compilations Flashcards
Granites formed in hotspots?
A-type granite
Can granites form from basaltic magmas?
Yes! M-type granite
the actual individual of a species that is used to formally describe it and classify it
Holotype
When is Pluto demoted as planetoid?
2006
Where is cinder cones found?
Basaltic areas
begins with the surface drainage on either an initial limestone surface or one that has been laid and is marked by progressive expansion of underground drainage
Youth
Who classified stars based on its magnitude?
Hertzsprung–Russell
A large number of caves and caverns characterize this stage, developing a full network of caverns and channels permeating the entire mass of limestone. Surface drainage is limited to short sinking creeks, which end in swallow holes and blind valleys.
mature in karst cycle
Age of cotabato basin?
Oligocene
Age of Cagayan Valley Basin?
Oligo-Mio
Cotabato trench?
Verging E
what are the iron ores
Haematite, Magnetite, Limonite and Siderite.
Age of Guadalupe Fm?
Pleistocene
Calcitic shales
marls
Have one single channel of low sinuosity and high gradient?
straight
Flysch deposit in the Philippines?
Cam Sur- Eocene, rizal (flysch-like)-Cret.,
Davao (Eocene)
Barlo zambales and sulat island, what kind of depo?
Cyprus VMS
What planet is ½ the size as earth?
Venus
Body in atlas, Cebu?
Carmen – Porphyry Copper
Where is Potassic zone formed?
Bottom
hydrothermal ore deposits derived from the interaction of evolved seawater with mafic country rocks under greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions (350°C).
These deposits are named after the massive sulfide deposits in Cyprus, which are formed in submarine volcanic environments and are associated with ophiolites (segments of oceanic crust).
Cyprus-type VMS
What deposit is related with potassic zone?
Porphyry Cu
What is the color of plagioclase when stained with HF?
red
Color of orthoclase stained w/ HF?
Yellow or orange
Gossans, what deposit are found?
Iron
Where is gossans found in Phils?
Canatuan TVI, gossanous gold
Drill strata repeated, what fault?
Reverse
(when the downthrow is against the direction of the dip of the bed in which faulting has occurred.)
Molasse deposit?
Polilio quezon, Davao del Norte (Plio-Pleistocene)
Highest velocity in a stream profile?
head
Formation of thick conglomerates?
uplift
Who proposed stream magnitude?
the order of each stream is equal to the number of up streams in the network. All streams with no tributaries are assigned an order of one. At the point where two streams intersect, their order are added and assigned to the downslope stream.
Shreve
lag deposits composed of large size gravel?
hamadas
rock avalanche is a large landslide consisting of soil and rock which travels a great horizontal distance compared to its initial vertical
Long run out debris flows
Sturzstroms?
Example of maar in the phils.?
alligator lake, Laguna
Metamorphic grades are also classified by mineral assemblage based on the
1st appearance of key minerals in rocks of pelitic (shaly, aluminous) origin?
Barrow
Rosario Fm is subdivided with its two members namely?
Amlang and
Cataguintan
Where in SEA is the second largest producer of tin?
Indonesia
t is used as a common thin section cement and glue and for refractive-index studies and tests, such as the Becke line test; to fix scratches in glass (car glass, for instance) as invisibly as possible; in oil painting, to achieve glow and facilitate fusion; in Buckley’s cough syrup.
Canada Balsam
North America, South America, the Middle East and Europe.
Index of refraction of Canada balsam?
1.55
the parallel-banded variety of chalcedony, an oxide mineral
onyx
Is porous, low-density, light-colored siliceous rock deposited by waters of
hot springs and geysers?
siliceous sinter
difference of chert and flint
Flint is defined as “a very compact, <lark grey, siliceous rock.” Farther on, chert is said to be “an impure flint, usually of light color;
Sulfides saan napupunta?
2nd deg layer of deposition
the finely-ground and macerated remains found in coal deposits.[1] It replaced the term exinite as one of the four categories of kerogen. Liptinites were originally formed by spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, leaf cuticles, and plant resins and waxes
liptinite
a common maceral in most types of coal. fusinite, semifusinite (most common), micrinite, macrinite and funginite.
inertinite
based on the presence or absence of banding, and the brightness or dullness of individual bands.
lithotype
Where is there a concentration of chromite?
Humus deposits
other term for lineage-zone
phylozone, evolutionary zone, morphogenetic zone
A unit of strata containing a clearly defined portion of an evolutionary lineage, marked above and below by some distinct and specified change in form.
lineage-zone
Plate boundary with cataclastites, mylonites, schists and phyliites?
transform
Difference of ordinary microscope with petrographic microscope?
Clip
Temp. of formation of basic rocks?
1000-1200 deg C
Temp rhyolitic magmas?
600-800 deg C
T/F. Members designated solely by lithologic character (e.g. limestone
member), by position (upper, lower) or by letter or number is formal.
F
Dip of benioff zone east of Mindanao?
Young less
rotates such that the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west (left). Therefore, the northern hemisphere rotates counter-clockwise (top right) and the southern hemisphere rotates clockwise (bottom right)
Earth
1 AU is equivalent to?
149,597,871 kilometres
1 light year is equivalent to?
10 trillion kilometres
When is the earth slowest at its orbit?
Apehelion
What planet rotates at its sides?
Uranus
Coal with high H and VM, low rank?
Sapropelic coal
hydrogen-rich coal, including cannel coal and boghead coal (see torbanite), derived from sapropels (loose deposits of sedimentary rock rich in hydrocarbons) and characterized by a dull black, sometimes waxy luster.
sapropelic coal
Coal with no alginate, present is spores, high in Hydrogen?
cannel coal
Coal with pure alginate?
Bog head coal
a sapropelic coal with a greasy, dull lustre and no lamination; in appearance and combustible properties it resembles cannel coal but with a brown or yellow streak. It has a high percentage of algal matter and volatiles, and when distilled gives a high yield of tar and oil.
Flaky fractures in coals?
.cleats
Sulfur limit in coals?
1-3%
When is the longest day?
Summer solstice (June 21)
Longest nights?
Winter solstice(December 21)
Largest coal consumer and producer?
China
equal days and nights?
Equinox (March and Sept)
World’s largest coal mine currently?
Black Thunder Mine in Northeast
Wyomin
Largest coal deposit?
Semirara Antique
Age of coal in semirara?
Oligo-miocene
What is the rank of Semirara coal?
Subituminous C
where is bituminous coal found in th ephilippines
Catanduanes, Polillo, Batan, Cebu, Masbate, Malangas coal areas
High HGI means
soft or easier for the coal to be grinded,
smaller HGI harder)
A coal with high Hargrove Grindability Index (HGI) is?
soft
Procees used to convert coal gas to liquid?
Fischer–Tropsch process
a catalytic chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) in the syngas are converted into hydrocarbons of various molecular weights
a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odour.?
Ammonia
Boyongan mine is an example of?
Po. Cu deposit
Larap, Jose Panganiban Camarines Norte is an example of?
Fe-skarn
Lepanto mine is an example of ?
High S epi. Gold
What mine is found in Norte where uraninite is mined?
Bessemer
Process used to extract nitrogen in the atmosphere, the nitrogen
fixation reaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas, over an enriched iron or
ruthenium catalyst, which is used to produce ammonia?
Haber-bosch
what are the uranium ore?
autunite
carnotite
saleeite
World’s largest resource of uranium?
Olympic dam, australia
what is a stadia used for and is equal to?
distance
185 m
1 palm is equal to?
1 step is equivalent to ?
1 pace is equivalent to?
¼ ft
2 ½ feet
5 ft
A 5 cent US coin is composed of
Copper and nickel
Who estimated the Earth’s circumference?
Eratosthenes
chem formula of enargite?
chem. formula of realgar?
Cu3AsS4
AsS
kapag may uplift sa basin anong mangyayari sa stream?
Erosion from mouth
to … / vertical erosion
ilang meters ang 1micron?
0.000001
anong shape ng newly emerged shoreline?
Straight gently curved Flat. May mga plateau
anong deposit ang may pinaka maraming acid mine water?
Sulfide deposits
anong period ang nasa dating GTS ang wala na sa gts 09?
Ternary
What is the closest galaxy in our solar system?
Canis
Major Dwarf
what is the thickness of the outer core
2260 km
what type of basin ang south china sea?
marginal basin
anong trench-arc system associated with mayon volcano?
Philippine Trench
san sa sa pinas makakita ng ammonites?
Mindoro
Use of barite?
oil-drilling
anong heavy mineral ang ginagamit sa mud for deep drilling?
Iron ore
(Barite/Celestite)
san nakakakita ng malaking exposure ng ophiolites?
Palawan, Zambales,
Mindoro
What do you call a low angle normal fault?
Detachment
also called décollements, denudational faults, low-angle normal faults (LANF) and dislocation surfaces. The low-angle nature of these normal faults has sparked debate among scientists, centred on whether these faults started out at low angles or rotated from initially steep angles.
a fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust in which the rock masses slip past one another parallel to the strike, the intersection of a rock surface with the surface or another horizontal plane.
strike-slip fault,
also called transcurrent fault, wrench fault, or lateral fault,
strike-slip fault,
ano direction ng sigma 1 sa horst?
Downward vertical?
In relation sa manila, saan ang marikina fault?
east
What type of volcano ang taal?
strato
sa weathering ng bato, san nanggagaling ang sodium sa sea water?
. iron oxide
anong klaseng deposit ang thanksgiving mine?
contact-metasomatic
refers to a process of chemical change in the composition of rocks adjacent to igneous intrusions, the change being brought about by migration of elements originating from the magma or the host.
anong sub-province ng Philex?
Baguio
anong type of drilling ang naglalabas na lang ng chips?
RC
saan located ang rapu-rapu?
Camarines norte
anong host rock sa bulawan?
breccia
ano ang underlying rock sa rapu-rapu?
Rapu rapu schist
biggest source ng coal sa pinas?
Antique
anong klaseng deposit ang lepanto?
High sulphidation epithermal gold
crystal system ng native elements?
isometric
crystal system ng plagioclase?
triclinic
gem variety ng olivine?
peridot
Type of topography ng chocolate hills?
Karst
san galing ang palawan?
china
gas emitted by volcanoes
water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The remaining one percent is comprised of small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride
Silica content ng acidic magma?
65% or more
Reservoir rock ng oil sa Vietnam?
granite
san ang epicenter ng 1990 earthquake?
anong intensity ng 1990 earthquake sa epicenter nito?
Baguio
7.8
anong cause ng destruction sa dagupan nung 1990 earthquake?
Liquefaction
what is the shortest period?
quaternary
ilang years ang quaternary?
2.6 mya
ilang years ang tertiary?
. 65.5 mya
which mineral doesn’t dissolve in HCl
Zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and iron (Fe) are positioned above the hydrogen
what structure forms in the releasing bend of a right lateral fault ?
pull-apart basin
Releasing bend
They also form where two segments of a strike-slip fault overlap, and the relay zone between the segments experiences transtension. Releasing bends often form negative flower structures or pull-apart basins. Geologists may also refer to a releasing bend as a right bend.
What do you call the sheeting of granite when the overlying layer is
removed?
Exfoliation
Oldest formation sa baguio as seen sa kennon road?
Pugo Metavolcanics
san ginagamit ang refractory chromite?
Bricks and foundry sand
anong composition ng nichrome?
B. Ni & Cr
anong mineral source ng cadmium?
Sphalerite
san nakakita ng beshi type sa pinas?
Rapu-rapu
what are the gold group of metals
roentgenum
gold
silver
Some localities in the Philippines where magnetite can be found are
Marinduque, Cordillera, Eastern Bicol, Samar, Agusan del Sur, Mindoro, Cebu, Guimaras, and Zamboanga del Sur.
type of clay na makikita sa coal seams?
Bentonite?
bakit madalas gamitin ang bentonite as marker beds?
Volcanic ash
type of symmetry kapag may 60 degrees of rotation?
6-fold
Who named Ordovician?
Sedgwick
what age can carbon date?
70,000
Where can you find plastic deformation in orogenic belts?
cont. crust
why is earthquake common in Cyprus and Pakistan ?
Africa-Eurasia collision
where did marcopper store/dispose mine tailings?
along Boac River
what does SLAR mean?
Side-looking airborne rada
Why is the Philippines considered as mineral deposit rich country?
The Philippines is situated along a well-defined belt of volcanoes called the Circum-Pacific Rim of Fire where the process of volcanism and plate convergence resulted in the formation of abundant and important metallic mineral deposits of gold, copper, iron, chromite, nickel, cobalt and platinum.
bakit di applicable sa pinas ang tertiary time scale sa Europe?
Phils. is too
youug, mostly formed in tertiary.
anong geochem used in determining concentration of heavy minerals in
streams?
AAS
ano ibig sabihin ng break-even?
the point where total revenue received equals the total costs associated with the sale of the product.
ano ibig sabihin ng background/base value?
normal
bakit sa Kilimanjaro may ice caps?
Intense precipitation at low pressure,
cold temp
what stream pattern is associated with laccolith
Radial drainage patterngeological features on which radial drainage commonly develops are domes and laccoliths. On these features the drainage may exhibit a combination of radial and annular patterns.
anong stream pattern assoc with volcanoes?
radial
result of either a stream or river downcutting through bedrock. As the flow continues to downcut, a period of valley widening may occur and expand the valley width.
Strath terraces
A shelf or step-like landform produced or controlled by erosion resistant, horizontally-bedded rock. Erosion removes overlying weaker rock or sediment forming a nearly level to gently inclined surface that rests on a relatively resistant strata or rock that ascends to a higher slope or platform.
structural bench.
also known as a concave slope or waning slope,[1] is a very gently sloping (0.5°-7°) inclined bedrock surface.[2] It is typically a concave surface sloping down from the base of a steeper retreating desert cliff, escarpment,[3] or surrounding a monadnock or inselberg,[4][5] but may persist after the higher terrain has eroded away.[6]
pediment
How many % is covered by ice today?
10%
Alternate beds of ight and dark ice?
ogives
san sa pinas ang may pinakamataas na production ng fertilizer noong 70s
and 80s?
Leyte?
In the east pacific rise, bakit di makita sa geophysics ang gitna ng ridge?
Active volcanism and hydrothermal vents.
ano ibig sabihin ng discharge?
Flow/rate of water in a cross sectional per
unit time
How is sea canyons formed?
Mass wasting, landslide turbidity currents
earthquakes
anong mangyayari sa rate of erosion sa downstream kapag na-dam ang
upstream?
Taas ang base level
what is coastal onlap
The deposition and advance of coastal non-marine and littoral deposits further and further inland, owing to a relative rise in sea level. If, subsequently, relative sea level falls, the base level is lowered and erosion probably occurs at the top of the sequence.
anong nangyari kapag ang sediments ay fining upward?
increase in
energy
geographic coordinates ng metro manila?
14N, 121E
What is the minimum investment for FTAA?
.$50M
mining method used in mining alluvial deposits?
surface mining
kailan pa naganap ang ice age, other than Pleistocene?
proterozoic-huronian and eocene
indurated mudrock?
argillites
Who laborated on one of Wegener’s many hypotheses; the idea that the
mantle undergoes thermal convection?
Arthur Holmes
First of the 4 Plio-pleistocene Ice Ages? 2 years ago?
Kansan Glaciation
Last glacial period?
12, 500 years ago
difference ng stock at batholith?
> 100 km2
batholith
computer program used in creating reports?
Jira Software
opening direction sa south china sea?
NW-SE
can a mélange be mapped as a formation?
yes if mappable at 1:50:000
sa oblique illumination, meaning kapag ang shadow is same side as the
covered side of the light?
high relief
most common clay in sedimentary rocks?
illite
Coccolithophores started when?
Mesozoic era
bakit kapag nag-drilling for oil, sa crest ng anticline hinahanap?
Closed,
accumulation since lower pressure
types of amphiboles
Tremolite.
Actinolite.
Cummingtonite.
Grunerite.
Hornblende.
Glaucophane.
Riebeckite.
Arfvedsinite.
type of garnets?
There are more than twenty garnet categories, called species, but only five are commercially important as gems. Those five are pyrope, almandine (also called almandite), spessartine, grossular (grossularite), and andradite. A sixth, uvarovite, is a green garnet that usually occurs as crystals too small to cut.
temp and pressure regime ng glaucophane?
Low temp high P
sequence of formation ng sea stack, sea cave, sea arch at cliff?
Cliff, sea
cave, sea arch, sea stack
what mineral is used in the lining of pipes due to its resistance to high
temp?
lead/ asbestos
what igneous rock exhibit bedding and other sed structures?
Volcanic
rocks
saang limestone classification based ang dominated by benthic forams?
Dunham
saang deposit assoc ang uvarovite? C
Chromite deposits, ultramafic rx
orientation ng convex side ng mollusks kapag na-deposit?
upwards
kailan nabuo ang iron formation sa lake superior?
Proterozoic
met rock formed sa faults?
mylonite
Fine grained rock turned to granular due to fault movement, what is the
general term used for met rocks with granular texture?
cataclasite
direction of fault movement in relation with slickensides?
the surface
feels smoother when the hand is moved in the same direction that the
eroded side of the fault moved (see diagram for explanation), as the
surface steps down in that direction, like the scales on a fish when stroked
from the head
ano ang refractory clay? A
Fire clay
anong structure assoc in which the older bed is overlying the younger bed?
Overturned fold
Other than convergence zones, saan pa makakakita ang suture zones?
transform boundaries
Chaotic mixture of rocks?
melange
aling layer sa ophiolite sequence ang limestone?
pelagic sediments
storage device na maliit lang ang capacity at pwede i-mail?
Floppy disk?
saang government agency enlisted ang mga exploration at mining
companies?
SEC
what type mass movement is exhibited by scalloped surface and bent slate
layer?
slump
saan naganap ang recent disaster sa pinas?
leyte
sa turbidite sequence, ano ang layer ng massive sandstone?
Ta upper flow
regime
Geochemical apparatus used in which the minerals are subjected to xray?
Xrd clay-qualitative
