compilations Flashcards
Granites formed in hotspots?
A-type granite
Can granites form from basaltic magmas?
Yes! M-type granite
the actual individual of a species that is used to formally describe it and classify it
Holotype
When is Pluto demoted as planetoid?
2006
Where is cinder cones found?
Basaltic areas
begins with the surface drainage on either an initial limestone surface or one that has been laid and is marked by progressive expansion of underground drainage
Youth
Who classified stars based on its magnitude?
Hertzsprung–Russell
A large number of caves and caverns characterize this stage, developing a full network of caverns and channels permeating the entire mass of limestone. Surface drainage is limited to short sinking creeks, which end in swallow holes and blind valleys.
mature in karst cycle
Age of cotabato basin?
Oligocene
Age of Cagayan Valley Basin?
Oligo-Mio
Cotabato trench?
Verging E
what are the iron ores
Haematite, Magnetite, Limonite and Siderite.
Age of Guadalupe Fm?
Pleistocene
Calcitic shales
marls
Have one single channel of low sinuosity and high gradient?
straight
Flysch deposit in the Philippines?
Cam Sur- Eocene, rizal (flysch-like)-Cret.,
Davao (Eocene)
Barlo zambales and sulat island, what kind of depo?
Cyprus VMS
What planet is ½ the size as earth?
Venus
Body in atlas, Cebu?
Carmen – Porphyry Copper
Where is Potassic zone formed?
Bottom
hydrothermal ore deposits derived from the interaction of evolved seawater with mafic country rocks under greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions (350°C).
These deposits are named after the massive sulfide deposits in Cyprus, which are formed in submarine volcanic environments and are associated with ophiolites (segments of oceanic crust).
Cyprus-type VMS
What deposit is related with potassic zone?
Porphyry Cu
What is the color of plagioclase when stained with HF?
red
Color of orthoclase stained w/ HF?
Yellow or orange
Gossans, what deposit are found?
Iron
Where is gossans found in Phils?
Canatuan TVI, gossanous gold
Drill strata repeated, what fault?
Reverse
(when the downthrow is against the direction of the dip of the bed in which faulting has occurred.)
Molasse deposit?
Polilio quezon, Davao del Norte (Plio-Pleistocene)
Highest velocity in a stream profile?
head
Formation of thick conglomerates?
uplift
Who proposed stream magnitude?
the order of each stream is equal to the number of up streams in the network. All streams with no tributaries are assigned an order of one. At the point where two streams intersect, their order are added and assigned to the downslope stream.
Shreve
lag deposits composed of large size gravel?
hamadas
rock avalanche is a large landslide consisting of soil and rock which travels a great horizontal distance compared to its initial vertical
Long run out debris flows
Sturzstroms?
Example of maar in the phils.?
alligator lake, Laguna
Metamorphic grades are also classified by mineral assemblage based on the
1st appearance of key minerals in rocks of pelitic (shaly, aluminous) origin?
Barrow
Rosario Fm is subdivided with its two members namely?
Amlang and
Cataguintan
Where in SEA is the second largest producer of tin?
Indonesia
t is used as a common thin section cement and glue and for refractive-index studies and tests, such as the Becke line test; to fix scratches in glass (car glass, for instance) as invisibly as possible; in oil painting, to achieve glow and facilitate fusion; in Buckley’s cough syrup.
Canada Balsam
North America, South America, the Middle East and Europe.
Index of refraction of Canada balsam?
1.55
the parallel-banded variety of chalcedony, an oxide mineral
onyx
Is porous, low-density, light-colored siliceous rock deposited by waters of
hot springs and geysers?
siliceous sinter
difference of chert and flint
Flint is defined as “a very compact, <lark grey, siliceous rock.” Farther on, chert is said to be “an impure flint, usually of light color;
Sulfides saan napupunta?
2nd deg layer of deposition
the finely-ground and macerated remains found in coal deposits.[1] It replaced the term exinite as one of the four categories of kerogen. Liptinites were originally formed by spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, leaf cuticles, and plant resins and waxes
liptinite
a common maceral in most types of coal. fusinite, semifusinite (most common), micrinite, macrinite and funginite.
inertinite
based on the presence or absence of banding, and the brightness or dullness of individual bands.
lithotype
Where is there a concentration of chromite?
Humus deposits
other term for lineage-zone
phylozone, evolutionary zone, morphogenetic zone
A unit of strata containing a clearly defined portion of an evolutionary lineage, marked above and below by some distinct and specified change in form.
lineage-zone
Plate boundary with cataclastites, mylonites, schists and phyliites?
transform
Difference of ordinary microscope with petrographic microscope?
Clip
Temp. of formation of basic rocks?
1000-1200 deg C
Temp rhyolitic magmas?
600-800 deg C
T/F. Members designated solely by lithologic character (e.g. limestone
member), by position (upper, lower) or by letter or number is formal.
F
Dip of benioff zone east of Mindanao?
Young less
rotates such that the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west (left). Therefore, the northern hemisphere rotates counter-clockwise (top right) and the southern hemisphere rotates clockwise (bottom right)
Earth
1 AU is equivalent to?
149,597,871 kilometres
1 light year is equivalent to?
10 trillion kilometres
When is the earth slowest at its orbit?
Apehelion
What planet rotates at its sides?
Uranus
Coal with high H and VM, low rank?
Sapropelic coal
hydrogen-rich coal, including cannel coal and boghead coal (see torbanite), derived from sapropels (loose deposits of sedimentary rock rich in hydrocarbons) and characterized by a dull black, sometimes waxy luster.
sapropelic coal
Coal with no alginate, present is spores, high in Hydrogen?
cannel coal
Coal with pure alginate?
Bog head coal
a sapropelic coal with a greasy, dull lustre and no lamination; in appearance and combustible properties it resembles cannel coal but with a brown or yellow streak. It has a high percentage of algal matter and volatiles, and when distilled gives a high yield of tar and oil.
Flaky fractures in coals?
.cleats
Sulfur limit in coals?
1-3%
When is the longest day?
Summer solstice (June 21)
Longest nights?
Winter solstice(December 21)
Largest coal consumer and producer?
China
equal days and nights?
Equinox (March and Sept)
World’s largest coal mine currently?
Black Thunder Mine in Northeast
Wyomin
Largest coal deposit?
Semirara Antique
Age of coal in semirara?
Oligo-miocene
What is the rank of Semirara coal?
Subituminous C
where is bituminous coal found in th ephilippines
Catanduanes, Polillo, Batan, Cebu, Masbate, Malangas coal areas
High HGI means
soft or easier for the coal to be grinded,
smaller HGI harder)
A coal with high Hargrove Grindability Index (HGI) is?
soft
Procees used to convert coal gas to liquid?
Fischer–Tropsch process
a catalytic chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) in the syngas are converted into hydrocarbons of various molecular weights
a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odour.?
Ammonia
Boyongan mine is an example of?
Po. Cu deposit
Larap, Jose Panganiban Camarines Norte is an example of?
Fe-skarn
Lepanto mine is an example of ?
High S epi. Gold
What mine is found in Norte where uraninite is mined?
Bessemer
Process used to extract nitrogen in the atmosphere, the nitrogen
fixation reaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas, over an enriched iron or
ruthenium catalyst, which is used to produce ammonia?
Haber-bosch
what are the uranium ore?
autunite
carnotite
saleeite
World’s largest resource of uranium?
Olympic dam, australia
what is a stadia used for and is equal to?
distance
185 m
1 palm is equal to?
1 step is equivalent to ?
1 pace is equivalent to?
¼ ft
2 ½ feet
5 ft
A 5 cent US coin is composed of
Copper and nickel
Who estimated the Earth’s circumference?
Eratosthenes
chem formula of enargite?
chem. formula of realgar?
Cu3AsS4
AsS
kapag may uplift sa basin anong mangyayari sa stream?
Erosion from mouth
to … / vertical erosion
ilang meters ang 1micron?
0.000001
anong shape ng newly emerged shoreline?
Straight gently curved Flat. May mga plateau
anong deposit ang may pinaka maraming acid mine water?
Sulfide deposits
anong period ang nasa dating GTS ang wala na sa gts 09?
Ternary
What is the closest galaxy in our solar system?
Canis
Major Dwarf
what is the thickness of the outer core
2260 km
what type of basin ang south china sea?
marginal basin
anong trench-arc system associated with mayon volcano?
Philippine Trench
san sa sa pinas makakita ng ammonites?
Mindoro
Use of barite?
oil-drilling
anong heavy mineral ang ginagamit sa mud for deep drilling?
Iron ore
(Barite/Celestite)
san nakakakita ng malaking exposure ng ophiolites?
Palawan, Zambales,
Mindoro
What do you call a low angle normal fault?
Detachment
also called décollements, denudational faults, low-angle normal faults (LANF) and dislocation surfaces. The low-angle nature of these normal faults has sparked debate among scientists, centred on whether these faults started out at low angles or rotated from initially steep angles.
a fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust in which the rock masses slip past one another parallel to the strike, the intersection of a rock surface with the surface or another horizontal plane.
strike-slip fault,
also called transcurrent fault, wrench fault, or lateral fault,
strike-slip fault,
ano direction ng sigma 1 sa horst?
Downward vertical?
In relation sa manila, saan ang marikina fault?
east
What type of volcano ang taal?
strato
sa weathering ng bato, san nanggagaling ang sodium sa sea water?
. iron oxide
anong klaseng deposit ang thanksgiving mine?
contact-metasomatic
refers to a process of chemical change in the composition of rocks adjacent to igneous intrusions, the change being brought about by migration of elements originating from the magma or the host.
anong sub-province ng Philex?
Baguio
anong type of drilling ang naglalabas na lang ng chips?
RC
saan located ang rapu-rapu?
Camarines norte
anong host rock sa bulawan?
breccia
ano ang underlying rock sa rapu-rapu?
Rapu rapu schist
biggest source ng coal sa pinas?
Antique
anong klaseng deposit ang lepanto?
High sulphidation epithermal gold
crystal system ng native elements?
isometric
crystal system ng plagioclase?
triclinic
gem variety ng olivine?
peridot
Type of topography ng chocolate hills?
Karst
san galing ang palawan?
china
gas emitted by volcanoes
water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The remaining one percent is comprised of small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride
Silica content ng acidic magma?
65% or more
Reservoir rock ng oil sa Vietnam?
granite
san ang epicenter ng 1990 earthquake?
anong intensity ng 1990 earthquake sa epicenter nito?
Baguio
7.8
anong cause ng destruction sa dagupan nung 1990 earthquake?
Liquefaction
what is the shortest period?
quaternary
ilang years ang quaternary?
2.6 mya
ilang years ang tertiary?
. 65.5 mya
which mineral doesn’t dissolve in HCl
Zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and iron (Fe) are positioned above the hydrogen
what structure forms in the releasing bend of a right lateral fault ?
pull-apart basin
Releasing bend
They also form where two segments of a strike-slip fault overlap, and the relay zone between the segments experiences transtension. Releasing bends often form negative flower structures or pull-apart basins. Geologists may also refer to a releasing bend as a right bend.
What do you call the sheeting of granite when the overlying layer is
removed?
Exfoliation
Oldest formation sa baguio as seen sa kennon road?
Pugo Metavolcanics
san ginagamit ang refractory chromite?
Bricks and foundry sand
anong composition ng nichrome?
B. Ni & Cr
anong mineral source ng cadmium?
Sphalerite
san nakakita ng beshi type sa pinas?
Rapu-rapu
what are the gold group of metals
roentgenum
gold
silver
Some localities in the Philippines where magnetite can be found are
Marinduque, Cordillera, Eastern Bicol, Samar, Agusan del Sur, Mindoro, Cebu, Guimaras, and Zamboanga del Sur.
type of clay na makikita sa coal seams?
Bentonite?
bakit madalas gamitin ang bentonite as marker beds?
Volcanic ash
type of symmetry kapag may 60 degrees of rotation?
6-fold
Who named Ordovician?
Sedgwick
what age can carbon date?
70,000
Where can you find plastic deformation in orogenic belts?
cont. crust
why is earthquake common in Cyprus and Pakistan ?
Africa-Eurasia collision
where did marcopper store/dispose mine tailings?
along Boac River
what does SLAR mean?
Side-looking airborne rada
Why is the Philippines considered as mineral deposit rich country?
The Philippines is situated along a well-defined belt of volcanoes called the Circum-Pacific Rim of Fire where the process of volcanism and plate convergence resulted in the formation of abundant and important metallic mineral deposits of gold, copper, iron, chromite, nickel, cobalt and platinum.
bakit di applicable sa pinas ang tertiary time scale sa Europe?
Phils. is too
youug, mostly formed in tertiary.
anong geochem used in determining concentration of heavy minerals in
streams?
AAS
ano ibig sabihin ng break-even?
the point where total revenue received equals the total costs associated with the sale of the product.
ano ibig sabihin ng background/base value?
normal
bakit sa Kilimanjaro may ice caps?
Intense precipitation at low pressure,
cold temp
what stream pattern is associated with laccolith
Radial drainage patterngeological features on which radial drainage commonly develops are domes and laccoliths. On these features the drainage may exhibit a combination of radial and annular patterns.
anong stream pattern assoc with volcanoes?
radial
result of either a stream or river downcutting through bedrock. As the flow continues to downcut, a period of valley widening may occur and expand the valley width.
Strath terraces
A shelf or step-like landform produced or controlled by erosion resistant, horizontally-bedded rock. Erosion removes overlying weaker rock or sediment forming a nearly level to gently inclined surface that rests on a relatively resistant strata or rock that ascends to a higher slope or platform.
structural bench.
also known as a concave slope or waning slope,[1] is a very gently sloping (0.5°-7°) inclined bedrock surface.[2] It is typically a concave surface sloping down from the base of a steeper retreating desert cliff, escarpment,[3] or surrounding a monadnock or inselberg,[4][5] but may persist after the higher terrain has eroded away.[6]
pediment
How many % is covered by ice today?
10%
Alternate beds of ight and dark ice?
ogives
san sa pinas ang may pinakamataas na production ng fertilizer noong 70s
and 80s?
Leyte?
In the east pacific rise, bakit di makita sa geophysics ang gitna ng ridge?
Active volcanism and hydrothermal vents.
ano ibig sabihin ng discharge?
Flow/rate of water in a cross sectional per
unit time
How is sea canyons formed?
Mass wasting, landslide turbidity currents
earthquakes
anong mangyayari sa rate of erosion sa downstream kapag na-dam ang
upstream?
Taas ang base level
what is coastal onlap
The deposition and advance of coastal non-marine and littoral deposits further and further inland, owing to a relative rise in sea level. If, subsequently, relative sea level falls, the base level is lowered and erosion probably occurs at the top of the sequence.
anong nangyari kapag ang sediments ay fining upward?
increase in
energy
geographic coordinates ng metro manila?
14N, 121E
What is the minimum investment for FTAA?
.$50M
mining method used in mining alluvial deposits?
surface mining
kailan pa naganap ang ice age, other than Pleistocene?
proterozoic-huronian and eocene
indurated mudrock?
argillites
Who laborated on one of Wegener’s many hypotheses; the idea that the
mantle undergoes thermal convection?
Arthur Holmes
First of the 4 Plio-pleistocene Ice Ages? 2 years ago?
Kansan Glaciation
Last glacial period?
12, 500 years ago
difference ng stock at batholith?
> 100 km2
batholith
computer program used in creating reports?
Jira Software
opening direction sa south china sea?
NW-SE
can a mélange be mapped as a formation?
yes if mappable at 1:50:000
sa oblique illumination, meaning kapag ang shadow is same side as the
covered side of the light?
high relief
most common clay in sedimentary rocks?
illite
Coccolithophores started when?
Mesozoic era
bakit kapag nag-drilling for oil, sa crest ng anticline hinahanap?
Closed,
accumulation since lower pressure
types of amphiboles
Tremolite.
Actinolite.
Cummingtonite.
Grunerite.
Hornblende.
Glaucophane.
Riebeckite.
Arfvedsinite.
type of garnets?
There are more than twenty garnet categories, called species, but only five are commercially important as gems. Those five are pyrope, almandine (also called almandite), spessartine, grossular (grossularite), and andradite. A sixth, uvarovite, is a green garnet that usually occurs as crystals too small to cut.
temp and pressure regime ng glaucophane?
Low temp high P
sequence of formation ng sea stack, sea cave, sea arch at cliff?
Cliff, sea
cave, sea arch, sea stack
what mineral is used in the lining of pipes due to its resistance to high
temp?
lead/ asbestos
what igneous rock exhibit bedding and other sed structures?
Volcanic
rocks
saang limestone classification based ang dominated by benthic forams?
Dunham
saang deposit assoc ang uvarovite? C
Chromite deposits, ultramafic rx
orientation ng convex side ng mollusks kapag na-deposit?
upwards
kailan nabuo ang iron formation sa lake superior?
Proterozoic
met rock formed sa faults?
mylonite
Fine grained rock turned to granular due to fault movement, what is the
general term used for met rocks with granular texture?
cataclasite
direction of fault movement in relation with slickensides?
the surface
feels smoother when the hand is moved in the same direction that the
eroded side of the fault moved (see diagram for explanation), as the
surface steps down in that direction, like the scales on a fish when stroked
from the head
ano ang refractory clay? A
Fire clay
anong structure assoc in which the older bed is overlying the younger bed?
Overturned fold
Other than convergence zones, saan pa makakakita ang suture zones?
transform boundaries
Chaotic mixture of rocks?
melange
aling layer sa ophiolite sequence ang limestone?
pelagic sediments
storage device na maliit lang ang capacity at pwede i-mail?
Floppy disk?
saang government agency enlisted ang mga exploration at mining
companies?
SEC
what type mass movement is exhibited by scalloped surface and bent slate
layer?
slump
saan naganap ang recent disaster sa pinas?
leyte
sa turbidite sequence, ano ang layer ng massive sandstone?
Ta upper flow
regime
Geochemical apparatus used in which the minerals are subjected to xray?
Xrd clay-qualitative
geochemical apparatus used in which the minerals are subjected to
radioactivity?
AAS-quantity
Geochemical method used in which aliquots=concentration of elements?
ICP-MS-quantity
greek letter used in the units of magnetic?
Gamma=1 nT
Greek letter for magnetic susceptibility?
Chalco ond pyrrhotite
method used in exploration in which the geologist is alone in measuring
the distance?
pace traverse
before computers, what is used in enlarging maps?
planimeter
ore kung saan nakakakuha ng Al?
Bauxite
anong mineral ang nakukuha sa Acanthite?
. Ag
another method used in locating oneself when the gps is unusable?
stream intersection
geophysical method used to determine underground structures?
seismic
ore body in which self potential can be used?
Po. Cu (pyrite,
pyrrhotite,chalco, hema)
san ka magtatayo ng dam?
downstream dipping
environmental issue kung bakit nasara ang Lafayette?
cyanide
crescent shaped sand dunes in which the tips are pointing upwind?
parabolic
last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
20,000 years ago,
common features of present-day plate tectonics. Whereas some may represent trapped segments of normal ocean floor, many owe their origin to extensional seafloor spreading behind active volcanic arcs. They exhibit a variety of forms.
Marginal basins
When did the 1st ancestors of horses occur?
eocene
SCS location with respect to Palawan?
north
range ages of GTS
Cenozoic 66 to 0 million years ago 66
Mesozoic 251.9 to 66 million years ago 185.902
Paleozoic 538.8 to 251.9 million years ago 286.898
Neoproterozoic 1,000 to 538.8 million years ago 461.2
Joints, parallel or perpendicular to cooling surface?
perpendicular
What will fracture when applied with stress at a shallow depth?
Sedimentary rock or granite or chert?
granite
where are blueschist formed?
subduction zones
Flysch and molasse?
Sa central cordillera
When to form annular?
Basin/ dome na eroded
Ang Sulu Sea ba ay marginal basin o hindi?
NW no, SE back-arc basin
radial stream?
dome/ volcano
Ang cotabato, what basin yung nasa gilid niya?
Agusan-davao?
what divides the manilay bay and laguna lake
The islands of Corregidor and Caballo
what country has a passive margin?
Passive margins define the region around the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and western Indian Ocean, and define the entire coasts of Africa, Australia, Greenland, and the Indian Subcontinent. They are also found on the east coast of North America and South America, in Western Europe and most of Antarctica.
Carbonate deposition?
Above CCD, 5000 m above
what is a good seal, trap and reservoir for petroleum geology?
seal= shale
trap= anticlines
reservoir= sandstone/limestone
the depth in the oceans where the rate of calcium carbonate material forming and sinking is equal with the rate the material is dissolving. Below the CCD no calcium carbonate is preserved—generally there is no CaCO3 beneath about 15,000 feet
Calcite compensation depth (CCD)
Contourites, san nafoform?
continental rise
Which has deeper CCD? In tropical or temperate regions?
temperate
Evaporites, san nafoform?
Lagoons, desserts
What part of Palawan is the Spratly’s Island found?
West/NW
Ophiolite sequence. What is found underlying the sheeted dikes?
cumulate
gabbro
Silicic/Felsic magma cools at ___ degrees celcius whilse basic magma cools
at ____degrees celcius
700-1200
Are turbidite sequence exclusively found on marine environments?
No.,
lacustrine!
kyoto protocol -
- CO2, greenhouse gases
high-stand, low-stand (glaciation), transgressive (sequence strat)
what is the rotation speed at the N. Pole? zero
Age of zambales range?
Eocene
type of rock at island arcs
andesite
age of opening of S. China Sea
-oligocene
Examples of back-arc basins
the Sea of Japan, the Kuril Basin in the Sea of Okhotsk, the Mariana Trough in the Philippine Sea, and the South Fiji Basin.
ano ang evidence na mature ang area?
Meandering rivers, flat, monadnocks
turbidite’s depositional environment?
deep marine?
anceient horse age
55 million years ago
if you drain all the water in the pacific, what landform will you
form?
plateau
What is the result of the Luzon earthquake?
liquefaction (mass wasting)
Why do we see only one side of the moon?
The moon spins about its axis in synchronization with its orbital period around the Earth.
how much is one troy ounce in g
one troy ounce is equal to 31.1034768 grams
avoirdupois equivalent in g
The avoirdupois ounce is equal to 28.35 grams
Tetrahedrite-tennantite series is found in what deposit?
Sulfides
How many grams are used in fire assay?
30 grams
When sea level regress, what do you call the present continental shelves?
Plateau
What geochemical equipment is used for clays?
XRD
Zoning on plagioclase is more common on intrusive rocks?
True
In what liquid is the gold and silver dissolved after removing the lead?
Aqua
regia
Zoning on volcanic rocks?
oscillatory
What are the basic flux and a source of lead used in fire assay?
Litharge
API means and used in?
coal
basaltine; lamprobolite; oxyhornblende. ?
Basaltic hornblende
Which crystal system has no equal length and not perpendicular to each
other?
Triclinic
Streak of cinnabar?
Red
Streak of realgar?
orange
Age of zambales ophiolite?
Age of Palawan Ophiolite?
Age of Amnay ophiolite? Age of Dinagat Ophiolite?
1.eocene
2. cretaceous
3. oligocene
4. cretaceous
In an uplift, erosion is?
Headward
Manganese nodules are found in?
chert
Price of silver 2010?
$17.63
What clay is used for porcelains?
Kaolinite
Cheapest energy in the philippines?
hydro
Gold price before 1970?
Price of gold 2010?
$35
$1164
When is the Baguio earthquake?
July 16, 1990
What is the epicenter of the 7.8 earthquake that occurred in May 2008?
Sichuan, china
When did Mt. Pinatubo erupt?
June 12, 1991
What is the movement of the fault that causes the 7.0 earthquake in Haiti last
January 2010?
Left-lateral
What is the magnitude of Baguio earthquake?
7.8
What is the epicenter of Baguio earthquake?
Near Rizal and Cabanatuan
What river is polluted in the MarCopper incident?
Boac River
What is the epicenter of the 2004 earthquake which caused tsunamis?
Sumatra
. What is the international name of Ondoy which severly hit Metro Manila?
ketsana
Who formulated the principle of fossil sucession?
William Smith
What is a Paludal environment?
bogs, marshes, swamps, or other wetlands, and usually contain lots of organic matter
What kind of barrier is formed when there is inadequate sediment supply
and slow sea level rise?
retrograding
At what temp. does the crystals in basaltic magmas form?
1000-1200 C
What is Earth’s geothermal gradient away from tectonic boundaries?
25-30
age of graptolites
about 520 to 350 million years ago
In what deposit is aqua regia used?
Au and Ag
Who suggests the theory of catastrophism?
Cuvier
Largest coal importer in the Phils?
Indonesia
When is Walsh’s Bre-X scandal happened?
1997
What is the magnetic inclination at poles?
the magnetic inclination is 0° at the magnetic equator and 90° at each of the magnetic poles.
Use of Cadmium?
battery
Use of tetrahehedrite?
Ore of Sb
What is the drainage pattern por limestones?
trellis
Stone used as flooring of National Museum?
Limestone
Stone used in Intramuros wall?
Adobe from bulacan
Arc islands are mostly composed of?
Intermediate magma
Stone in rizal monument?
Granite and bronze
Amalgam used for dentistry?
Ag + hg
Cu in London exchange?
Red Metal Cu ore
Alunite?
Sulfates. Hexagonal
What is a Macht’s yellow Metal?
Brass 58% copper, 42% zinc
What is the percentage of Copper in chalcopyrite?
34%
Which coin in the philippines is composed of brass?
25 cents
Where is Red Metal in Philippines?
Rapu-rapu, LaFayette mine
What copper ore has the highest percentage of Cu when pure?
Cuprite
Which is a nickel brass?
5 peso
Macht’s Red Matal?
80% Cu and 15 % Zn
Main use of Cr?
Metal alloy
What is the 5 of cu in bornite?
63%
Which copper is composed of Cupro-Nickel ?
1 peso
Price of copper 2010?
$3/lb
Gold is sold in what units?
$/troy oz.
Oil in 2010?
Gold 2010?
Silver?
Oil price before 1973?
$82/barrel
$1185/tr. Oz
$18/tr. O
<$5
How many liters in one barrel of oil?
158 L
Ore of manganese?
Pyrolusite
When is the highest price of oil at $147/barrel?
July 2008
Use of manganese?
steel and metal alloy, unleaded oil, dry battery
Ore of Sb?
use?
Stibnite
Semi-conductor, alloy, fire proofing
What is a boninite?
is a mafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica, formed in forearc environments, typically during the early stages of subduct
Neptunite
silicate Titanium
Crystal system of orthoclase?
Triclinic
Autunite-
radioactive phosphate
Nealite
chlorite
Gas emitted in coal combustion?
Particulate matter, NO, SO, CO
What greek letter is used for Ohm?
Omega
What greek letter is used in density and static resistivity?
Rho
Phil. Po. Copper is based on?
Sillitoe and Gappe
What VMS deposit is associated with Pb?
Kuroko
Diwalwal, davao del note?
Epithermal gold
Contenders against spratly’s island?
China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and
Vietnam
didipio
dinikidi
What greek letter is used for conductivity?
sigma
Dinagat mine?
Metallurgical Cr
Alluvial chromite?
Batang-bata narra Palawan
Crater lake of Mt. Parker?
Lake Maughan
Sulfides asan pumupunta?
2degree layer of deposition, zone of enrichment
Age of horses?
Eocene
Where is the molasse stage in the Philippines?
Kapalong Fm. Bukidnon
and Davao
Difference of timescale 1999 and 2009?
Plio-pleistocene from 1.81 to 2.6
2010 president of GSP?
Ms. Redempta Baluda
MGB director now DENR secretary?
Honorario ramos
How many meters in one degree?
108-111 km
Where is the ammonite found in the Phils.?
Mansalay, Mindoro
How many meters in one second?
30 m
Where is the stegodon found in the Philippines?
age?
Tres heramana, Antipolo
Pleistocene
What is the limestone in the underground river?
St. Paul Limestone
The equivalent of Guadalupe formation in central Luzon?
Bamban
formation
Age of the formation of luzonite?
L. Miocene to early Pliocene
Age of the limestone in underground river?
L. Oligocene to Miocene
What ruling of the Supreme court allows 100% ownership of mine
companies?
Dec. 2004
Where is the elephas sp. Found?
Cabanatuan, Iloilo
How many percent are given to the government when mining in a mineral
reservation?
10%
T/F. the President may allow/disallow mineral reservations?
T
Maximum blocks of an individual for the entire Phils for exploration
permit?
40
What law states that mining is prohibited in watershed areas which is a
problem now in Tampakan?
National Integrated Protected areas System (NIPAS)
under Republic Act No. 7586
Maximum blocks for a corporation for the entire Phils for exploration
permit?
400 blocks
Maximum blocks for a corporation for the entire Phils for mineral
agreement?
200 blocks
A quarry permit is good for how many years?
5 years, renewable for 25
years
Maximum blocks of an individual for the entire Phils for mineral
agreement?
20
How long is the expiration of an exploration permit?
2 years, renewable for
25 years
How long is a mineral agreement?
25 years renewable for 25 years again
Permit needed for gemstones extraction?
From provincial governor
How old is the minimum for labor in a mine?
16 (18 kung underground)
Maximum area for small-scale miners?
20 hectares
When is the Geology profession Law formed?
June 16, 1965
When is the chenobyl disaster?
1986
is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest
in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, quality and quantity that there are
reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction?
. Mineral Resource
When is the Bataan nuclear first built?
1976
Stratigraphically controlled conglomerate-hosted replacement gold where?
Baguio (wildcat cu mine)
Reworked turbidites?
Contourites
Tetrahedrite-tennantite series is found in what kind of Cu deposit aside
from High S vein deposit?
porphyry Cu-Au
When is the Marcopper spill?
March 24, 1996
Age of the porphyry copper deposits of mankayan?
L. Miocene
Metamorphic basement of Baguio?
Dalupirip schi
Where is uranium in Philippines?
Larap, Cam. Nort
What is a Trondhjemite?
Tonalite with oligoclase
First copper mine?
San Remegio in Carawisan mine, antique
Age of Zigzag Fm?
L. Eocene
Rubies red color is caused by the element?
Cr
What is the law prohibiting extraction of sand in beaches?
PD 265
Amethyst purple color is due to?
Ferric iron
LS systems tend to be ___ in zinc and lead, and _________ in copper, with
a _____ silver-to-gold ratio
High-Low-High
First Gold mine?
Mankayan
Where is the first nickel refinery plant?
Nonoc 1974
Age of marginal Basin sulu sea?
(Miocene)?
Star appearance in star sapphire is acuaed by ?
rutile inclusion
Sapphire deep blue color is due to?
Fe and Ti
Pink color in rose quartz by?
Phosphate or aluminum
A person who infers or predicts subsurface characteristics and relationships
from aerial photographs
photogeol(?)
The solid rock that composes the earth
basalt and granite
Deposits made by running water
alluvium or alluvial fan(?)
A gently sloping conical deposit formed by a stream emerging from a steep
narrow valley onto a broader lowland
alluvial fan
A remnant of a valley floor before rejuvenation of a stream, remainder of
part of an old floodplain at a higher level than the present one, indicates
rejuvenation has occurred
river terrace
A long, narrow remnant ridge of sand and gravel which was in the bed of a
stream on, under, or inside a glacier
esker
Tight fold in which the law of superposition is reversed by some of the beds
overturned
A steplike bend in otherwise horizontal or gently dipping beds
monocline
An elongated oval shaped hill deposited by a glacier which indicates the
direction of movement of the ice
down glacier end
drumlin
An anticline which plunges at both ends is termed a doubly plunging anticline, and may be formed from multiple deformations, or superposition of two sets of folds. It may also be related to the geometry of the underlying detachment fault and the varying amount of displacement along the surface of that detachment fault
Doubly plunging anticline
A group of joints trending in the same direction
The facet joints
Movement along a fault plane that is predominantly horizontal and parallel
to the fault plane’s strike
strike slip
Movement along a fault plane that is predominantly vertical and parallel to
the fault plane’s dip
dip slip faults
Vertical fault block in which the block extends above the fault plane
resulting in it overhanging the fault plane
thrust
Horizontal fault in which the objects on the opposite block have been moved
to the right by faulting
right-lateral strike-slip fault
an area of the Earth where elevation changes suddenly.
cliff
Horizontal fault in which the objects on the opposite block have been moved
to the left by faulting
left-lateral strike-slip fault
Rock which can be dissolved by water
ock-salt (halite), gypsum and limestone (including chalk).
ll the roads, seismic lines, power lines, pipelines, railroads, cut lines, and recreational trails we leave on the land: it’s about how we are fragmenting the landscape. How many linear features (measured in kilometers) exist in an area of land
Linear features on the landscape
Stream pattern that develops on a pronounced regional slope in one direction
Parallel drainage
Pattern of streams flowing outward or inward from a central point
Radial pattern
A stream pattern with a network of small, shallow, interlaced stream
channels formed with alluvium has been deposited in the channel
braided pattern
Pattern of streams flowing outward from a central point
Radial Drainage Pattern–
Pattern of streams flowing into an interior basin or common center
centripetal drainage pattern
Intermittent lake in an arid region which has no outlet
salt lake
An out-flowing branch of a stream that does not rejoin it, characteristically
occurs on a delta or alluvial fan
distributary
Medium-sized clastic sedimentary rock
sandstone.
A winding or looping bend in a stream channel
meander
more streams and rivers per unit area, so water will move more quickly to the measuring point. Low drainage density means few streams and rivers per unit area, so water is more likely to enter the ground and move slowly through the basin.
High drainage density
Asymmetrical ridge formed by the dip-slope of a resistant rock layer formed by the resistant beds are typically asymmetrical (if the strata don’t dip too steeply) with a steep scarp slope and a more gentle dip slope.
Homoclinal ridges
Stream pattern where streams disappear into sinkholes or are short and end
in depressions, swallow-hole pattern
The sinkhole or swallow-hole pattern
Chemical and organic division sedimentary rock composed of calcite
limesotne
Light colored, felsic, intrusive igneous rock
rhyolite and granite
Metamorphic rock resulting from sandstone
quartzite
Light-toned igneous rocks light-colored, fine-grained intrusive igneous rock with sugary texture emplaced at relatively shallow depths beneath Earth’s surface, consisting mostly of feldspar and quartz.
aplite
Metamorphic rock resulting from granite
gneiss
Delta made of coarse sediments with a triangular shape and many
distributaries such as the Nile
arcuate or arc like deltas
A sandbar extending across the mouth of a bay or cove
bay-mouth bar
Large deep mass of intrusive igneous rock
batholith
Sharp, pyramid-shaped peak formed by erosion by alpine glaciers on each
side
A pyramidal peak
Very fine-sized clastic sedimentary rock
hale, siltstone, and mudstone.
Intrusive igneous rock that is intermediate in composition containing both
light and dark colored minerals
diorite
Tributary glacial valley in which the floor is notably higher than the floor of
the main glacial valley ibutary valley that is higher than the main valley. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys, where a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume.
A hanging valley
A large-size clastic sedimentary rock made of angular fragments
breccia
Small, steep-sided volcanic cone composed of pyroclastic materials blown
out of the volcano which have collected around the vent
Cinder cones
Glacial drift or till deposited chiefly by direct glacial action, the landform
made of such material
moraine
Outpouring of magma onto the earth’s surface from a volcanic vent or a
fissure
Lava flow
Moraine which builds up along the sides of a glacier and the resulting
deposit
lateral moraine
The joining of two lateral moraines where a tributary glacier joins the main
glacier
Medial Moraine
A gently sloping conical deposit formed by a stream emerging from a steep
narrow valley onto a broader lowland
alluvial fans
Dark colored, dense intrusive igneous rock
gabbros
Shape of a glacially eroded valley or the valley of mature and old age
streams
glacial valley, also called glacial trough, stream valley that has been glaciated, usually to a typical catenary, or U-shaped, cross section. U-shaped valleys occur in many parts of the world and are characteristic features of mountain glaciation.
Flooded stream mouth that has tides
estuary
A long, narrow remnant ridge of sand and gravel which was in the bed of a
stream on, under, or inside a glacier
esker
Deposit of sand on a gently sloping shoreline, beach ridge, storm beach
Beach
Metamorphic rock resulting from shale
slate
An elongated oval shaped hill deposited by a glacier which indicates the
direction of movement of the ice
Drumlin
A group of drumlins
fields or swarms
A group of sand dunes
a dune system or a dune complex.
VARIETIES OF QUARTZ
Cryptocrystalline quartz and moganite mixture. The term is
generally only used for white or lightly colored material. Otherwise
more specific names are used.
chalcedony
Multi-colored, banded chalcedony, semi-translucent to translucent
agate
Agate where the bands are straight, parallel and consistent in size.
onyx
Volcanic cone composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic
materials
Stratovolcanoes
Opaque cryptocrystalline quartz, typically red to brown
jasper
Translucent chalcedony with small inclusions (usually mica) that
shimmer.
aventurine
Fibrous gold to red-brown colored quartz, exhibiting chatoyancy
tigers eye
Metamorphic rock resulting from limestone
marble
Marsh on a poorly drained floodplain
backwswamp
Movement of water along the shore due to waves striking the shore at an
angle
Wave Refraction
Clear, colorless
rock crystal
Purple, transparent
amethyst
Yellow to reddish orange to brown, greenish yellow
citrine
Mint green, transparent
prasiolite
Pink, translucent, may display diasterism
rose quartz
Contains acicular (needles) inclusions of rutile
Rutilated
quartz
White, translucent to opaque, may display diasterism
Milk quartz
Brown to gray, opaque
smoky quartz
Reddish orange chalcedony, translucent
canelian
Contains large amounts of dumortierite crystals
Dumortierite
quartz
Cloudiness of milky quratz by?
fluid inclusions
Cr: Fe ratio for chemical chromite?
43-45% , 1.6:1
Glaciation in a mountainous region
alpine glaciers
Cr: fe ratio refractory Cr?
45% Cr2O3 2.5:2
Cr: Fe ratio Metallurgical cr?
> 45% 2.5:1
Used in protective paints?
Chrome green
Emerald color green by?
Chromium and vanadium
In what zone are the met and ref Cr concentrated?
Zone 2
What rocks are assoc. with refrectory cr?
Troctolite/ olivine gabbro
In a laterite profile, at what zone are chromite concentrated?
Zone 3 base
of laterite
In a laterite profile, what is zone 4?
Serpentinite
World’s leading producer of Mn?
Ukraine
Bauxite is a mixture of?
gibbsite diaspore and boehmite
World’s leading producer of Al?
Australia
What is a Cinese white paint?
Zinc Oxide
Use of Al?
aluminum metal
Use of Hg?
Chlorine and caustic soda usage, thermometers and barometers
Use of Pb?
Batteries
Use of Zn?
Galvanizer, steel, alloy, paints
Cu deposit in coal beds?
Bagacay, Samar
Where is mercury mined in the phils.?
Puerto Princesa, Palawan
What composes a manganin?
Cu Mn, and Ni
What is a spiegeleisen?
Steel, Mn Fe and silica
What is an opalite? Where is it found?
Opal glass, palawan
Use of Mo?
iron and steel industry
The filament in incandescent bulb i9s composed of what?
Tungsten
Ore of mo?
Molybdenite
Ore of tungsten?
Wolframite, Scheelite
Which is the most important organic source of P and N?
Guano
Island in the Pacific which became rich due to guano deposit/
Nauru
When did guano production stopped?
1996-2001
What law stopped the extraction of guano from caves?
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 412
4 kinds of lime
high Calcium, magnesian, oyster, hydrated
Who classifies limestone and dolomite?
Pettijohn
%Calcite over 95
%Dolomite less than 5
%MgO 0-1.1
limestone
%Calcite90-95%
%Dolomite 5-10
%MgO1.1-2.1
calcitic limestone
%Calcite 50-90
%Dolomite 10-50
%MgO2.1-10.8
magnesian limestone
%Calcite 10-59
%Dolomite 50-90
%MgO10.8-19.5
dolomitic limestone
%Calcite less than 50
%Dolomite over 90
%MgO 19.5-21.6
dolomite
Dolomite in Cebu are found in what formation?
Carcar Fm
Sequence of seawater evaporation
Carcar Fm
528. Sequence of seawater evaporation: calcium and magnesium carbonates
(calcite, CaCO3 and dolomite, CaMg (CO3)2; calcium sulphate
(as gypsum and anhydrite); sodium chloride (halite); and potassium and
magnesium salts (kainite, KMgSO4 Cl. 3H2O; carnallite, KMgCl3. 6H2O; sylvite,
KCl; and kieserite, MgSO4. H2O)
Hardness of Obsidian?
5 to 5.5
Other terms for bloodstone?
Heliostrope
What color is the Bergeyen marble found in Mindanao?
Red
Price of rock aggregates pre-1980?
P11/Cu.m
Price of sand and gravel pre-1980?
P12/Cu.m
Price of sand and gravel 2002?
P 161/Cu.m
