure is controlled by two planes which define a wedge shaped block which is loosened from the rock slope

A

rock slides

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144
Q

type of fast moving flow material is oversaturated with water originates from the top leaving in heavy rainfall dragging soil particles with it the kinetic energy can build up so high that and even stones can be taken along

A

mudflow

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145
Q

movements ocurring on steeper slopes 25-35 where the slope debris slides off along the discontinuity with the underlying weathered rock

A

debris slides

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145
Q

in a study of the groundwater discharging into mirror lake, new hampshire, groundwater recharge area is about

A

1.5 times the lakes catchment area

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146
Q

this is considered to be a regional in nature

A

subsurface flow in groundwater basin

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146
Q

debris and falls and high energy slides can also behaves as a flow especially if air or water is entrained in the initial movement. the tapped fluid may develop high pore pressures which buoy up the individual debris particles alternatively, the numerous interparticle impacts may produce an effect analogous to inermolecular motion in a real fluid thuus enabling even dry non cohesive debris flow this type of movement is alos called BLOCK FLOW taking larger material

A

debris flow

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146
Q

define spread extension of a cohesive soil or rock masss combined witha general subsidence of the broken mass of cohesive material into softer underlying material

A

lateral spread

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146
Q

slow movement in wc the rate of internal deformations is limited. includes solifluction general form of this is that material slumps away from the top, leaving a steplike terrace bounded by a curved, wall like scarp saturated materail flows sligglisly to form a bulging toe

A

earth flow

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147
Q

what is the movement of water

A

3d phenomenon

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147
Q

steady flow thotough

A

isotropic homogenous media effects of non homogeneity and anisotropy

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148
Q

early to middle pleitocene colluvial deposits in southern nevada

A

mainly darkly varnished boulders are common features of hillslopes formed in volcanic tuff. long term survival indicates that denudation rates on resistant volcanic hillslopes in the southern great basin have been exceedinly low througuot quaternary times

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149
Q

beginning og earths history
oldest surviving roccks
oldest fossils single cell cyanobacteria
first fossils of animals with hard body parts
first dinosaur fossil
last dinosaur fossil
first modern human fossils
egyptian civilization
roman civilization
xolumbus arrives in north america
past 20 years

A

january 1
middle feb
early march
middle october
dec 11
dec 26
23 mins before midnigh dec 31
35-14 seconds before midnight
18-11 seconds before midnight
3.5 seconds before midnight
0.14 seconds before midnight

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150
Q

a line in 2d groundwater flow field such that the total hydraulic head is the same everywhere on the surface
connects points or qual head and thus represents the height of the water table or potentiometric surface ofa confined aquifer above a datum plane

A

equipotential line

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151
Q

population growth accelerated rapidly in response to inceeased industrialization, and advnaces in medicine

A

around 1700s

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152
Q

population reached 1 billion during

A

1830s it took 200 years for human popukation to reach 1 billion years

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153
Q

projected to be 9.5 billion in the year the population

A

2050

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154
Q

idelaized paths followed by particles of water as they move through the aquifer

A

flow lines

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155
Q

porosity
specific yield and specific retention

55 40 15
50 2 48
25 22 3
20 19 1
20 18 2
11 6 5
0.1 0.09 0.01
11 8 3

A

soil
clay
sand
gravel
limestone
sandstone semiconsolidated
granite
basalt (young)

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156
Q

porosity
50-60
45-55
40-50
35-40
30-35
30-40
30-40
20-35
10-20
1-10
1-10

A

soils
clay
silt
medium to coarse sand
uniformed sand
fine to medium sand
gravel
gravel and sand
sandstone
shale
limestone

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157
Q

develops on some initial topographic slope bedload 5-20% total load of streams

A

consequent streams

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158
Q

have developed a course adjusted along some line or zone of least resistance where it could erode with minimum difficulty and max effect

A

subsequent stream

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159
Q

flow down the dip of the formations in the same direction as the consequent streams but it develops later and at a lower level on a stripped surface

A

resequent stream

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160
Q

one which flows in a direction opp to the dip of the formation and opp to that of original consequent streams of the region

A

obsequent stream

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161
Q

follows a course wc is apparaently not controoled by any factor of original slope structure or rock type <500 laminar
500 <Re <2000 transitional
>2000 turbulent

A

insequent stream

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162
Q

has formed on one surface and sturcture and has since cut down thru an unconformity to flow across lower rock units wc have a structre discordant with that above the unconformity

A

superposed stream

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163
Q

is one which having established a course maintain that course despite the appearance and growth of some structural element

A

antecedent

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164
Q

highest to lowest permeability

A

well sorted gravel
porous basal
cavernous limestone
wells sorted sand
poorly sorted sand and gravel
sandstone
fractured crystalline rock
silt and tuff
clay
dense cystalline rock

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165
Q

highest porosity to lowest porosity

A

soft clay
silt
tuff
well sorted sand
poorly sorted sand and gravel
gravel
sandstone
porous basalt
cavernous limestone
fractured crystalline rock
dense crystalline rock

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166
Q

defiens the point below c soils preserve a constant volume upon drying and behacve as solid

A

shrinkage limit

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167
Q

minimum moisture content at wc the soil can be moulded

A

plastic limit

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168
Q

the point a twc owing to high moisture content the soil becomes a suspension of particles in water and will flow under its own weight

A

liquid limith

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169
Q

3 limits separating different kinds of soil behaviour shrinkage limit plastic limit and fluid limit

A

atterberg limits

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170
Q

low to high permeability

A

volcanic igenous rocks

recent volcanic aquifers may have high permeabilites due to

development of gas bubbles or vesicles
fractured joints caused by blovking and faulting
development of leached zone by weathering
sand and gravel trapped between flows

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171
Q

95% of the total groundwater
best aquifer are the coarse grainde unconsilidated sediments

A

sed rocks

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172
Q

very low permeability (except marble) metatmorphic rock
groundwater alos occurs and moves through fractures and leached zones
porosity and permeability decrease rapdily with depth because of the weight of the overlyinh materials
marble like limestone could have well developed solution openings or even caverns where large groundwater flow occurs

A

metamorphic rock fractured aquifer

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173
Q

desert areas received

A

10 (25 cm) of precipitation or less each yearthe

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174
Q

se are known in desert areas

A

bedrock and unconsilidated aquifer

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175
Q

vast bedrock are known

A

sed basins of egypt jordan and saudi arabia

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176
Q

sahara desert is underlain by a sandstone up to 3000 ft 900km thich

A

nubian aquifer

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177
Q

groundwater under north africa and arabia

A

the groundwater is old 30,000 radiocarbon years B.P

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178
Q

will fracture when it is suddenly struck with significant pressure

A

rigid solid

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179
Q

gentle pressure is applied toa solid for some time it will behave as an and deforems reversibly before fracturing

A

elastic solid gentle pressure

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180
Q

resist deformation until the shear stress reaches a threshold value called the yield limit once beyond the yield stress, deformation of plastic bodies is unlimited and they do not revert tot heir original shape once the stress is withdrawn

A

perfect plastic solids

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181
Q

starts to deform immediately a stress is applied the strain rate increasing linearly with the shear stress at rate determined by the viscosity

A

newtonian fluid

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182
Q

include water and liquefied soils or sediments that behave as fluids

A

liquid

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183
Q

used to rank hurricanes base don their wind speed it is related to level of air pressure within the eye of a hurricane and its associated storm surge

A

saffir simpson scale

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184
Q

tropical depression
tropical storm
hurricane minimal
hurricane moderate
hurricane extensive
hurricane extreme
hurricane catastropic

A

max wind speed central pressure storm surge
<39
39-73
74-95 >980 4-5
96-110 965-979 6-8
111-130 945-964 9-12
131-155 920-944 13-18
>155 <920 >18

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185
Q

material that is still in place and adjacent to the highest parts of the main scarp

A

crown

186
Q

a steep surface on the undisturbed ground at the upper edge of the landslide caused by movement of the displaced material away from the undisturbed ground. it is the visible part of the surface of rupture

A

mains scarp

187
Q

the highest point of contact between the displaced material and the main scarp

A

top

188
Q

the upper parts of the landslide along the contact between the displaced material and the main scarp

A

head

189
Q

steep stuface on the displaced material of the landslide produced by the differential movements within the displaced material

A

minor scarp

190
Q

the volume bounded by the main scarp the depleted mass and the original ground surface

A

depletion

191
Q

the volume of the displaced material that overlies the rupture surface but underlies the original ground surface

A

depleted mass

192
Q

volume of displaced material that lies abouve the original ground surface

A

accumulationthe

193
Q

the undisplaced material adjacent to teh sides of teh rupture surface. compass idrections are preferable in describing the flanks but if left and right are used they refer to the flanks as viewed from the crown

A

flank

194
Q

the surface of the slope that existed before the landslide took place

A

original ground surface

195
Q

the part of the orig ground surface overlain by the foor of the landslide

A

surface of seapration

196
Q

material displaced from its original potion on the slope by movement in teh landslide. for,s both the depleted mass and the accumulation

A

displaced material

197
Q

area of the landslide within ec the displaced material lies below the original ground surface

A

zone of depletion

198
Q

the area of the landslide within wc the displaced material lies above the original ground surface

A

zone of accumulation

199
Q

the part of the displaced material of the landslide that overlies the surface of rupture between teh mains carp and the toe of the surface of rupture

A

main body

200
Q

the portion of the landslide that has moved beyond the toe of the surface of rupture and overlies the original ground surface

A

foot

201
Q

the point of the toe farthest from the top of the landslide

A

tip

202
Q

the lower usually curved margin of the displaced material of landslide it is the most distant from the main scarp

A

toe

203
Q

the surface that forms the lower boundary of the displaced material below the original ground surface

A

surface of rupture

204
Q

the intersection usually buried between the lower part of the surface of rupture of a landslide and the original ground surface

A

toe of surface of rupture

205
Q

who proposed the linnaean system classifiaction

A

carolus linnaeus 1707-1778

206
Q

linnaean system classification great to least

A

domain-eukaryota
kingdom- animalia
phyllum-chordata notochord
class-mammalia
order-primates
family-hominidae
genus-homo
species-sapiens

207
Q

motile which can move on their own

A

kingdom

208
Q

variations that occur within an indiv during its lifespan

A

ontogenic variation

209
Q

embryonic and oist embryonic history of an organism

A

ontogeny

210
Q

quoted that ontogeny recapitutates phylogeny
just by looking at the embryos

A

ernst haeckel

211
Q

the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

A

phylogeny

212
Q

the embryos are different

A

von baer

213
Q

process of adding discrete growth layers to an organisms skeleton as they get larger common in hard shelled organisms

A

accretion

214
Q

powerful pleobiological growth rate of organisms in response to fluctuations int he environment

A

implications

215
Q

discovered that there were 400 days in the devonian year and 387 in pennyslavian

A

john wells
devonian corals

216
Q

outer covering or exoskeleton is shed and sborbed and after few hours the organism expands to a larger size and a new skeleton hardens found in anthropods

A

molting

217
Q

type of growth is typical of vertebrates wc remodel and add to their bones throughout their life

A

modification

218
Q

evolution by changing developmental timing wc does not require wholesola changes in the genes only a small genetic change that controls the timing of development

A

heterochrony

219
Q

retention of juvenile features into sexual maturity

A

paedomorphosis
child formation

220
Q

stopping development at an early stage

A

progenesis aphid

221
Q

slowing down developmental timing

A

neoteny axotl

222
Q

addition of ontogenetic stages beyond the adult reproductive stage

A

peramorphosis ammonite overdevelopment

223
Q

increased rate of growth so that more stages are added in a shorter time

A

acceleration

224
Q

shuttingoff the growth at a later stage so that growth continues past the usual endpoint

A

hypermorphosis late enlargment of brain after brain

225
Q

any changes due to differences in the envi and ontogeny rather than due to genetic differences

A

ecophenotypic variation

226
Q

fixed clusters of individuals closely resembling each other follows an ideal blueprint

A

typological

227
Q

dynamic evolutionary units of similar organisms

A

population concept

228
Q

species are an array of populations wc are actually or potentially interbreeding and wc are reproducticvely isolated from other such arrays under natural conditions

A

biological concept

229
Q

formation of new and distinct species in course of evolution

A

speciation

230
Q

animals that live in the same area

A

sympatric

231
Q

live in different areas

A

allopatric

232
Q

evolutionary mechanisms behaviors and physiological processe critical for speciation

A

reproductive isolation

233
Q

phenomena that occurs when a small group of indiv becomes isolated from a larger population

A

founder principle

234
Q

theory that new species evolve as the genomes of two populations differentiate over enormous spans of time

A

gradualism

235
Q

fossils have been subjected to tectonic stresses compaction crushing dissolution and other processes that greatly after the shape and composition of the fossils selective sorting by transport

A

taphonomic variability

236
Q

how many animal species named by carlos linnaues

A

4,400 animla 7700 plant

237
Q

part of science that focuses on naming and classifiying or grouping organisms

A

taxonomy

238
Q

mollusca proifera cnidaria platyhelminthes neamtoda annelida anthropoda choradata notochord-catilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals

A

phyla or phyllum

239
Q

amphibians mammals fishes birds reptiles invertebratesq

A

classes

240
Q

sums up or repeat the principal stages or phases of

A

recapitulates

241
Q

processes of fossilization

A

taphonomy

242
Q

chambered organisms

A

foraminifera

243
Q

largest terrestrial anthropods

A

goliath beetles

244
Q

shelled cephalopods

A

nautilus and ammonites

245
Q

trilobite olenellus shows more and more juvenile features

A

early cambrian

246
Q

the parent replaced by two daughter organisms because it literally divides into two prokaryote- unicellular and lacks a nucleua that is encosed by a membrane called mitochondira

A

fission

247
Q

splitting of cells resulting to a amother and a daughter cell

A

budding

248
Q

new individuals are formed w/o the production of seeds or spores by meiosis and syngamy

A

vegetative propagation

249
Q

production of spores for reproduction

A

spore formation

250
Q

new organism grows from a fragment of a parent

A

fragmentation

251
Q

anopheles maculipennis

A

sibling species of mosquito

252
Q

trichinosis

A

humans get parasite from eating pork

253
Q

also called as silicicalstic grians

A

terrigenous silicates

254
Q

often found as results of recombination and crystallization from parent rocks during weathering

A

fe oxides and clay

255
Q

rich in metal suphide

A

black smokers

256
Q

derived form precipitation soluble constituens calcite and gypsum ooids and pellets includes limestones cherts evaporites phosperites

A

chemical/biochemical

257
Q

composed of carbonized residues of terrestrial plants and animals and petroleum bitume

A

carbonaceous

258
Q

woody residue of palnt tissues and most coal

A

humic

259
Q

solid asphaltic residue form from petroleum thorugh the loss of volaties oxidation and ploymerization

A

bitumes

260
Q

spores pollen and phyto and zooplantktons macerated plant debris in water and constituens of coals and shales

A

sapropelic

261
Q

secondary constituents often resul of precipitation frompore waters during burial diagenesis

A

authigenic contstituents

262
Q

associated with bimodal volcanisms

A

terrestrial valleys

263
Q

incipient oceanic crust and flanked by young rifted continental margins ex. red sea

A

proto oceanic rift

264
Q

mature rifted continental margins in intraplate settings at continental oceanic interfaces

A

continental rise and terraces east coast eastern united states east of appalachians

264
Q

progradational sediments wedges formed of rifted continental margins

A

continental embankments mississippi gulf coast

265
Q
A
266
Q
A
267
Q

stable cratons covered with thin laterally extensive sediment cover

A

continental platforms barents sea no undulations

267
Q

active ocean basin ex

A

pacific ocean

267
Q

borad cratonic basins floored by fossil rifts in axial Ones

A

intracartonic basinschad burial

268
Q

oceanic islands aseismic ridges and plateus

A

imperial hawaiian seamountma

269
Q

dormant ocean basins floored with oceanic crust no spreading subduction

A

porrostican guld

270
Q

ex if backarc basins

A

marianas basin

271
Q

forarc basin

A

fronting the trench volcanic arc

272
Q

former failed rifts at high angles which have been reactivated during convergent tectonics

A

aulacogens triple junction rifts

273
Q

rifts formed at high angles to continental margins w/o preorogenic history rift valley alongside trenches

A

impactogens

274
Q

basins formed in intermontane settings following the cessation of local orogenic or taphrogenic activity

A

successor basin young mga grabes ex: sierra nevada wala na backarc tilt divergent sa likod then results to multiple horts

275
Q

more important to assessing resources such as groundwater and petroleum and are the pore spaces are interconnected

A

effective porosity

276
Q

calculated by determining teh volume of fluid or gas that can be forced into the rock to completely fill the pores

A

pore volume

277
Q

this can be examined by thin sections by point counting

A

porosity

278
Q

the grain volume subtracted from the bulk volume

A

pore volume

279
Q

at least 1cm thick lenticular/ tabular

A

beds

280
Q

<1cm

A

laminaebt

281
Q

contact between beds is of erosional in nature these beds are called

A

amalgamation surface

282
Q

beds or laminae which features seasonal variation

A

varves

283
Q

fine grained clastics and evaporites results from suspension settling for sandstones often are the results of traction

A

laminated beds

284
Q

finering upwards indicates a sequence of a shrinking basin indicates turbidity curretn

A

normal grading graded beddings

285
Q

coarsening upwards indicates a basin being filled with sediemtns transitioning deep to shallow to subaerial environment

A

reverse grading

286
Q

turbidity current

A

pelagic sediments
e-hemipelagic mud towards top turbidite mud towards bottom
d-parallel laminae
c-ripples and convulate bedding
b-parent laminae
a-massive to graded turbidite

287
Q

no internal structures quite rare with coarser sediments for finer sediments sandstorm deposits loess

A

massive beddings

288
Q

fine sediments that partially or fully convers along the apex of a ripple marks favoring sand being deposited over mud

A

flaser cross bedding

289
Q

more or less continuous beds in favor of mud being deposited over sands

A

lenticular bedding

290
Q

commonly around 15-20cm thick some with sole marks indicates continetal shelf and shoreface envi continuos

A

hummocy cross strat

291
Q

poorly understood however authors agree that these are fluid rich sediment beds undergoing deformation

A

convulate sturctures

292
Q

mud is overlain by sandstone and heavier sediments where mud sediments are reaching upwards owing to the weight of the heavier overlying sediments occurs ball and pillow structures

A

flame structures

293
Q

laterally extensive some are impermeable around 1-50cm

A

dish

294
Q

vertical to enar vertical cross cutting columns saturated with water

A

pillar

295
Q

resemble channels however short and discontinuous

A

scour and fill

296
Q

cast of sediments covering bedding planes marks

A

flute casts

297
Q

larger sedimetns obstruct the path of fluid flow protecting the sediments behind it

A

current crescents

298
Q

shallow water area between high and low tide

A

littoral zone

299
Q

area of the continental margin between the low tide line and the edge of the continental shelf

A

neritic zone

300
Q

deep ocean beyond the continental margin

A

oceanic zone

301
Q

epipelagic extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of 200 meters

A

sunlit zone

302
Q

mesopelagic area of the ocean between 200m and 1000m receives light but is darker than the sunlit zone fish and other organisms live here

A

twilight zone

303
Q

bathypelagic extends from 1m to 4m darkness life forms contains tube worms lantern fish angler fish

A

bathyal zone

304
Q

abyssalpelagic the area of the ocean that is deper than 4m

A

abyssal zone

305
Q

how many fossils of bryozoans found

A

15000

306
Q

oldest species are found mineralized skeleton from

A

lower ordovician

307
Q

have tentalces and complex filter feeding systems w/ individual zooids growing from the stolon
separate mouth and anus

A

bryozoans

308
Q

odovician to recent calcified marine bryozoanz
cylcostomata
treptostomata
cryptostomata
fenestrata

A

stenolaemata

309
Q

tertiary to recent non calcareous freshwater horesehow shaped zooids

A

phylactolaemata

310
Q

ordovician to recent marine and occasinally brackish ot freshwater boxlike zooids or with small cylindircal zooids sizes are fixed in early development
ctenostomata
cheilostomata

A

gymnolaemata

311
Q

hati sa tunga

A

brachiopod

312
Q

mapaghiwalay sila na shell

A

bivalve

313
Q

most primitive survuve from cabrian to recent

A

class lingulata

314
Q

lower cambrian to present

A

phyllum brachipoda

315
Q
A
316
Q

shells are made of capo4 +chitin xomplex muscles to keep the shells aligned no toothed shells

A

inarticulates

317
Q

the crown of tentacles with cilia for filtering food from water

A

lophophores

318
Q

genus lingula unchanged since cambrian

A

subphylum linguiformea

319
Q

shells are made of calcite articulate toothed shells with simple set of opening and closing muscles

A

subphylum rynchonelliformea

320
Q

includes animals such as squids snails oysters clams and slugs marine but many are freshwater and some live on the land
despite diversity of form and function among the molluscs all members of this group have the same basic body plan often indicated by a hypothetical ancestral mollusc

A

phyllum mollusca

321
Q

hypothetical primitive ancestor that has charac that appear amont most members of the mollusca

A

HAM

322
Q

neopilina the only genus in this entire class single shell

A

class monoplacephora

323
Q

wormlike body no body wall made eat cnidarians

A

class aplacophora

324
Q

chitons the only genus in class polyplacophora shell consists of 8 overlapping paltes tongu like tooth covered

A

class polycophora

325
Q

most popular class of molluscs snail like creatures ocean lake river bottons coastal shores aland

A

class gastropoda

326
Q

no head two shells held together by powerful muscles marine and freshwater

A

class bivalvia

327
Q

lack shell like like octous
shell may redued to a stiffening rod
squids and nautilus are free swimming and move very quickly complex brain two lateral eyes excellent eyesight

A

class cephalopoda

328
Q

the study of fossil animals that lack notochord (vertebral column)

A

invertebrate paleontology

328
Q

how many percent does vertebrates consists

A

95%

329
Q

contain single celled life forms but disctinct to each other

A

monera and protista

330
Q

have a prokaryotic cellular organization which means that htey lack well defiend membrane bounded organelles and nucleus

A

monera

331
Q

consist of eukaryotic cellular organization and well defined membrane bounded organelles and nucleus

A

protista

332
Q

produces complez organic compounds from simple substances present in its surroundings using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions

A

autotrophic

333
Q

an organisms that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation and therefore derives its intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon mainly plant or animal matter

A

heterotrophic

334
Q

also called blue green alage are photosynthesizing prokaryotes and are found in qauatic

A

cyanobacterua

335
Q

true bacteria are single celled prokaryotic microorganims that have a range of characteristics and are found in various conditions throughout all parts of the world

A

eubacteria

336
Q

considered as the most primitive kind of bacteria and is said to evolve just after first life on earth extreme environments like salt lakes marshlands and oceans and hot springs

A

archaebacteria

337
Q

constitutes the single celled organisms lacking nucelus therefore are prokaryotes often described as mutualists or commensals

A

archaea

338
Q

first coind by erns hackel predecssor of plants amd fungus animals
simplest eukaryotic orgnanisms
well membrane

A

protista

339
Q

the poriferans are multicellular oragnisms that have few types of cell and are not really organized in tissues and absence of nervous system

A

phylum porifera (sponges)

340
Q

glass sponges are charac by siliceous spicules consisting of six rays intersecting at right angles largely restricted to the deep sea

A

class hexactinelllida sybphylum nuda

341
Q

includes animals that show radial or biradial symmetrical they develop from two embyronic layers awautic has tubular shaped bidy body walls of ectoderm and endoderm separated by mseoglea
single body
simple nerve net
no separate excretory

A

cnidaria

342
Q

either be sessile or nektonic free seimming medusoids move via prpulsion wherein they contract their hollow bell shaped bodies to force water out which propels them forward

A

locomotion

343
Q

mostly composed of halides and sulfates

A

evaporites

344
Q

rich in sodium sulfate soidum carboante

A

great salt lake

345
Q

more or less equidimensional lumps separated by dark carbonates mud clay

A

mosaic

346
Q

slightly elongated separated by thin dark stringers

A

chickenwire

347
Q

sabkhas and playas salt flats both marginal and continental settings

A

subaerail evaporites

348
Q

thin bedding and lamination

A

deep water evaporites

349
Q

dehydration of gypsum

A

burial

350
Q

rehydration of anhydrite

A

exhumation

351
Q

pressure dissolution

A

stylolitization

352
Q

iron rich sed rocks grouped

A

oxides
silicates
carbonates
sulfides

353
Q

separation og iron bands by chert amterial

A

chert matrix

354
Q

non banded iron formation

A

granule iron formation

355
Q

thinly bedded volcanic related lack oolitic and granular

A

algoma type

356
Q

no volcanic associations occurs quartzite black carbonaceous shales

A

superior type

357
Q

relation with glacial deposits

A

raritan type

358
Q

ferric oxides

A

chamosite iron chlorite oolite include hematite and goethite

359
Q

assoc with precambrian and phanerozoic formations occurs as nodules laminations fossil replacements

A

pyritic black shales

360
Q

small freshwater lakes of high altitude
hard oolitic pisolitic and conretionary forms to soft earthy types

A

bog iron ores

361
Q

occurs near spreading ridges black smokers belived to be precipitated of dissolved metals in fluids

A

metalliferous sediments

362
Q

ferrous iron supplied by hydrothermal systems and dissolved from ocean floor rocks was concentrated in the

A

anoxic layer

363
Q

quartz chalccedony opal deeper than CCD host to petroleum and phosphorites uranium and amnganeses

A

chert

364
Q

nodular chert

A

flint

365
Q

interbedded chert and hematite BIF assoc magnetite

A

jaspilite

366
Q

dense fine grained

A

novaculite

367
Q

resembles unglazed/unploshed porcelain

A

porcellanite

368
Q

low density light colored assoc with hot springsq

A

siliceous sinter

369
Q

algae like plant origins

lenses pieces of diatomites in silica cement

light colored soft friable

A

diatomaceous chert

diatomites

370
Q

well bedded well developed radiolarian fossils tend to urvive diagenesis

little harder than radiolarian oozes

A

radiolarian chert

radiolarite

371
Q

radiolarians
daitoms
silicoglagellates

A

cambrian/ordovician to holocene

jurassic holocene
cret holocene

372
Q

15-20%
sed rocks with less than 20% are phosphatic
ocean water only contains 70ppb phosphorous ancient deposits contain 30-40% photspherous resembles ooids and pelodoids

A

phespherites

373
Q

phosphatic nodules phosphatized limestone fragments fossils might be diagenetic origin

A

pebble bed

374
Q

forms in diagenetic reducing envi forming nodules

A

apatite

375
Q

oxidizing conditions concentration most likely on low stands high energy envi

A

reworking and enrichment

376
Q

> 25 % volume

A

volcaniclastics

377
Q

primary at least 75% clasts

lava flows picking up loose pieces on the surface

A

autoclastics

proximal breccia
distal agglomerate

378
Q

more than 10-25% volcanic clasts redulted from weathering of volcanic rocks mixed with reworki g of streams 25-75% pyroclasts

A

epivolcaniclastics

379
Q

prokaryotic cells single celled differ from bacteria in genetic and chem

A

archaea metahnogens

380
Q

prokaryotic single celled cell walls different from archaea and eukaryotic cells

A

bacteria

381
Q

eukaryotic single celled greater internal complexity than bacteria

A

protista

382
Q

eukaryotc cells multicelled major decomposers and nutrient recyclers

A

fungi

383
Q

class of fernts or fen like plants

A

psilotopsida

384
Q

plant like protists that are chromists has chloropasts containing chlorophyll stores different caratenoids

A

phylum chrysophytes

385
Q

hairy appearance is due to long extensions of the scales that cover the cell

common motile heterokont unicelll

motile colony of ochromonas like cells

A

mallamonas
ochromonas
dinobryon

386
Q

found in devonian or carboniferous periods

A

fungi fossils

387
Q

found in neoproterozoic result of symbols relationsship between an algae or cyanobacteria and fungi

A

lichens

388
Q

existed since 700ma however fossils are aged 470ma labdolanss resemble liverworts

A

plantae

389
Q

first vascular platns appearance

A

silurian

390
Q

early devonian

A

plants no roots and leaves

391
Q

late dev

A

plants have roots

392
Q

gingkos and cycads

A

permian

393
Q

appearance of angiosperms in cretaceous appearance of bees aided its evolution

A

mesozoic

394
Q

the informal group name for mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They are non-vascular plants, which means they have no roots or vascular tissue, but instead absorb water and nutrients from the air through their surface (e.g., their leaves)

A

bryophytes

395
Q

earliest known moss fossil

A

carboniferous period 320 mya

396
Q

also known as bryidae 9k species true mosses

A

class of bryopsida
`

397
Q

also known as sphagnidae 150 species peat moss
sheet like protonema threadlike shape

A

class sphagnopsida

398
Q

known as andreaeiadea 100 mosses of granite mosses brackish green color

A

adreaeopsoda

399
Q

only plant life encountered in dry windy cold mountainous microenvi they live not only on rovks but also on the snow nd ice itself

A

granite mosses

400
Q

subdivision of tracheophyta comprising vascular plants as the ferns and flowering plants well developed large leaves

A

phylum pteropsida kingdom plantae

401
Q

ferns are vascular plants differing from lycophtes having true leaves have xylem and phloeam

A

class filicinae

early carboniferous period

402
Q

most important group of gymnosperms

A

coniferns

403
Q

oldest living tees
most massive
tallest living trees

A

bristlecone pine 5k yrs old
giant sequioa 375 ft tall41 ft wide
redwoods

404
Q

short shrubs native to tropical regions like palms

A

cycads

405
Q

living fosisl male and female tree

A

ginkgo biloba

406
Q

bizarred gymnosperm plant that grows in namib desert

A

welwitschia

407
Q

fossil of a jurassic podocarp comes from port waikato

A

gymnosperm conifer

408
Q

fossilized spores suggest higher plants embryophytes have lived on land

A

at least 475 mya

409
Q

bilaterain animals that belong to the clade animals known deuterostomia vertebrates and two groups invertebrates urochordares

A

chordates

410
Q

longitudinal flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of chordate

A

notochord

411
Q

named bladelike shpare marine suspension feeders

A

lancelets

412
Q

represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates most are parasite penetrates fish skin to ingest blood jawless vertebrates that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish

A

lampreys petromyzontida

413
Q

first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elementas in their mouth and pharynz fossilized dental elementas extinct in devonian armored ajwless

A

conodonts

414
Q

jawed vertebrates

A

gnathostomes

415
Q

have skeleton composed primarily of carilage largest most diverse group includes sharkds ratfishes

A

chondrichtyans

416
Q

vast majority of vertebrates belong to clade of gnathostomes

A

osteichthyes

417
Q

actinopterygii includes nearly all the familiar originated in silurian period 444-416mya

A

ray finned fishes

418
Q

sarcopterygii have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins originated silurian period

A

lobe fins

419
Q

living caught in south afrcia 1983

A

coelacanth

420
Q

four limbs and feet evolved from lobe fins

A

tertapods appeared in 365 million years

421
Q

tiktaalik shows both fish and tertapod charac fins and gills lungs scales ribs to breathe air and support a neck

A

fishapods

422
Q

represented by about 6150 species urodela includes salamadaers means both ways of lifedeclining due disease chtrid fungus habitat loss climate change pollution

A

amphibians

423
Q

group of tetrapods whose living members are reptiles birds mammals

A

amniotes early small predators with sharp teeth and long jaws

424
Q

oldest reptalian date to carboniferous first group to emerge were

A

parareptiles

425
Q

surviving lineage of lepidosaurs two species lizard like reptiles called tuataras

A

lepidosaurus

426
Q

where birds come from

A

theropods

427
Q

living birds belong here

A

neornithes

428
Q

emu

A

flightless bird in aursralia

429
Q

evolved from synapsids
5300 sepciaes cre

A

mammals

430
Q

small group of egg laying mammals consisting of echidnas and platypus

A

monotremes

431
Q

include opossums kangaroos and koalas embryo develops in placenta

A

marsupials

432
Q

lemurs tarsiers monkeys and apes(anthropoids)

A

primates

433
Q

oldest know anthoropoid dossil 45 mya

A

tarsier related to anthropoids than lemurs

434
Q

old world monekys 20-25 mya apes includes gorillas gorillas chimpanzess gibbons orangutan humans

A

apes

435
Q

200,000

A

home sapoens

436
Q

chimpanzee and humans are 99% idential

A

omg

437
Q

study of human origins known as

A

paleoanthropology

438
Q

more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees 20 species found exticnt orig in africa 6-7 mya

A

hominins

439
Q

paraphyletic assemblage of hominins between 4 and 2 ma

A

australopiths australopithecus afarensis

440
Q

earliest fossils 2.4-1.6 mya
handy man

A

homo habilis

441
Q

fully bipedal large brained hominid existed between 1.9-1.5 mya shows a significant decrease in sexual dimorphisms compared to ancestor

A

homo ergaster

442
Q

originated inafrica by 1.8 mya first hominin to leave africa

A

homo erectus

443
Q

homo neanderthalensis lived near europe and near east 350,000-28000 yeasr thick boned hunting tools

A

neanderthal

444
Q

appeared in africa 195,000 descended frothese african ancestors

A

homo sapiens

445
Q

oldest fossil of homo s afirca 115000 from middle east
humans arrives in new world 15,000 hyears ago

A

in 2004, 18,000 year old foossils were fpund in indonesis small hominin was named homo florsiensis

446
Q

> 8.0
7.0 <8.0
5.0 <7.0
3.0 < 5.0
1.0 <3.0
<1.0

A

great earthquake
major/large earthquake
moderate earthquake
small
microearthquake
ultra mircoearthquake

447
Q

a tool or a technology employed to manage, analyze and siplay geographically referenced information GIS provides the mechanism to capture manage analyze and present data allows the user to visualize and understand the relationship between geo data in forms of maps reports charts

A

GIS

448
Q

meaning of GIS

A

geographic information system

449
Q

where coordinate and projection info for spatial features

information appended in tabular format to spatial features provides charac about spatial data contain info about where why what

A

spatial info

attribute data

450
Q

user friendly open source geographic is licensed under GNU an official project of the open source geospatial foundation

A

QGIS

451
Q

a translator lib for raster and vector geopsatial data formats that is released under an x MIT style open source lincense by the open source geospatial foundation

A

GDAL

452
Q

anchor points

indiv pixels

A

vector

raster

453
Q

defines location on spherical model of the earth

A

geographic coordinate system

454
Q

defines loc on flat model of earth

A

projected coordiante system

455
Q

GRASS

A

geographic resources analysis support system

456
Q

ifsar

A

interfeormetric synthetic aperture radar from NAMRIA

457
Q

NAMRIA

A

NATIONAL MAPPING AND RESOURCE INFORMATION AUTHORITY
NATIONAL MAPPING AND RESOURCE INFORM

457
Q

used to generate dem radar mapping is an effective tool for collecting data under challenging circumstances such as cloud cover extreme weather conditions rugged terrain remote locations flown in ph 2013

A

ifsar

458
Q

what are the pathfinder elements

A

As
Hg
Se
Ag
Mo
SO

459
Q

pathfinder elements

A

as
hg
se
ag
mo
so

460
Q

pathfinder elements

A

as
hg
se
ag
mo
so

461
Q

wallrock residual soil stream sediment
vein type au ore

A

as

462
Q

wallrock and soil
complex pb zn ag ores

A

hg

463
Q

gossam residual soil epigenetic sulfides

A

se

464
Q

residual soil ag bearinh au ore

A

ag

465
Q

water stream sediment soil porphry copper deposits

A

mo

466
Q

water sulfide deposits

A

so

467
Q

list all the diorite in ph

A

central cordillera diorite complex
northern sierra madre diorite
dinalungan diorite
polillo diorite
tambang diorite
batalay diorite
aroroy diorite
lutopqn diorite
diwata diorite
daguma diorite
pangatban diorite
guimaras diorite
sara diorite
calatrava quartz diorite

for review (33 decks)

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