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compilations part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a heavy spar?

A

Barite

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2
Q

Use of barite?

A

paint making

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3
Q

What is used as porcelain in china?

A

kaolin

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4
Q

When is the oil spill in Gulf of Mexico?

A

April 20, 2010

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4
Q

Where in Luzon there is dolomitic limestone?

A

San Ildefonso, bulacan

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4
Q

How many barrels per day are spilled in the Gulf of Mexico?

A

5500
barrels/day

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5
Q

What company is involved in Gulf of Mexico oil spill

A

BP Transoceania

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5
Q

How many liters in one barrel of oil?

A

159L

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5
Q

What do you call a rock with both pyroclastic (25-75%) and epiclastic
sediments?

A

Tuffites

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6
Q

Igneous rocks with 10% -50% carbonate rocks are called?

A

ijolite(naa gyapon sa Lemaitre)

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6
Q

A coarsed grained carbonatite is called?

A

soviet

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6
Q

Unconcsolidated pyroclasts are called

A

Tephra

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6
Q

is an ultra potassic volcanic rock occurred in oceanic and/or
continental settings, especially in continental rift?

A

lamproite

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7
Q

A name for the distinctive series of consanguineous rocks Kalsilite-leucite-olivine melilitite, Olivine-pyroxene kalsilitite and Pyroxene-olivine leucitite.erm describing several kalsilite-bearing rocks alkaline volcanic rocks. These rocks are characterized by the presence of modal kalsilite, .

A

kamafugite

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7
Q

sually refers to minerals in the åkermanite-gehlenite series, by far the most abundant members of the group s a volcanic rock composed of over 90% melilite, with small amounts of olivine, clinopyroxene, and perovskite
intrusive equivalent of melilitolite

A

melilite

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7
Q

Who proposed the Nebular Hypothersis?

A

Kant and Laplace

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7
Q

are ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rocks.

A

komatiite

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7
Q

ultrapotassic mafic igneous rocks which have
primary mineralogy consisting of amphibole or biotite, and with feldspar in the
groundmass?

A

lamprophyre

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8
Q

are ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic and subvolcanic rocks?

A

lamproite

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9
Q

is a mafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica, formed in
fore-arc environments, typically during the early stages of subduction

A

boninite

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9
Q

Hardest silicate mineral?

A

Topaz

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9
Q

What is the other term for diabase?

A

Dolerite

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9
Q

Called fish eye stone?

A

Apophyllite

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9
Q

GSSP stands for?

A

Global Standard Section and Point

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9
Q

At what temp does enargite and luzonite occurs together/exsolved?

A

275-
300 C

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9
Q

What did Wegener call the supercontinent Pangaea?

A

Urkontinen

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9
Q

What supercontinent is formed during the Vendian Period?

A

Panottia

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9
Q

What do you call the continent formed by Africa and S. America?

A

Atlantica

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10
Q

GSSA means?

A

Global Standard stratigraphic Age

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10
Q

What are the other PGE?

A

Ru, Rh, Os, Pd, Ir

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10
Q

When did GSSA used instead of GSSP?

A

cryogenian

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11
Q

Ore of Pt aside from native?

A

Sperrylite

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11
Q

Difference between the radius in equator and pole?

A

21 km

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11
Q

Rate of subsidence of Metro Manila?

A

0.4cm/20years

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11
Q

Pathfinders for gold?

A

Bismuth Arsenic

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11
Q

Concentric shell-shaped alteration zones by?

A

Lowell and Guilbert

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11
Q

Curie pt of magnetite?

A

550 deg C

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12
Q

Rate of movement of Pacific plate?

A

10cm/yr

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12
Q

Diff. bet. Po Cu-Au and Po. Mo?

A

More magnetite Cu-au

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12
Q

Who proposed the Phil. Po. Cu model in 1984?

A
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13
Q

represent two end member styles recognized in mountain ranges. Both styles are encountered in former passive margins of continental plates. Thick-skinned style including the entire crust and possibly the lithospheric mantle are associated with intracontinental contraction

A

Thin-skinned and thick-skinned tectonics

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14
Q

who named the permian period?

A

murchison

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15
Q

Beginning of Pliocence, Cretaceous

A

.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.

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15
Q

Glacial

A
  • lowstand
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15
Q

lithostratigraphic

A

A body of rocks that is defined and recognized on the basis of its lithologic properties or combination of lithologic properties and stratigraphic relations.

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15
Q

Which has no material apparent?

A

Group, series, epoch, biozone

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15
Q

When doubly plunging domes, crest dip- 0

When dike intrudes sandstone, wall instead of trench?

A

Diorite, andesite,
basalt

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15
Q

What minerals concentrate when stream flows on streams and shore?

A

Halite/gypsum, magnetite, chromite, tin/Pt,

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16
Q

Why many granite but not so rhyolite?

A

Low temp silica or viscous silica

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16
Q

What has highest velocity river, ?

A

semi-circular, wide channel, steep
channel

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17
Q

Rocks in divergent?

A

Basalt

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17
Q

Fault with no hanging and foot wall?

A

Fault with no hanging and foot wall?

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17
Q

Ancient seas with many coals?

A

Arctic, Tethys, gulkf of mexico, south
antlantic

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17
Q

Deposits in divergent zones?

A

Po. Cu, VMS

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17
Q

Greywacke and volc. Sediments, where formed?

A

Converget oceanic and
cont, divergent oceanic, convergent ocenic-oceanic
605. Barrier sands where formed? Surf zone or ber

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17
Q

Rocks in convergent oceanic and cont?

A

andesites

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17
Q

Barrier sands where formed?

A

Surf zone or berm

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17
Q

a large block that has been tectonically transported. The block is isolated on all sides and rests on or with a foreign (exotic) framework of other formations. In German, the common word Klippe means a rocky eminence or crag or a sea stack.

A

Klippe

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18
Q

Clino forms with prograding downslope?

A

Regression

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18
Q

Paleocurrent?

A

Imbrications

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18
Q

Which is penetrative?

A

Lineation

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18
Q

Ripples northwest,dipping northeast

A

paleoslope?

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18
Q

Regional unconformity not a good indicator

A

Bentonite used for lithostrat correlation

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18
Q

Which is not a lineation?

A

Groove cast, parallel alignment of flat rocks

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18
Q

Lavas and sedimentary part of ocean?

A

Ophiolite?

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19
Q

Chronostrat boundary?

A

Time

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19
Q

River

A

consequent, superpose

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19
Q

Deposits with Bi,Sn, W? Granitic plutons?

A

Deposits with Bi,Sn, W? Granitic plutons?

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19
Q

Volcanic rocks for correlation lithostrat

A
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19
Q

Drainage divide between Pampanga and agno river?

A

E-W

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19
Q

Cyclone 100 km of manila CCW, what is the wind direction in manila?

A

Northeast (NE) monsoon - from November to February. Southwest (SW) monsoon - from July to September

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20
Q

30 deg latitude northern hemisphere, direction of wind?

A

In the circulation cell that exists between 60° and 30° north, the movement of air produces the prevailing westerlies. In the tropic circulation cell, the northeast trade winds are produced.

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20
Q

30 deg south, direction of wind

A

Between about 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south of the equator, in a region called the horse latitudes, the Earth’s rotation causes air to slant toward the equator in a southwesterly direction in the northern hemisphere and in a northwesterly direction in the southern hemisphere.

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20
Q

Lingayen gulf swale?

A

Tidal marsh, beach ridges, sand dunes?

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20
Q

Ampitheater on top with some traverse cracks?

A

Mudflow

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20
Q

Columnar basalts formed by?

A

cooling

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21
Q

Alpine glaciers what move?

A

Rotational, shear, tensional, compressional

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22
Q

Where the sediments in Cagayan valley from?

A

Northern sierra, southern
sierra, cordillera, zambales?

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22
Q

Basement of Cagayan valley?

A

Cret?

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22
Q

Anticline plunging North, trending E-w normal fault?

A

what is movement in
limbs?

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22
Q

Overturned bed, where drag fols?

A

Nose, fore limb, back limb, crest

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23
Q

Where basalts residuals thickest?

A

Plateaus, gentle moderate slope,
floodplain, cuts

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23
Q

Weathering of fractured granite and massive sandstone?

A

cut
Spheroidal weathering is the result of chemical weathering of systematically jointed, massive rocks, including granite, dolerite, basalt and sedimentary rocks such as silicified sandstone. It occurs as the result of the chemical alteration of such rocks along intersecting joints.

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23
Q

How does co2 cause sea level rise?

A

“ocean inertia”: As the world warms due to greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide included — waters heat up and expand, causing sea levels to rise

Because of human-driven increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there is more CO2 dissolving into the ocean. The ocean’s average pH is now around 8.1 , which is basic (or alkaline), but as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic.

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24
Q

For oil explo, what drainage?

A

Radial/ annular

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24
Q

For oil explo, where look?

A

Spit, coral atoll

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24
Q

Chalco, sphalerite, bornite?

A

Sulfides

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24
Q

Dense mantle, buoyant asthenosphere, what?

A

Isostatic uplift

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24
Q

Tertiary?

A

Arduino

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24
Q

Waste nuclear where?

A

Deep Cagayan valley, deep cavern limestones in
Cagayan?

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24
Q

Zones?

A

D’Orbiginy?

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24
Q

Dome with initial erosion, drainage? Radial/centripetal annular?

A

Parasitic Cones

K40/Ar40 what will happen if several intrusions? Younger, older,
indeterminate, no effect?

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24
Q

Oil depo?

A

Paralic environment

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24
Q

Multiple river terraces caused by?

A

tectonic, isostat, eustatic, mass wasting
erosion

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24
Q

BNPP where stable? N

A

Northern Palawan

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24
Q

is accurate description of the stratified rocks (Flötzgebirge). He distinguished thirty successive bands of rock in the stratified system of Ilfeld and Mansfeld, and set forth the geological structure of that district in an accompanying series of diagrams and sections.

A

Johann gotleib lehmann

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24
Q

Melt glaciers Greenland, what will happen?

A

Isostatic uplift, sea level rise

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24
Q

Divergent?

A

Listric normal faults

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24
Q

Accretionary prism?

A

Thrust faults?

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25
Q

Inbound magmatic arc?

A

Forearc, back arc

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25
Q

In benioff zone, met minerals?

A

Glaucophane…

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25
Q

In met haloes, near contact pluton?

A

Garnet and pyroxenes

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26
Q

Sea level rise, coast?

A

Submergen

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26
Q

Apparent displacement?

A

Transform in mor, strike slip

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26
Q

Trellis where?

A

Folded ss and shales

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26
Q

Rate of movement of plates?

A

1-10 cm/year

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26
Q

What is found pelagic?

A

diatomite shales, or foram oozes and planktonic

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26
Q

Foram oozes not formed below?

A

4 km, 7 km, 200 fathoms

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27
Q

Liquefaction caused by?

A

high water table, unconsolidated seds

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27
Q

Anticline?

A

It is proved that the anticlinal structures which have negative and positive anomalies caused by main deep seated faults associated mostly with shallower faults on the crests of those structures.

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27
Q

What caused eruption of Mt. Pinatubo?

A

Subduction at manila trench

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27
Q

Guadalupe tuff

A

bamban formation, manila: tarlac

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27
Q

Sanddunes migration in coast?

A

Wind landward, tsunami

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27
Q

elating to rocks consisting of cemented fragments that originate from the mechanical breakdown of rock associated with plate tectonic processes.

A

Cataclastite

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27
Q

he angles between the crystal faces of a given species are constant, whatever the lateral extension of these faces and the origin of the crystal, and are characteristic of that species.

A

he law of the constancy of interfacial angles (or ‘first law of crystallography’)

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27
Q

Plate boundary SCS and Luzon

A

Propylitic alteration

hemical alteration of a rock, caused by iron and magnesium bearing hydrothermal fluids, altering biotite or amphibole within the rock groundmass. It typically results in epidote–chlorite–albite alteration and veining or fracture filling with the mineral assemb

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27
Q

occurs via dissolution of all components into solution, with the subsequent precipitation of secondary minerals from solution, and it is the feldspars dissolution rate which controls the overall rate of feldspar weathering.

A

Feldspar weathering

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27
Q

class of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the granulite facies that have experienced high-temperature and moderate-pressure metamorphism. They are medium to coarse–grained and mainly composed of feldspars sometimes associated with quartz and anhydrous ferromagnesian minerals, with granoblastic texture and gneissose to massive structure.

A

Granulite

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27
Q

defined as a cohesive foliated rock (on which linear fabric is also commonly observed) produced by tectonic reduction of grain size through crystal-plastic processes in restricted areas of intense deformation.

A

mylonite

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28
Q

What crystal sys whose optic coincide with x, y,z?

A

ortho

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28
Q

What is an armstrong?

A

molecular diameter

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28
Q

As2S3

A

Orpiment

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28
Q

Cu3AsS4

A

Formula of enargite

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28
Q

AsS, As2S2 or As4S4

A

Formula of realgar

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28
Q

methods of getting index of refraction

A

interferometry,
the deviation method,
the Brewster Angle method.

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28
Q

a measurement method using the phenomenon of interference of waves (usually light, radio or sound waves). The measurements may include those of certain characteristics of the waves themselves and the materials that the waves interact with.

A

interferometry,

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28
Q

he extended method of the assumed or short-cut method of obtaining the mean of large values. These values of deviations are divisible by a common factor that is reduced to a smaller value. The step deviation method is also called a change of origin or scale method.

A

the deviation method,

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28
Q

light that reflects from a surface at this angle is entirely polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence (“s-polarized”). A glass plate or a stack of plates placed at Brewster’s angle in a light beam can, thus, be used as a polarizer.

A

the Brewster Angle method.

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28
Q

Augen?

A

Gneis

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29
Q

Convergence?

A

Phyllite

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29
Q

Largest emerald producer?

A

Brazil

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29
Q

Feldspar in gabbro?

A

Anorthite and bytownite

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29
Q

Granulite? Monzonite?

A

Trodjhemite in zambales and ilocos

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29
Q

Limonite,…? Iron hat?

A

Apatite is the defining mineral for 5 on the Mohs scale. It can be distinguished in the field from beryl and tourmaline by its relative softness. It is often fluorescent under ultraviolet light. Apatite is one of a few minerals produced and used by biological micro-environmental systems

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29
Q

High grade ni?

A

Saprolite

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29
Q

Po. Cu in padcal?

A

Diorite

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30
Q

Po. Cu ?

A

intermediate rocks

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30
Q

Used for geol map?

A

GIS or autocad

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30
Q

Strontium sulfate?

A

celestite

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30
Q

Enargite?

A

Arsenates or sulfides

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30
Q

Used for thematic map?

A

GIS

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30
Q

P.D. No. 1720

A

Mine Wastes and Tailings Fee” shall accrue to the reserve fund to be used exclusively for payment of damages on lands, agricultural crops and forest products, marine life and aquatic resources, the destruction of infrastructures, and the revegetation and rehabilitation of silted farm lands and other areas devoted to agriculture and fishing caused by pollution due to the operation of mining companies;la

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30
Q

Not processor?

A

Cyclone

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31
Q

he instrument used to measure refractive index (RI). A refractometer measures the extent to which light is bent when it moves from air into a sample and is typically used to determine the refractive index of a liquid sample.

A

A Refractometer

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31
Q

Which is not a sulfide?

A

limonite periclase

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32
Q

MgSO4?

A

Magnesium sulfate

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33
Q

Barite?

A

Mansalay

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33
Q

Steep vein, narrow?

A

Underground, block caving, long wall

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33
Q

Asian Islamic dress

A

Sari

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33
Q

Gold bars?

A

Finess/purity percentage/carat

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33
Q

Keyboard?

A

Input

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33
Q

Desktop for geologist?

A

Large memory or large monitor

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33
Q

Computer in field?

A

Notebook

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33
Q

Other term for mercury?

A

Quicksilver

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33
Q

Diamond?

A

Ultrabasic rocks

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33
Q

Silica cap?

A

ltrabasic rocks?

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33
Q

Sn and W(Tungsten (also called wolfram) )?

A

Granite

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34
Q

Ore of Sn?

A

Cassiterite

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34
Q

AFMAG?

A

Audio-Frequency MAGnetic technique, the use of natural electromagnetic noise in the audio-frequency range to study lateral changes in earth resistivity. The quantities measured are the azimuth and inclination of the dip of the major axes of the ellipsoid of polarization.

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35
Q

Not in calling card?

A

Achievement

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35
Q

MPSA, how many years?

A

25

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36
Q

one in which the axial plane is essentially horizontal, with the limit of variation of axial-planar dip, and the resulting limit of plunge, being 10°

A

recumbent fold

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36
Q

High grade Ni and cobalt?

A

Saprolite or B zone

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36
Q

MPSA how many non-Filipino owned?

A

40%

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36
Q

gently undulating, almost featureless plain that, in principle, would be produced by fluvial erosion that would, in the course of geologic time, reduce the land almost to baselevel (sea level), leaving so little gradient that essentially no more erosion could occur.

A

Peneplain

36
Q

The larger grains preferably roll over the smaller grains when the common tangent becomes almost horizontal or makes a very low angle with the direction of flow, and by this process gradually reaches the upper surface of the flow causing the development of inverse grading.

A

reverse grading

36
Q

Dagupan?

A

Liquefaction

36
Q

Jan 2004 company against?

A

Climax-Arimco.. AngloAmerican

36
Q

Dec 2004 supreme court?

A

FTAA

36
Q

Thickness of inner core
outer core

A

1,200 kilometers.
2,300 kilometers

36
Q

EIS processed by?

A

EMB

37
Q

What should answer the objective?

A

Conclusion, recommendation,
discussion, methodology

37
Q

Used in writing report?

A

MS Word

37
Q

Indigenous people?

A

NCIP

37
Q

also piggy-back, thrust-sheet-top, detached, or satellite basin) is a minor sedimentary basin developed on top of a moving thrust sheet as part of a foreland basin system. Piggyback basins form in the wedge-top depositional zone of a foreland basin system as new thrusts in the foreland cut up through the existing footwall containing the eroded wedge-top basins in the old thrust sheet.

A

piggy back

37
Q

oldest rock

A

The oldest intact rock found on Earth to date is from the Acasta Gneiss Complex of northwest Canada. U/Pb dates of zircon from the gneiss reach into the Hadean Eon at 4.02 Ga.

37
Q

what mineral has the closest /same refractive index with canada balsam?)

A

crown glass

37
Q

Used in computer, suite?

A

MS office

37
Q

.flower structure

A

result of transtensional stress

37
Q

high in porosity low
permeability

A

shale

37
Q

After Pinatubo, manila what happened?

A

Darkening, earthquake

38
Q

VMS Depos

A

Cyprus - Barlo, Kuroko - Bagacay, Besshi - Rapurapu)

38
Q

Banda Aceh?

A

Tsunami

38
Q

epithermal and porphyry elemnts

A

Porphyry and epithermal deposits are the most significant global resources for copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), and rhenium (Re), and are major sources of gold (Au), sil

38
Q

three factors affect the cycle of erosion, they are Structure, Process, and Time. Here, the Structure represents the rock composition, the Process refers to the agents of erosion like River, Wind, etc. and Time represents the span of time.

A

Davis Cycle of Erosion

38
Q

WHERE CINNABAR IN PH?

A

palawan

38
Q

first appearance of reef

A

Coral reefs first appeared 485 million years ago, at the dawn of the Early Ordovician, displacing the microbial and sponge reefs of the Cambrian. Sometimes called rainforests of the sea, shallow coral reefs form some of Earth’s most diverse ecosystems.

38
Q

have conspicuous shapes that can be used to determine the direction of movement along the fault. Straight slickenlines indicate linear-translational fault motion. They are parallel to the direction of fault motion and serve as a kinematic indicator.

A

slickensides

39
Q

structural features linked to the interactions between strike-slip and extensional tectonics. Their morphology and structural evolution are determined by factors such as extension rate, the basin length/width ratio, and changes in extension direction

A

.pull-apart basins

39
Q

Ca-rich anorthite

A

Labradorite

39
Q

the branch of geology that studies the age of rock strata in relation to time.

A

Chronostratigraphy

39
Q

difference of isostasy and rebound

A

Isostasy forms the basis of the theory of isostatic rebound. Isostasy itself is based on the opposing influences of two main forces: buoyancy and gravity. For the earth, it is the reason that the relatively rigid lithospheric plat

39
Q
A
39
Q

possible age of oldest oceanic crust

A

(>200MYA)

40
Q

differentiate melange from olistostrom

A

In our regional assessment, the term mélange is principally used for a technically fragmented and mixed body of rock. A different term, olistostrome, is used for a chaotic and mixed rock body that formed by sedimentary processes such as slumping or gravity sliding.

40
Q

carbon polymorphs

A

aditional graphite and diamond, the newly developed fullerene C60 [1], carbon nanotube (CNT) [2], graphene [[3], [4], [5]] and graphyne [[6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]], due to the distinct hybridizations

40
Q

. self location

A

bisection or also called triangulation

40
Q

Wolframite

A

@Palawan, tungsten ore

40
Q

canada balsam

A

use it for medicine. People use Canada balsam for burns, sores, cold symptoms, pain, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. Canada balsam is also used as a food additive, in manufacturing, and in dentistry. so called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is the oleoresin of the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea) of boreal North America. The resin, dissolved in essential oils, is a viscous, sticky, colourless or yellowish liquid that turns to a transparent yellowish mass when the essential oils have been allowed to evaporate.

Canada balsam is amorphous when dried. It has poor thermal and solvent resistance.[1]
commonly used mounting medium to prepare permanent slides for microscopy. It is produced from the resin of the balsam fir tree and can be combined with xylene-containing specimens. (Refractive index (20°C) 1.515 - 1.530).

40
Q

It extends from Doña Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan in the north and runs through the provinces of Rizal, and the Metro Manila cities of Quezon, Marikina, Pasig, Makati, Taguig and Muntinlupa, and the provinces of Cavite and Laguna that ends in Canlubang.

also known as the Valley Fault System (VFS), is a dominantly right-lateral strike-slip fault system in Luzon, Philippines.

A

Marikina Valley fault

40
Q

Negros Trench

A

collision of North Palawan Block and Phil Mobile belt

40
Q

.mineral index

A

low to highgrade (sedimentary and metamorphic rocks)

41
Q

gold nuggets

A

Streams usually

41
Q

.Common grade of coal in the Phil

A

Subbituminous

41
Q

Epicenter of 7.7 earthquake

A

The earthquake’s epicenter was near the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija, northeast of Cabanatuan. An estimated 1,621 people were killed, most of the fatalities located in Central Luzon and the Cordillera region.

41
Q

Age of carboniferous?

A

his time period took place 359 to 299 million years ago.

41
Q

A geometric scale of grain sizes which classifies particles of siliciclastic sediment from 4096 millimetres (boulders) in size down to 0.00006 millimetres (clay). This scale is almost universally accepted by modern sedimentologists (a type of geologist)

A

Udden-Wentworth scale

41
Q

Age of landplants

A

500 million years ago

41
Q

Animals used in proving continental drift

A

Mesosaurus, Cynognathus, Lystrosaurus, and Glossopteris. Modern day representation of the Mesosaurus.

41
Q

.Oldest fossil?

A

Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria: Fossil Record. The cyanobacteria have an extensive fossil record. The oldest known fossils, in fact, are cyanobacteria from Archaean rocks of western Australia, dated 3.5 billion years old.

41
Q

the idea that a spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light elements, called a nebula, flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets

A

nebular hypothesis

41
Q

What era did the appalchian mountains form

A

Ordovician
More specifically, the Appalachians formed during a period in the Paleozoic called the “Ordovician,” which lasted from about 485 to 443 million years ago.

41
Q

most accepted theory of the moon formation

A

The giant-impact theory is most widely accepted today. This proposes that the Moon formed during a collision between the Earth and another small planet, about the size of the planet Mars. The debris from this impact collected in an orbit around Earth to form the Moon.

41
Q

Giant red spot where located

A

Jupiter is well-known for being the biggest planet in our solar system, and it’s also home to the biggest storm. It’s called the Great Red Spot, an enormous vortex that has been swirling for centuries. It’s bigger than our own

42
Q

Most common in paleozoic

A

Graptolites are found only in Palaeozoic rocks

42
Q

Continental convergent result

A

Himalayas

42
Q

Positive gravity anomaly means

A

A rock has a positive gravity reading, or anomaly, if it has a value higher than the normal regional gravity value; it has a negative gravity reading, or anomaly, if it has less than the regional gravity value.

42
Q

the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture).

A

The tree line

42
Q

(also known as the Sundaland Block) is surrounded in every direction by tectonically active convergent boundaries, below which are subducting: the Phillippine Sea Plate to the East, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the South. The Sunda Plate’s northern boundary is defined by its relatively slow, progressive collision with the Eurasian Plate which the Sundaland Block was once considered part of

A

Sunda Plate

42
Q

Ring of fire?

A

Pacific

42
Q

Delta unconsolidated?

A

Subsidence, flooding, liquefaction

42
Q

garnierite

A

Below 700

42
Q

Ni mineral?

A

garnierite

43
Q

Cu grade Phils po. Cu?

A

.25-.5, .5-1%

43
Q

Sherit Gordon?

A

Nickel

43
Q

Explo geochem?

A

AAS or XRF

43
Q

efers to a fault with a curved fault plane. Most listric faults comprise a steeply dipping section near the surface. But the fault plane becomes increasingly flat with depth. Listric faults can be normal faults or reverse faults.

A

listric faults

43
Q

Lithium rich mica -

A

Lepidolite

44
Q

one of the earliest aquatic relatives of reptiles and mammals [1]. The word Mesosaurus is Latin, and “meso” means “middle.” Scientists describing the first Mesosaurus fossils believed mesosaurs were “in the middle” between amphibians and reptiles, because they had features of both.

A

Mesosaurus

45
Q

seismically active, rapidly deforming plate boundary zone situated along the convergent Philippine Sea/Eurasian plate boundary, is examined using geodetic and seismological data.
Most segments of the Philippines, including northern Luzon, are part of the Philippine Mobile Belt, which is bounded by the Philippine Sea Plate to the east, the Molucca Sea Collision Zone to the south, Sunda Plate to the southwest, and the South China Sea Basin to the west and north-west.

A

PMB

46
Q

Size of laminae

A

Laminae are normally smaller and less pronounced than bedding. Lamination is often regarded as planar structures one centimetre or less in thickness, whereas bedding layers are greater than one centimetre. However, structures from several millimetres to many centimetres have been described as laminae.
ess than 10 mm thick,

47
Q
A
48
Q

the stress or pressure forced on a layer of soil or rock by the heaviness of the overlying substance. Intelligent Models Applied to Elastic Modulus of Jointed Rock Mass

A

Confining Pressure

48
Q

Process when u add water to chemical

A

hydrolysis

49
Q

Continental shelf how many meters?

A

A continental shelf typically extends from the coast to depths of 100–200 metres (330–660 feet). It is gently inclined seaward at an average slope of about 0.1°. In nearly all instances, it ends at its seaward edge with an abrupt drop called the shelf break.

50
Q

Extrusive version of monzonite

A

latite, also called trachyandesite, extrusive igneous rock very abundant in western North America. Usually coloured white, yellowish, pinkish, or gray, it is the volcanic equivalent of monzonite

51
Q

what are the limestone formations in cebu

A

An upper Orbitoidal limestone, a lower clastic unit with coal measures and a basal conglomerate (Guindaruhan) comprise the Cebu Formation. The Malubog Formation is composed of mudstone, shale and occasional beds of conglomerate, limestone and coal. Middle Miocene rock formations unconformably overlie the older rocks.

52
Q

What is the difference between a chinook and a foehn?

A

The wind off of the Rocky Mountains in North America is a foehn wind that is called a Chinook wind. A foehn wind is a warm, dry wind that descends on the eastern slopes of most mountains. A warm wind like this can bring relief from cold winter weather.
Fohn is a cold and dry wind flowing in tundra regions which decreases the temperature of these areas to below freezing point. 2. Chinook is a warm dry wind which blow along the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains and is also known as snow eater.

53
Q

difference of Pelean Strombolian

A

They can occur when viscous magma, typically of rhyolitic or andesitic type, is involved, and share some similarities with Vulcanian eruptions.
explosive outbursts that generate pyroclastic flows, dense mixtures of hot volcanic fragments and gas described in the section Lava, gas, and other hazards. Pelean eruptions are named for the destructive eruption of Mount Pelée on the Caribbean island of Martinique…
The weakest are Hawaiian and submarine, then Strombolian, followed by Vulcanian and Surtseyan. The stronger eruptive types are Pelean eruptions,

54
Q

Definition of Blackhole

A

a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying. Because no light can get out, people can’t see black holes. They are invisible

55
Q

Co2 in Venus

A

Its gaseous envelope is composed of more than 96 percent carbon dioxide and 3.5 percent molecular nitrogen. Trace amounts of other gases are present, including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, water vapour, argon, and helium.

56
Q

difference of star and planet

A

self-illuminate
A star is a body that possesses a light that causes it to reflect the light independently. On the other hand, a planet is simply a fixed celestial body with its own orbit and spins on its own axis, yet reflects the light from an external source.

56
Q

Magnetic reversals every _ year

A

Earth has settled in the last 20 million years into a pattern of a pole reversal about every 200,000 to 300,000 years, although it has been more than twice that long since the last reversal. A reversal happens over hundreds or thousands of years, and it is not exactly a clean back flip.

56
Q

. How many tectonic plates

A

The surface of the Earth is divided into 7 major and 8 minor plates. The largest plates are the Antarctic, Eurasian, and North American plates. Plates are on average 125km thick, reaching maximum thickness below mountain ranges.

57
Q

Mantle made of silicate minerals

A

The rocks that make up Earth’s mantle are mostly silicates—a wide variety of compounds that share a silicon and oxygen structure. Common silicates found in the mantle include olivine, garnet, and pyroxene. The other major type of rock found in the mantle is magnesium oxide.

58
Q
  • largest porphyry Cu deposi
A

Tampakan

59
Q

Melting point of ice when pressure is increased

A

= increase pressure decrease
melting point

60
Q

what is Physa

A

freshwater
ossil species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an extinct aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Physidae. This species has a small, left-handed (or sinistral) shell, as is always the case in this family.

61
Q

When did fishes go to shallow seas

A

When did fishes go to shallow seas

62
Q

Do P-waves travel faster in water or granite?

A

The speed of P and S waves varies according to the material through which it is traveling—P waves travel faster through dense rocks (4.8 km/sec) and slower through liquid (1.4 km/sec), while S waves travel only through solids (about 3 km/se through dense granite) and stop upon reaching liquid

63
Q

Material S Wave (kilometres per second) P Wave (kilometres per second)
Sandstone 1.4 to 2.5 3.0 to 5.0

A

Limestone 2.4 to 3.1 4.2 to 5.8

64
Q

Granite 3.0 to 3.7 4.9 to 5.9

A

Basalt 3.3 to 4.0 5.2 to 6.2

65
Q

changes in mineral assemblage and mineral composition that occur during burial and heating are referred to as prograde metamorphism, whereas those that occur during uplift and cooling of a rock represent retrograde metamorphism.

A

retrograde metamorphism

66
Q

Fold mountain in South America

A

The Andes are mostly being folded and uplifted from the thicker, less-dense rocks of the South American plate. The sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the Andes are dotted by active and dormant volcanoes.

67
Q

Definition of boss

A

the person (as an employer or supervisor) who tells workers what to do. 2. : the head of a group. especially : a powerful politician who controls party business. boss adjective.
a person who employs or superintends workers; manager. a politician who controls the party organization, as in a particular district.

68
Q

crenulation

A

form when an early planar fabric is overprinted by a later planar fabric. Crenulations form by recrystallisation of mica minerals during metamorphism. Micaceous minerals form planar surfaces known as foliations perpendicular to the principal stress fields.

69
Q

a ratio, expressed in percent, of the amount of atmospheric moisture present relative to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated. Since the latter amount is dependent on temperature, relative humidity is a function of both moisture content and temperature.

A

Relative Humidity (RH)

70
Q

A scissor fault changes dip and offset sense along strike so that the hanging-wall becomes the footwall.

A

Groins are shore-perpendicular coastal engineering structures. Groins are usually placed in groin “fields” (multiple groins) and are meant to inhibit the alongshore movement of sand and “catch” sand.

71
Q

Indications of upcoming earthquake

A

Warning signs that may indicate an earthquake is imminent can include:
Erratic animal behaviours such as scared or confused pets or birdcalls not usually heard during the night.
Sudden water level changes in wells or artesian bores.

72
Q

Clay

A

least resistive

73
Q

mantle is made of what

A

The rocks that make up Earth’s mantle are mostly silicates—a wide variety of compounds that share a silicon and oxygen structure. Common silicates found in the mantle include olivine, garnet, and pyroxene. The other major type of rock found in the mantle is magnesium oxide
A layer of the Earth (or any planet large enough to support internal stratification) between the crust and the outer core. It is chemically distinct from the crust and the outer core. The mantle is not liquid. It is, however, ductile, or plastic, which means that on very long time scales and under pressure it can flow.

74
Q

Gravity high

A

mineralization

75
Q

Runoff and infiltration rates in steep slopes

A

The steeper the slope and the less rapid the water infiltration rate, the more rapid the water runoff rate for a given soil. Soils having granular structure and high porosity have slower water runoff rates than do soils with massive structure and low porosity

76
Q

Central Luzon Volcanic Arc

A

Mt Arayat

77
Q

Which in not low energy environment?

A

Turbidite, Braided Stream, Paludal,
Swamp

78
Q

2nd tallest mountain

A

= K2

79
Q

Limestone to marble

A

Marble is a metamorphic rock formed by the alteration of limestone by heat and pressure. The calcite in the limestone changes and fossils and layering in the original limestone disappear as interlocking grains grow. If the limestone is pure, a white marble is formed.

80
Q

Sinkholes in carbonates

A

Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground.

81
Q

When planets begin to melt, the materials in them begin to separate from one another. The heaviest materials, such as metallic iron, sink to form cores. Low-density magmas rise, forming crusts. This process is

organization, of the Earth into layers is perhaps the most significant event in its history. It led to the formation of a core, a crust, and eventually continents. The light elements were driven from the interior to form an ocean and atmosphere.

A

differentiation.

82
Q

What is planar foliation?

A

foliation, planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent mineral grains of a metamorphic rock of the regional variety along straight or wavy planes.

83
Q

typical structures in geological multilayer folds; they are characterized by a small wavelength and are situated within folds with larger wavelength. Parasitic folds exhibit a characteristic asymmetry (or vergence) reflecting their structural relationship to the larger-scale fold.
Large folds commonly have smaller-scale folds in their limbs and crest. They are usually referred to as higher-order (2nd, 3rd order etc.) or parasitic folds. They form during flexure of layered rock where slip occurs between rock layers – a mechanism called flexural slip.

A

parasitic fold

84
Q

What is disconformity

A

lack of conformity; discrepancy. 2. geology. the junction between two parallel series of stratified rocks, representing a considerable period of erosion of the much older underlying rocks before the more recent ones were deposited.

85
Q

What mineral is Calamine

A

ZnCO3

86
Q

How far across is the milky Milky Way?

A

about 100,000 light-years

87
Q

Rupa question

A

recumbent fold, conjugate joints

88
Q

. Occurrence of Sillimanite

A

Sillimanite occurs as a constituent of high-temperature metamorphosed rocks containing clay. In contact metamorphosed rocks it may occur in silimanite-cordierite gneisses or sillimanite-biotite horfels. In silica poor rocks, it may be associated with corundum.

89
Q

Former name sa Central Cordillera Diorite Complex

A

AGNO BATHOLITH

90
Q

Average age sa basement rocks sa pinas

A

Cretaceous ni

91
Q

Asa makita na formation ang ammonites sa pinas

A

Colasi Point, south of Mansalay, Oriental Minodoro, Philippines. Geological age: Middle Oxfordian.

92
Q

Which of the following is not a geologically active na planet

A

Mercury and the Moon, similar in size and appearance, are both geologically dead because of their relatively small size. Mars is bigger than Mercury but not big enough to have retained enough geological activity to continuously replenish the atmosphere, which is constantly lost to space

93
Q

When was the last glacial period in Europe?

A

Last Glacial Maximum/Full Glacial (22,000 14C years ago) to 14,000 14C years ago. The last late Glacial from 22,000 up until just before 13,000 14C years ago was very cold and dry throughout Europe. Large ice sheets were present over much of northern Europe, and ice caps covered the Alps and the Pyrennes.

94
Q

Sea floor spreading evidenced by

A

The magnetism of mid-ocean ridges helped scientists first identify the process of seafloor spreading in the early 20th century.

95
Q

When na accept ang plate tectonics theory?

A

The theory of plate tectonics was not fully accepted by science until the late 1960s. In 1968, three studies on seismic activity and the interaction of the Earth’s crust along faultlines provided indisputable proof that the planet’s crust was made of separate pieces moving independently of each other.
1968

96
Q

What supported continental drift theory

A

Wegener used fossil evidence to support his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. Grooves and rock deposits left by ancient glaciers are found today on different continents very close to the equator.

97
Q

whats the most significant event in cenozoic

A

The Cenozoic has seen the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and the rise of mankind. It is marked by the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period and the end of the Mesozoic Era.

98
Q

The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid”.

A

Achimedes principle

99
Q

stress formula

A

Stress Formula is given as σ = F / A.
Here, σ refers to the stress, F is the force applied and A denotes the area of the surface. Stress Formula is used to find stress applied on any given body if force and area on which force is exerted are provided.

100
Q

. Hardness sa Dolomite

A

3.5 - 4 (relatively soft)

101
Q

refers to the point in the orbit of a planet or other astronomical body, at which it is closest to the sun.

A

perihelion

102
Q

Cause sa Ordovician extinction

A

The evidence indicates that climate change caused the extinctions. A major ice age is known to have occurred in the southern hemisphere and climates cooled world-wide. The first wave of extinctions happened as the climate became colder and a second pulse occurred as climates warmed at the end of the ice age.

103
Q

what happens when only some parts of a rock melt; it takes place because rocks are not pure materials. Most rocks are made up of several minerals, each of which has a different melting temperature.

A

Partial melting

104
Q

What part sa Earth weakest ang magnetism?

A

the equator

105
Q

Angle sa open fold

A

Folds, where the angle between two limbs is usually greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees, are called open folds. The rock beds have the same thickness throughout the fold in such folds. They are formed due to moderate compressional force.

106
Q

what type of fault was bohol earthquake 2013

A

reverse

107
Q

Unsa na streonet ang equal angle?

A

wulfnet
This can be used to place planes and poles of planes on a stereogram with great accuracy. It allows the maintenance of angular truth, while still being easy to draw.

107
Q

Unsa na streonet ang equal area?

A

Schmidt (equal
area si Schmidt, mao ni ginagamit nga stereonet sa structural geol)

108
Q

Largest temperate deser

A

Patagonian desert

109
Q

Rock with cataclastic texture

A

This cataclastic rock (sandstone, granite, etc.) is like a fault breccia, which has more than 30% by volume of fragments larger than the average ground mass but can be distinguished because the clasts are usually grain sized and very little rigid-body rotation has occurred

109
Q

is a scale that is used in raised-relief maps, plans and technical drawings (cross section perspectives), in order to emphasize vertical features, which might be too small to identify relative to the horizontal scale.

For example, for a 1:500000 topographical map if 1 cm units on x-axis equals 500 real units, and the vertical value is also 500, then no vertical exaggeration would exist; however if the vertical value were 100, the vertical exaggeration would be 5 indicating the topography is exaggerated five times the presentation in

A

Vertical exaggeration

110
Q

Why meteor impact not common on earth?

A

When the meteor enters the atmosphere they get heated up due to the air resistance and eventually blow up into small pieces thus they aren’t very common.

110
Q

Glacier erosion

A

– horn?

110
Q

Which is not isometric metal spinel?

A

spinel, mineral composed of magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl2O4) or any member of a group of rock-forming minerals, all of which are metal oxides with the general composition AB2O4, in which A may be magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, or nickel; B may be aluminum, chromium, or iron; and O is oxygen.

111
Q

Dietz’s discovery in 1952 of the first fracture zone in the Pacific, which he related to deformation of the Earth’s crust, led him to hypothesize that new crustal material is formed at oceanic ridges and spreads outward at a rate of several centimetres per year. Subsequent work confirmed this suggestion.

A

robert dietz

111
Q

. Independent, what value(?) of the correlation coefficient

A

It is independent of the unit of measurement of the variables where the values of the correlation coefficient can range from the value +1 to the value -1. However, it is insufficient to tell the difference between the dependent and independent variables.

112
Q

other term for metallic luster

A

splendent luster

112
Q

GEODYSEA

A

Geodynamics of South and South-East Asia

112
Q

Color sa Canada balsam

A

pale yellow color

112
Q

Silica content sa felsic rocks

A

more than 65 percent

112
Q

Tridymite temperature

A

Tridymite is a silica polymorph (SiO2) that crystallizes at high temperature (870- 1470°C) and low pressure (< 4kbar) in a stable hexagonal form. Its presence in terrestrial settings is usually associated with silicic volcanic envi- ronments.

112
Q

Most common minerals sa igneous rocks

A

The feldspar mineral family is the most abundant. Quartz, calcite, and clay minerals are also common. Some minerals are more common in igneous rock (formed under extreme heat and pressure), such as olivine, feldspars, pyroxenes, and micas.

112
Q

the result of very high shear stress, such as occurs along fault zones. Dynamic metamorphism occurs at relatively low temperatures compared to other types of metamorphism, and consists predominantly of the physical changes that happen to a rock experiencing shear stress

A

. Dynamic metamorphism

112
Q

a metamorphic rock formed by the contact between mudstone / shale, or other clay-rich rock, and a hot igneous body, and represents a heat-altered equivalent of the original rock. This process is termed contact metamorphism.

A

hornfels

113
Q

red streak

A

hematite

113
Q

Stilbite what mineral group

A

zeolite

113
Q

One of the most famous and significant occurrences of pectolite is in the Dominican Republic, where a blue variety of pectolite called Larimar is found. Larimar is highly valued for its unique blue coloration and is used in jewelry and decorative items. is a white to gray mineral, NaCa2Si3O8(OH), sodium calcium hydroxide inosilicate. It crystallizes in the triclinic system typically occurring in radiated or fibrous crystalline masses. It has a Mohs hardness of 4.5 to 5 and a specific gravity of 2.7 to 2.9. The gemstone variety, larimar, is a pale to sky blue.

A

Pectolite

113
Q

what are the minerals of metacarbonate

A

The most common minerals in metacarbonates are Ca-, Mg-, or CaMg-silicates. Other minerals, including garnets and phlogopite, are also common.

113
Q

Most common halide

A

The halides consist of about 80 chemically related minerals with diverse structures and widely varied origins. The most common are halite (NaCl), sylvite (KCl), chlorargyrite (AgCl), cryolite (Na3AlF6), fluorite (CaF2), and atacamite.

113
Q

Transparent mineral

A

Anisotropic

114
Q

s the sulfate salt of strontium. It is a white crystalline powder and occurs in nature as the mineral celestine.
It is used as a red colorant in ceramics and glass. It is used for refining zinc. It is also used for flares purposes.

A

Strontium Sulfate

114
Q

Which of the following is a semi precious stone

A

chondrite

114
Q

difference of marcasite and pyrite

A

Pyrite crystals are generally equant, and dominated by cubes, octahedrons and 12-sided pyritohedrons. Marcasite crystals are usually rectangular (tabular) with wedge-shaped ends and tend to form in star shaped, radiating or cockscomb groups.
Pyrite is sometimes incorrectly known as Marcasite in the gemstone trade. Marcasite is mineral that is a polymorph of Pyrite, and can be fragile and unstable, and is not fit for gemstone use. The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool’s gold, is an iron sulphide with the chemical formula FeS2.

114
Q

a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. This is in some cases the mechanism used for glow-in-the-dark materials which are “charged” by exposure to light.

A

phos·pho·res·cence

114
Q

(plural foresets) An obstacle; hindrance. That which is set ahead or before; proposal, suggestion. (geology) The deposition of sediment by the turbidity currents above the reservoir water level.

A

foreset

114
Q

A = {Set of all polygons} and B = {Set of regular polygons}; in this B ⊂ A and B ≠ A, therefore, A is the superset of set B. X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and Y = {s: s < 4 and s ϵ N}; in this case, set Y is the subset of X and conversely, set X is the superset of set Y.

A

subset

114
Q

also called Horn Silver, gray, very heavy halide mineral composed of silver chloride (AgCl); it is an ore of silver. It forms a complete solid-solution series with bromyrite, silver bromide (AgBr), in which bromine completely replaces chlorine in the crystal structure.

A

cerargyrite,

114
Q

refractory chromite content

A

Refractory chromite ores (30-44 wt% Cr2O3; 20-30 wt% Al2O3) are linked with the peridotite-troctolite-olivine gabbro lineage. Two main types were found: (1) Al-rich refractory ores associated with harzburgites and feldspathic periodotites and (2) more Cr-rich varieties associated with lherzolites.

114
Q

Fe rich biotite

A

iron mica

114
Q

Asa nakita si Luzonite?

A

Lepanto, Benguet

114
Q

emission of light by certain materials when they are relatively cool. It is in contrast to light emitted from incandescent bodies, such as burning wood or coal, molten iron, and wire heated by an electric current.

A

lu·mi·nes·cence

114
Q

one of the world’s leading producers of iron ore.

A

rio tinto

115
Q

a powdery white substance, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate. It’s widely used as a household cleaner and a booster for laundry detergent. It’s a combination of boron, sodium, and oxygen.
also called sodium tetraborate, is a powdery white mineral that has been used as a cleaning product for several decades. It has many uses: It helps get rid of stains, mold, and mildew around the house

A

borax

115
Q

any diamond that is mined in areas controlled by forces opposed to the legitimate, internationally recognized government of a country and that is sold to fund military action against that government.
also called conflict diamond, as defined by the United Nations (UN), any diamond that is mined in areas controlled by forces opposed to the legitimate, internationally recognized government of a country and that is sold to fund military action against that government.

A

blood diamond

115
Q

What is the unit of mercury?

A

Inches of Mercury

(or in Hg) Unit of atmospheric pressure used in the United States. The name comes from the use of mercurial barometers which equate the height of a column of mercury with air pressure. One inch of mercury is equivalent to 33.86 millibars or 25.40 millimeters.

115
Q

where is manganese nodules formed?

A

oceans
Manganese nodules occur as potato-shaped concretions on the seafloor of abyssal plains in about 4000–6000 m water depth in all major oceans. They form two-dimensional deposits on top or within the first 10 cm of the deep-sea sediments

115
Q

are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. People encounter Infrared waves every day; the human eye cannot see it, but humans can detect it as heat. A remote control uses light waves just beyond the visible spectrum of light—infrared light waves—to change channels on your TV.

A

infrared

115
Q

term often used to describe metamorphosed sandstone containing mainly quartz, feldspar and mica. The term gneiss is used for highly metamorphosed rocks that have distinct compositional banding.

A

psammite

115
Q

What happens to coal during combustion?

A

its carbon combines with oxygen in the air and forms carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas, but in the atmosphere, it is one of several gases that can trap the

115
Q

measures the distance to a target. The distance is measured by sending a short laser pulse and recording the time lapse between outgoing light pulse and the detection of the reflected (back-scattered) light pulse.

A

light detection and ranging

115
Q

what deposit is in almaden spain

A

mercury
The Almadén district is the largest mercury geochemical cluster on Earth, having produced one third of the total world mercury. It is a stratabound mineral deposit and is composed of three mineralized levels in the “Cuarcita del Criadero”.

115
Q

what is british pound

A

GBP is the abbreviation for the British pound sterling, the official currency of the United Kingdom. The British pound sterling is symbolized by the pound sign (£) and referred to as “sterling” or by the nickname “quid.”

115
Q

What are the Pathfinders of minerals?

A

provide means to explore large areas for their potential mineral commodities such as gold, diamond, base metals, platinum group of elements, and rare earth elements by narrowing the search area to reduce exploration costs.

115
Q

boundary separating two liquid layers of different densities. In oceans a large density difference between surface waters (or upper 100 metres [330 feet]) and deep ocean water effectively prevents vertical currents; the one exception is in polar regions where pycnocline is absent.

A

pyc·no·cline

116
Q

a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage to an underground mine. Miners can use adits for access, drainage, ventilation, and extracting minerals at the lowest convenient level. Adits are also used to explore for mineral veins.

A

adit

116
Q

difference of enstatite and hypersthene

A

In this case, the elements are iron and magnesium and enstatite is the magnesium end member of the series. Hypersthene is the intermediate member with around 50% iron and ferrosilite is the iron rich end member of the series. Enstatite is fairly common but ferrosilite is extremely rare.
Pure enstatite contains no iron, while pure ferrosilite contains no magnesium; hypersthene is the name given to the mineral when a significant amount of both elements are present.

116
Q

What is the largest use of rare-earth elements?

A

his chart shows the global demand by market sector for REEs in 2021. The largest use is in magnets (43.2%), followed by catalysts (17.0%), polishing powders (11.2%), metallurgical (7.1%), glass (6.4%), battery alloys (3.6%), ceramics (3.0%), phosphors (0.5%), pigments (0.3%) and other products (7.6%). Bayan Obo Mining District is the world’s largest known deposit of REEs, as it’s estimated to contain around 100 million metric tons of rare earth reserves. China Northern Rare Earth Group High-Tech Co.

116
Q

a surface geophysics method that utilizes the refraction of seismic waves on geology layers and rock/soil units to characterize subsurface geologic conditions.

A

. Seismic refraction

116
Q

a continuous distribution of random variable y whose natural logarithm is normally distributed. For example, if random variable y = exp { y } has log-normal distribution then x = log ( y ) has normal distribution.

A

. log normal

116
Q

a device that is designed to divide a representative sample into smaller, testable portions so you can test your material without the risk of long testing times and test sieve blinding.

A

A sample splitter

116
Q

barium sulfate obtained as a fine heavy white precipitate from aqueous solutions of a soluble barium compound (such as barium sulfide) and sodium sulfate. hemically precipitated, pure barium sulfate. It is resistant to water, acid, alkali and organic solvents as well as to light and to

A

Blanc fixe

116
Q

a Sanskrit word for “love.” More specifically, it refers to pure, unconditional love that leads to total devotion and surrender. Of the various paths of yoga, Bhakti yoga is most associated with prem, as the highest form of devotion (bhakti) is prem.

A

PREM meaning

116
Q

separation of gold or silver from impurities by melting the impure metal in a cupel (a flat, porous dish made of a refractory, or high-temperature-resistant, material) and then directing a blast of hot air on it in a special furnace.
a method used for refining of such metals which contain impurities of other metals which form volatile oxides. For example removal of last traces of Pb from Ag.

A

Cupellation

116
Q

geophysical data can help locate hydrocarbons, minerals, aggregate, and other natural resources. Geophysical data can also be used for geologic mapping, hydrology, environmental monitoring, slope stability assessment, infrastructure planning and monitoring, and to study permafrost.

A

Geophysics, application

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