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minerals Flashcards

1
Q

is a manganoan variety of muscovite that was originally described in 1865 by J.F.H. Breithaupt who also named the mineral. The name alurgite is from the Greek word “halourges” meaning (“genuine purple dye from the sea”) in allusion to its typical reddish-purple color. Alurgite is a reddish-purple variety of muscovite that gets its color from the presence of Mn in its chemical formula. W. T. Schaller (1959) Placed alurgite as an intermediate between leucophyllite (now a synonym of aluminoceladonite) and muscovite.

A

Alurgite - K2(Mn, Mg,Al)4-5(Al,Si)8O20(OH)4

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2
Q

a common regional metamorphic mineral which forms under low pressure and low to high temperatures. The minerals kyanite and sillimanite are polymorphs of andalusite, each occurring under different temperature-pressure regimes and are therefore rarely found together in the same rock. All three polymorphs can be used as index minerals in metamorphic rocks. They all develop in alumina-rich pelites under different conditions of temperature and pressure. Andalusite form al low pressures (<1.5 Kb) and low moderate temperature in thermal aureoles and regional metamorphism of Buchan type (high T and low P). At higher temperature its invert in sillimanite.

A

Andalusite

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3
Q

commonly contains dark inclusions of carbon or clay which form a checker-board pattern when shown in cross-section, while viridine, or manganandalusite, is a Mn-rich variety of andalusite, with deep green colors.

A

variety chiastolite

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4
Q

a mineral belonging to the serpentine group of minerals. forms during low-grade metamorphism of olivine-rich rocks (peridotite and other ultrabasic rocks, gabbros, lamprophyres, etc.); is a major component in serpentinites. Antigorite can be accompanied by lizardite which can form the major component in pseudomorphs after orthopyroxene.

A

Antigorite

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5
Q

common component of some metamorphic and metasomatic rocks. Its name comes from the Latin word for clove and is an allusion to its typical and distinct clove-brown color.is the product of metamorphism of magnesium-rich rocks, especially ultrabasic igneous rocks and impure dolomitic shales. It also forms as a retrograde product rimming relict orthopyroxenes and olivine, and as an accessory mineral in cordierite-bearing gneisses and schists. also occurs as a retrograde metamorphic mineral derived from ultramafic rocks along with serpentinite.is formed by the breakdown of talc in ultramafic rocks in the presence of water and carbon dioxide as a prograde metamorphic reaction. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (XCO2) in aqueous solution favors production of anthophyllite. indicative of at least greenschist facies metamorphism in the presence of carbon dioxide bearing metamorphic fluids.

A

Anthophyllite

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6
Q

occurs in contact and medium to high grade metamorphic rocks in association with garnet, cordierite, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, sapphirine, sillimanite,kyanite, quartz, staurolite and biotite. Gedrite was first described for an occurrence in Gèdres, Héas Valley, Francein 1836.

A

Gedrite

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7
Q

a solid solution between the end members Phlogopite KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 and Annite KFe3AlSi3O10(OH)2, although pure Annite does not occur in nature. In addition, small amounts of Na, Rb, Cs, and Ba may substitute for K, and like in other minerals, F can substitute for OH and increase the stability of Biotite to higher temperatures and pressures. a sheet silicate; iron, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen form sheets that are weakly bound together by potassium ions. It is sometimes called “iron mica” because it is more iron-rich than phlogopite. It is also sometimes called “black mica” as opposed to “white mica” (muscovite). the most ubiquitous ferromagnesian mineral occurring in most igneous and metamorphic rocks. Nearly pure phlogopite is found in hydrous ultrabasic rocks like kimberlite, and is also found in metamorphosed dolomites. ore Fe-rich compositions is common in dacitic, rhyolitic, and trachytic volcanic rocks, granitic plutonic rocks, and a wide variety of metamorphic rocks.

A

Biotite

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8
Q

Form: pseudoexagonal basal section (001), rectangular (110) section.
* Relief: Moderate.
* Color: brown to black.
* pleochroism: yellow to brown to green colors.
* Interference colors: third-order colors.
* cleavage: perfect {001} micaceous cleavage.
* extinction: Bird’s eye extinction, or bird’s eye maple, is a specific type of extinction exhibited by minerals of the mica group under cross polarized light of the petrographic microscope. It gives the mineral a pebbly appearance as it passes into extinction

A

Biotite

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9
Q

A fibrous variety of Brucite is called

A

nemalite

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10
Q

has a layer structure with hydroxyl (OH-) groups in hexagonal close packing. Each Mg is octahedrally coordinated to six O– groups and these octahedra share edges to form the layers. Brucite is a common alteration product of periclase, which is commonly formed in metamorphosed dolomites. common low-temperature hydrothermal mineral in metamorphosed limestones and chlorite schists and is often found serpentinized dunites.

A

Brucite - Mg(OH)2

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11
Q

Form: Is typically in flattened tabular crystals with rare rhombohedral terminations. Also found in lamellar and fibrous aggregates and as foliated masses.
* Cleavage: Perfect in one direction, basal.
* Relief: Moderate.
* Birefringence: High.

A

Brucite - Mg(OH)2

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12
Q

Aragonite will change to calcite at what temperature

A

380-470 °C

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13
Q

Trigonal carbonate have a structure similar to

A

halite

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14
Q

low pressure polymorph and is the only truly stable form under surface condition. Color: Colourless
* Form: In thin section usually show fine to coarse anhedral aggregate
* Cleavage: Perfect rhombohedral cleavage intersect at about 75°
* Interference colors: V orders interference colors
* Relief: Calcite is characterized by change in relief during a 360°rotation of the stage; the crystals is said to “twinkle” during rotation.

A

Calcite

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15
Q

tin oxide mineral and it is the most important source of tin, and most of the world’s supply of tin is obtained by mining cassiterite. Small amounts of primary cassiterite are found in igneous and metamorphic rocks throughout the world. It is also a residual mineral found in soils and sediments. more resistant to weathering than many other minerals, and that causes it to be concentrated in stream and shoreline sediments an be found in hydrothermal veins and pegmatites associated with granite intrusions. May also precipitate from volcanic gas, as shown by experiments of Africano et al. (2002), in which it deposits in the 550-240°C range.

A

Cassiterite - SnO2

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16
Q

Form: Usually as fibrous, botryoidal crusts or concretionary masses. Granular, coarse to fine.
* Twinning: Both contact and penetration twins.
* Colour: Black, yellow, brown, red or white.
* Relief: Very High.
* Interference colours: Very High.

A

Cassiterite - SnO2

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17
Q

“the lilac miracle of Siberia” and It is considered “the main mineralogical discovery of the second half of the 20th century”. Charoite was discovered in 1949 and confirmed as a new mineral species in 1977. According to the discoverers of the mineral, the name originates from the Chara River, situated close to the southem border of the Murun complex. An “unofficial” hypothesis suggests the Russian word “charovat” (to charm) as a possible origin for the name. It has been found at only one locality in at the broad contact aureole of the Early Cretaceous Malyy Murun syenite massif, northwestern Aldan Shield of the Siberian Craton

A

Charoite - K5Ca8(Si6O15)2(Si2O7)Si4O9(OH)*3(H2O)

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18
Q
  • Form: Massive to Fibrous.
  • Color: Colorless.
  • Pleochroism: Weak (from rose to colorless).
  • Relief: Low.
  • Interference colors: Low (I order white-gray).
A

Charoite - K5Ca8(Si6O15)2(Si2O7)Si4O9(OH)*3(H2O)

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19
Q

ostly monoclinic (also triclinic or orthorhombic) micaceous phyllosilicate minerals with a structure consisting of T-O-T layers with two layers having their silicate tetrahedral apices pointing towards each other, separated by an interlayer that may be simple octahedrally coordinated cations or which may be a brucite-like layer of two sheets of closely packed OH groups with the interstices between sheets providing the octahedral cordination site. linochlore: (Mg5Al)(AlSi3)O10(OH)8
♦ Chamosite: (Fe5Al)(AlSi3)O10(OH)8
♦ Nimite: (Ni5Al)(AlSi3)O10(OH)8
♦ Pennantite: (Mn,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 an important constituent of many contact and regional metamorphic rocks of low to medium grade, usually with temperatures of to 400°C and pressures up to a few Kb. It also found in amygdules, fractures in altered volcanic rocks, hydrothermal vein deposits and soils often found with biotite, garnet, staurolite, andalusite, muscovite, chloritoid, and cordierite in pelitic rocks. In mafic rocks, it occurs with talc, serpentine, actinolite, hornblende, epidote, and garnet. It can also be found with feldspars, quartz, calcite, dolomite, olivine, plagioclase, rutile, ilmenite, titanite, magnetite, chromite, sulfides, zircon, and zeolites. forms by the alteration of mafic minerals such as pyroxenes, amphiboles, biotite, staurolite, cordierite, garnet, and chloritoid. Chlorite can also occur as a result of hydrothermal alteration of any rock type, where recrystallization of clay minerals or alteration of mafic minerals produce

A

Chlorite - (Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn,Al)12(Si,Al)8O2016

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20
Q
  • Color: Colourless ore green, pale green
  • Habit: Tabular crystals with pseudo-hexagonal shape
  • Cleavage: (001) perfect
  • Interference colors: Very weak (brown, deep green, gray), usually with anomalous deep berlin blue
  • Relief: Low to moderate
A

Chlorite - (Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn,Al)12(Si,Al)8O2016

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

formely known as octahedrite
polymorph of titanium dioxide

A

anatase

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23
Q

formed by weathering pf titanite

A

anatase

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24
Q

weathered anatase becomes

A

rutile

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25
Q

crystal system of anatase

A

tetragonal

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26
Q

crystal system of brookite

A

orthorhombic

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27
Q

brookite is widespread in mineral veins in the

A

Alps

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28
Q

rednor glowing
appears a pale golden needlelike crystals inside quartz latticelike
starlike sprays
minor constituents of granites and schists and gneisses

A

rutile

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29
Q

crystal system of rutile

A

tetragonal

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30
Q

medium grade metamorphic rocks metamorphosed shales mknoclinic parallel extinction pleochroism positive optic sign 2V = 82- 90 inclusions with quartz

A

staurolite

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31
Q

accessory mineral more siliceous igneous rocks lokes granites granodiorites and syenites dates to be obtained on the original tock prior to metamorphism protolith
reddish colored crystals uniaxial positive high birefringence lots of ponks occurs as small crystals with relief higher than polarized light without analyzer

A

zircon

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32
Q

plutonic igneous tocks like granites seen as small wedge shaped relief sinilar to that of zircon found in small crystals elongated diamond shape

A

sphene titanite

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33
Q

epidote group 10 fold

A

epidote clinozoisite zoisite

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34
Q

Fe rich variety of epidote

A

clinozoisite

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35
Q

clinozoisite and epidote

zoisite

A

nonoclinic

orthorhombic

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36
Q

optically negative 2V 64-90 pistachio green in color anomalous blue extinction

A

epidote

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37
Q

negative with a 2V of 14-90 no pleiochroism

A

clinozoisite

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38
Q

show parallel extinction relative to faces parlel to the crystallographic axes

A

zoisite

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39
Q

occur as alteration products of plagioclase and as veins in granitic rocks

A

clinozoisite and epidote

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40
Q

under cyclosilicates

A

beryl
tourmaline cordierite

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41
Q

hexagonal if pink it is morganite high relief than quartz optic sign and length fast charac found in aluminous mica schisys confused with apatite

A

beryl

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42
Q

orthorhombic cyclical twinning show albite twinning distinguished from quartz by its biaxial charac constituent aluminous metamorphic rocks assoc andalusite sillimabite feldspar

A

cordierite

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43
Q

hexagonal with a rounded triangular cross section perpendicular to the c axis common mineral in pegmatites assic with quartz and alkali feldspar found in metasomatized precipitated feom boron and solica uniaxial negative optical chrac extinction parallel

A

tourmaline

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44
Q

orthorhombic pyrixenes opx

A

enstatite-ferrosilite

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45
Q

monoclinic pyroxenes cox

A

diopside hedenbergite diopside-ferrohedenbergite

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46
Q

closely related to the dipsiode hedenbergite series with add of al minor na substitution

A

augite

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47
Q

a monoclinic puroxene compo similar to the opx with more ca substituting for fe and mg

A

pigeonite

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48
Q

sodic pyroxenes

A

jadeite and aegerine

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49
Q

mg rich opx and fe rich is

A

hypersthene
ferrosilite

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50
Q

present between the diopside hedenbergite series and px series

A

solid immiscibility

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51
Q

only stable at higher temperature and inverts to opx found in volcanic and shallow intrusive igneous rocks or as exsolution lamellae in a host augite or opx

A

pigeonite

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52
Q

inclined extinction

A

cpx

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53
Q

found in plutonic and volcanic igneous hogh grade meta igneous rocks like gneisses and granulites 90 cleavage anges distinguish from opx by onclined extinction higher mac birefringence than opx optically positive with a 2V of about 60 degrees higj relief no pleiochroism

A

augite

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54
Q

found both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks in meta igneous rocks distinguish from augite by lower intercerence lack of inclined extinction optically positive 2V of 60-90

A

hypersthene

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55
Q

found in volcnaic igneous rocks occur as exsolution lamellae ib augites distinguish from augute by its lower 2V of 0 to 30 distinguish from hypersthen lack of pleiylower 2V and inclined extinction

A

pigeonite

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56
Q

also called acmite sodic pyroxenes found i alkalic ifenous rocks assoc eith soduc amphiboles alkali fels and nepheline found in sodic volcanic rocks like peralkaline rhyolites distinguish from cpz by low wxtinction angle cause augite have 35-48 optically negative with a 2V of 60-70 and

A

aegerine

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57
Q

higher 2V can be pos or neg distinguish from pleochroic sodic nearly 90 degrees pyroxene cleavage angle

A

aegerine augite

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58
Q

sodium aluminum pyroxene that is charac its presence in metamoprphic rocks formed at relatively high pressure lower refractive index its monoclinic extinction angle of 33-40 has lwoer birefringence than augite and aegerine

A

jadeite

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59
Q

solid solution between anthophyllite and grunerite

A

cummingtonite-grunerite

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60
Q

hornblende series

A

tremolite-ferroactinolite

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61
Q

sodic amphiboles

A

glaucophane
riebeckite
arvedsonite

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62
Q

low grade metamorphic those with high Ca concentration fibrous habit in thin section it is distinguished from wollastonite ans diopside by its anphibole cleavage no pleiochroism shows high relief inclined extinction optically negative 2V of about 85

A

tremolite

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63
Q

low grade metamorphic green in hand specimen elongated habit yellow to green pleiochroism has hig hrelief optically negative a 2V of 60 to 85

A

actinolite

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64
Q

found in andesites dacites and rhyolites metamorphosed to intermediate grades kf regional metamorphism found in ultrabasic rocks high relief optic sign and 2V angle cover a wide range and not very useful in the distinction of hornblende

A

hornblende

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65
Q

results from oxidation during crystallization of basalts dark reaction rim that consists of opaque oxide

A

basaltic hornblende oxy hornblende

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66
Q

low grade metamorpphic rocks high Ca concentration hand specimen white color fibrous havit and distinguished from wollastonite and diopside by its amphibole cleavage cleae to no pleiochroism high relief inclined extinction optically negative with a 2V of about 85

A

tremolite

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67
Q

dows not occur in igneous rocks but constituent of metamorphic rocks orthorhombic amphibole parallel exctinction relative to the cleavage

A

anthophyllite

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68
Q

metamorphosed ifneous rocks series occur hornblende found in siliceous volcanic tocks optically positive while grunerite is negative

A

cummintonite-grunerite

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69
Q

common mineral in blueschist facies from low temperature high pressure metamorphism found in alkali granites distinguished distinguished from other amphiboles by its blue lavender pleiochroism length slow and riebeckite length fast

A

glaucophane-riebeckite

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70
Q

peralkaline volcanic rocks occurs with sodic pyroxene aegerine yellow grwen pleiochroism distinfuish it drom the other amphiboles

A

arfvedsonite

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71
Q

serpentine group

A

antigorite not similar bending sheets and lizardite usually massive and fine grained chrisotile continuous

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72
Q

found as an alteraation peodict of mg rick silicates like pyroxene and olivine foundpsedomorphed after olivines and lyroxenes altered basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks

A

serpentine group

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73
Q

micaceous structure rich in Mg low grade metamorphic rocks mg bearing biaxial negative with a 2V of 0-30 muscovite has higher birefringence and higher 2V

A

talc

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74
Q

divided into dioctahedral and trioctahedral

what are the white micas that relresents the dioctahedral
and the black or brown mica represents the trioctahedral
and rich pink micas

A

mica group

muscovite paragonite margarite

biotite snd clintonite(xanthophyllite)

lithium lepidolite, k

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75
Q

al rich medium grade metamorphic al rich schists and contributed to the schistose foliation found in siliceous al rich plutonic igneous rocks found in assoc alkali felds high birefringence biaxial negativr with a 2V between 28 and 50 birds ee extinction exhibited

A

muscovite

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76
Q

how much oercent of kuscoite in k rich and na rich

A

65%-100%
89%-100%

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77
Q

solid solition between end members phlogopite and anniye higher temp and pressure and pure phlogopite is found in hydrous ultrabasic rocks like kimebrlite parallel to the schistose foliation biaxial negative with a low 2V of 0-25

A

biotite

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78
Q

consists of phlogopite T O T layers sandwiching brucite like octahedral layer low grade metamorphic to ks an alteration product of pyroxenes recognized by its green color kicaceous habit assoc with other actinolite and epidote low relief and low birefringe midnight blue to black distinguished from biotite by its lower relief and anonaloud interference color

A

chlorite group

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79
Q

solution that has abundant free H+ ions

A

acid

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80
Q

produced in raineater by readtion of the water with carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere

A

caebonic acid

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81
Q

most abundant contributors to clastic sediment and soil

A

clay minerals and quartz

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82
Q

main constituents of mudeocks and 40% of the minerals in sed rocks used in ceramics industry

A

clay

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83
Q

based kn kaolinite show a TVO dtructure octahedral dimilar to the hibbsite structure bonding week since vanderwaals other similar structures anauxite dickite nacrite formed by waethering or hydrothermal alteration of aluminosilicate minerals rocks imrich in felds weather to kaolinite

A

kandite

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84
Q

is alos a kandite clay similar to kaolinite tho it has water molecules

kaolinite bec it does jot wbsorb water

A

halloysite

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85
Q

has T O T amounts of mg and fe substituting into the octahedral laters both diocathedral and trioctahedral ability for H2O nilecules to be absorbed between T O T dheets ovlume of miberlas ot increase when thry come invfontact with water these are expanding clays

A

smectite

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86
Q

most common smectite and main constituent of bentonite weathering of volcanic ash exaond by several times original volume makes it useful as a drilling mud plug leaks

A

montromorillinite

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87
Q

members of the smectite group

A

beidellite hectorite nontronite sauconite saponite

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88
Q

similar to muscovite deficient in alkalies with less Al substitution for Si non exoanding clays formed from weathering of ak and Al rich tockes ubder high Zpzh conditiond form by alteration kf minerlas like muscovite and feldsppar ancient mudrocks and shales

A

illites

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89
Q

change from one type to another theough stacking sequence montromillite layers can alternate with illite layers in sn ordered way

A

mized layer clay

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90
Q

disintegrating agent that is added to the water to keep particles from adhering to one another

A

calgon

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91
Q

polymorphs of SiO2
stishovitcoesite
low quartz
high quartz
kaetite
low tridymite
high tridymite
low cristobalite
high cristobalite

A

tetragonal
monoclinic
hexagonal
hexagonal
tetragonal
monoclinc ornorthorhombjc
hexagonal
tetragonal
isometric

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92
Q

high pressure forms of SiO2 higher densitites and refractive indices than the other polymorphs

A

stishovite and coesite

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93
Q

the only polymorph where the Si occurs in 6 fold due to high pressure under which mineral forms

A

stishovite

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94
Q

hezagonal microcrystalline masses occurs in siliceous ignesous rocks such as volcanic rhyolite and pkutonic granitic rocks common in metamorphic rocks resistant to chemical weathering uniaxial positive low relief and low birefringenece smooth and plished like structure distinguish from feldspar by the viaxial nature and nepheline is uniaxial negative

A

quartz

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95
Q

trace anounts if Fe that’s why its violet

A

amethyst

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96
Q

color resulting to trace amounts of Ti+4

A

rose quartz

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97
Q

color appears to result from trace amountd Al+3

A

smokey quartz

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98
Q

red colored chalcedony

A

carnelian

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99
Q

apple green colored as a result of colorstion from NiO

A

chrysoprase

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100
Q

alternating curving layers of chalcedony with different colors or different porosities

A

agate

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101
Q

alternating laters kf chalcedony of different colors or porosities arranged ib oarallel lines

A

onyx

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102
Q

green chalcedony containing red spots of jasper

A

bloodstone

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103
Q

occurs as nodules in limestone

layered rock deposited on the ocean floor

A

flint

chert

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104
Q

high temperature SiO2 found in ifneous rocks cooled rapidly diliceous volcanic rocks like rhyolites occurs as wedge shaped crystals in cavities assco with crustibalite and sanidine occurs as orthorhombic or monoclinic positive between 40-90 lower refractive incldices negative rwlief conpared to feldspar

A

tridymite

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105
Q

high temperature SiO2 polynorph thermally metamorphosed sandstones lining in open cavities fine graine crystals tetragonal uniaxial negativeoptic sign shows lower relief than quartz vut similar birefringence

A

cristobalite

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106
Q

higher temperature than the slbite component

A

anorthite

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107
Q

caused by incompleye reaction of crystals with liquid during cooling of a solid solution oscillatory normal skeme show ca rich cores and na rich tims but reverse possible under certain conditions

A

zoning

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108
Q

high temperature yo lower temperature changes from sanidine which is monoclinc to ortho monoclinic sanidine to microline is tricilinc
low releief and loe birefringence

A

alkali feldspar

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109
Q

equant habit simple twinning optically negative with a 2V of 20-50 distinguished fro nquaryz uniaxial positivr larger values of 2V

A

sanidine

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110
Q

common in alkali felds in granitic rocks and k al rich metamorphic rocks 001 and 010 rougher compared to quartz biaxial 2_mV orthoclase varies 60-105 either positive or negative 2V angle

A

orthoclase

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111
Q

lowest temperature form of alkali feldspar reareange from monoclinc to triclinic teinning conbination of albite and pericline twinning cross hatched pattern tartan twinning

A

microcline

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112
Q

na rich felds equal anounts of anorthite and orthoclase 2V shows a low 2V of 5 to 20 like sanidine optically negativr usually forms crystals with a tabulst elongated habit

A

anorthoclase

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113
Q

alkali rich mienrals that kccur ib low SiO2 high Na2O-K2O assoc pyroxenes and amphiboles aegerine and riebeckite
main are nepheline kalsilite and leucitr

A

feldspathoids

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114
Q

other minerals under feldpsathoids

A

sodalite
nosean
hauyne

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115
Q

plansr composition surface separating 2 indiv crystals twin law expressed a twin plane orthoclase twinned on teh braveno law eith 021 twin plane

A

contact twins

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116
Q

irregular composition surface separating 2 indiv defined by a twin or twin acis orthoclase twinned kn the carlsbad law with 001 as twin axis

A

penetration twins

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117
Q

parallel to one another plag shows this called albite twin law with 010 twin plane

A

polysynthentitic twins

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118
Q

notnparallel to one another chersoberyl 031 plane

A

cyclical twins

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119
Q

feldspar minerals plag and microcline ate common

A

triclinic system

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120
Q

twin law 019 incdicates that the twinning occurs perpendiculst to the b crystallographic acid common i nolaclg

A

albite law

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121
Q

has 019 twin axis result of monoclinic orthoclase amor sanidine transforming to mcirocline combination with labite twinning in microcline tartan twinning whrn this is combiend eith albute twinning

A

pericline law

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122
Q

msot common twins occur in planes 100 and 001 felds orthoclase snaidine both contact and penetration twind occue result accidents during growth

A

monoclinic system

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123
Q

001 forms a contact twin onserved in the mienral orthoclase diagnostic of orthoclase when it occurs

A

manebach law

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124
Q

[001] forms a penetration tein in yhe mienral orthoclase two intergrown cyrstals one rotated 180 from the other about the [901] axis kost common type of twinning in orthoclase

A

carlsbad law

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125
Q

021 forms a contact twin in the mineral orthoclase

A

braveno law

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126
Q

100 observed in gypsum

A

swallow tail twins

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127
Q

twin o nolanes parallel to a prism face common is 120 results in orthorhombic mienrals having cyclical twins

A

orthorhombic system

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128
Q

110 mineral aragonite chrysoberl anf cerussite gives pseudo hexagonal appearance

A

cyclical twins

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129
Q

monolcinic but has a angle hery close to 90 so it alpearance of an krthorhombic mineral teo types kf interpretation occurs 031 right angled cross and thr 231 cross about 60 degrees

A

staurolite law

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130
Q

011 forming cyclical contact twins minerals rutile and cassiterite shows this thpe of twinning

A

tetragonal

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131
Q

mienrals calcite and wuart common

A

hexagonal system

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132
Q

2 most common twin laws observed 0001 anf yhe rhombohedron 0113 contact yeund can occur as polysyntheric twins result from deformation

A

calcite twins

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133
Q

1120 result of penetration twin from transformation

A

brazil law

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134
Q

0001 penetration twin results from transformation

A

dauphine law

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135
Q

1122 contact twin tesults from accidents during growth

A

japanese law

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136
Q

quartz twinning

A

brazil law
dauphine law
japanese law

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137
Q

111 twin plane parallel to an octahedron occur sin spinel

A

spinel law

138
Q

twin axis perpendiculat to an octahedral face adds 3 fold rotational symemtry

A

[111]

139
Q

mienrlacpyrite shows mad eof interpretation of two pyritohedrond occurs in nvladd 2/m3 eith no 4 gold rotstion aces the [001] mineral apparent 4 fold symmetry about 3 leroenficular axes

A

iron cross

140
Q

pure forsterite and fayalite melts at

1890

1205

A
141
Q

during metamorphism kaolinite rqcts with quartz to form the mineral

A

pyrophyllite

142
Q

occures in metamorphosed al rich sed rocks (metapelites) as >500 brownish color monoclini appear orthorhombic crystals crucifrom twins charac features

A

staurolite

143
Q

orthorhombic occurs as granitic rocks best crystals fournd in granitic pegmatites

A

topaz

144
Q

low temp 200-400 occurs in cracks in beind as metamorphic mienral essential mineral in greenschists which are emtamorphosed basalts

A

epidote

145
Q

be2+ small cations large cations large anions

A

boron lithium

thorium uranium
fluorine hydroxyl

146
Q

occurs in late stage granitic rocks in pegmatites assoc with quartz k felds li-mica tourmaline

A

beryl

147
Q

fontains boron forms trigonal crystala triangular cross section striated prallel with the c axis

A

tourmaline

148
Q

tourmaline fe richli rich

A

balck

green brown green and red

149
Q

same structure as beryl at high temp but changes to an orthorhombic symmetry on cooling external is hexagonal but internal is orthorhombic occurs in al rich sed rocks been metamorphosed at tenperatures >500

A

cordierite

150
Q

dark brown to balck occurs in igneous in some basalts coarse grtianed evidence of high temepfature inportabt mineral in matle peridotes

A

orthopyroxene

151
Q

plutonic rocks composed of orthopyroxene and plag felds

A

norites

152
Q

nagesi dark green

A

aegerine augite

153
Q

forms amunder high pressure end member of clini

A

jadeite

154
Q

between jadeite and augute and occurs in eclogite

A

omphacite

155
Q

metamorphic equivalents of basalts formed under very high pressures and relatively low temperatures considts of two green omphacite and red brown garnet dense

A

eclogite

156
Q

breaks into 90 cleavage and break into rectangular

dimaond shaped cross section

A

pyroxene

diamond

157
Q

orthorhombic amphibole grey brown mineral forms elongate prisms occur in aggragates olivine rich ultramafic rocks

A

anthophyllite

158
Q

2 end members of monoclinic amphiboles which id colorless pame green result of ca and mg bearing carbonate seds dolomites occur green konerals in metamorphosed basaltci rocks greenschists

A

tremolite pale green

actinolite

159
Q

layered sturtufe in greenschists

A

chlorite

160
Q

most wifespread amphibole dark green to black mineral common in intermediate to acidic granites important in metamorphosed equivalents of basaltci rocks amphibolites

A

hornblende

161
Q

consist of hornblende and felds plag form higher temp than greenschist

A

amphibolites

162
Q

amphibole is blue occurs in basaltic rocks metamorphosed at high pressures and low temperature

A

blueschists

163
Q

mg rich vatieties are brown

A

phlogopite

164
Q

hardness 2.5-3 fe rich varieties are black

A

biotite

165
Q

formed by alteration of silicate kiwnrals tjay contain mg and fe (olvine augite hornblende biotite) reac temp range ~-00-500 wifespread late stage mineral fills holes in volanoc rocks componennt of greenschissts basalays metamorphosed at 300-500

A

chlorite

166
Q

silicified replaced by microcrystalline quartz

A

fossilised wood

167
Q

na tich alkali felds with >10%

A

anorthoclase

168
Q

celavage of orthoclase and microcline a

A

001 and good prismatic 010 cleavage

169
Q

known as green microcline

A

amazonite

170
Q

carlsbad twinning componeneyd og granite and syenite important in gneisses

A

microcline and orthoclase

171
Q

rhyolite and trachyte contain high twmp of

A

sanidine

172
Q

temp of anorthite and albite

A

melts at 1560

1118

173
Q

anhydrous framework silicates related yo alkali felds most important nepheline and leucite

A

feldspathoids

174
Q

repated to albuge hexagonal 5.5-6

A

nepeheline

175
Q

related to k felds forms white crystals with cubic smetey frim k ruch inverts terragonal on cooling symmetry external cubic form fmaous bearing of this miners is my.vesuvius pompeii A.D. 79

A

leucite

176
Q

cubic one is deep blue feldspathoids

A

sodalite lazuritw

177
Q

lazurite occurs togehter with calcite and pyrite

A

lapis lazuli

178
Q

monoclinic tabulat 010 perfect cleavage attractiv eaggregates are desert roses occurs with ore minerals in veins

A

gypsum

179
Q

white tabular orthorhombic perfect 001 cleavage high density for a non metallic 3-3.5 occurs in ore minerals in veins

A

barytes

180
Q

hecagonal longprismatic cyrstals greenish pegmatites large green hexagons

A

apatite

181
Q

plutonic rocks classified acc to their modal monetal content and actual mienral content in volume % classification known as

A

streckeisen

182
Q

rocks with >60% foid minerals amongst light mienrals are rarw and are called

A

fodolites

183
Q

used for equivalent volcanic rocks of foidolite

A

nephelinite

184
Q

differentiate gabbro and diorite

A

ga bro contains plag An>50 while diorite has An<50

185
Q

consists dominantly of plag clinopyroxene (augite) olivine and orthopyroxene (hypersthene) field 10

A

gabbro

186
Q

clinopyroxene + plag

A

gabbro

187
Q

opx + plag

A

norite

188
Q

olivine+ plag

A

troctolite

189
Q

cpx+opx+plag

A

gabbronorite

190
Q

olivine + cpx+ plag

A

olivine gabbro

191
Q

melanocratic

A

m 65-90

192
Q

meso mesonorite

A

m 35-65

193
Q

leucogabbro leuco when

A

M is 10-35

194
Q

plutonic rocks contain opx norite is part of this family

A

charnockitic

195
Q

used for hypersthene granite include mangarite and jotunite assoc with large bodies of anorthosite in dominant mafic mineral in opx

A

charnockitic

196
Q

hypersthene monzonite

A

mangerite

197
Q

hypersthen monzonorite

A

jotunite

198
Q

ultramafic rocks >40% olivine

A

peridotites

199
Q

otyoes of peridotirw

A

dunite
harzburgite (olivine+opx)
wehrlite (olivine and cpx)
lherzolite (olivine+ 2 pyroxenes)

200
Q

rocks with >60% pyroxene

A

pyroxenites

201
Q

feeders to lava flows may have glassy margins but phaneritic centres

A

chilled margin formed by rapud cooling against cd wall rocks

202
Q

occur in large and minor intrusions

synonyms for microgabbro commonly used for dykes and sills for appropriate composition

A

dolerite and diabase

203
Q

granitic rock in ec the groundmass quartz and alkali felds occur in a micrographic intergrowth

A

granophyre

204
Q

fine grained granitic rocks which typically occur as dykes veins or patches in or assoc with granitic intrusions

A

aplite

205
Q

porphyritic melanocratic rock type usually occurs in minor intrusiond feldspar/feldspathoids only occur in the groundmass biotite amphibole are common hydrothermal alteration of mafic mienrals is widespread calcite is a common primary mienral geochemically distinct

A

lamprophyres

206
Q

similar to lamprophyre but with more wxtreme chemical composition

A

lamproite

207
Q

imorotant mienrals are olivine serpentinised mg rich mica phlogopite pyroxenes garnet snd carbonates formed at high pressure

A

kimberlite

208
Q

jcolor index of basts to andesite

A

M>35

M<35

209
Q

used for dark volcanic rocks includes basalts and andesites

A

TAS classification

210
Q

volcnaic equivalens of foid sywnites ex: nepheline syenits in volcani leucite might be and important foid mienrlas

A

phonolites

211
Q

differentiate basanites and tephrites

A

basanite >10% olivine

tephrite <10%olivine

212
Q

amount of olivine is estimated on the basisi of the chemical composition of yhe rock recalculated j germs of simple mineral proportions

A

normative comoposition

hypothetical mienral composition of a rock calculated from its chemical composition

213
Q

volume % mienrals present

A

modal

214
Q

pearly grey glass with concentric curved fractures

A

perlite

215
Q

useful chemical prameywrs in volcanic rocks sio2 and na2o+k2o

A

total alkalies

216
Q

si contentn ultrabasic
basic
intermediate
acid

A

<45
45-52
52-63
>63

217
Q

basalts
andwsites
rhyolites

A

basic
intermediate
acidic

218
Q

ultrabasic TAS

A

foidite picrobasalt basanite (tephrite)

219
Q

high pressures so high high the pmag is not stable green cpx and red brown garnet

A

eclogite

220
Q

volcnaic rocks with 41-45% sio2 and <3% tas are

A

picrobasalts

221
Q

basic rocks with 45-52% sio2 and <5% total alkalies

A

basalts

222
Q

52-57%

A

basaltic andesites

223
Q

57-63%sio2 intermediate volcnaic rocks relatively low total alkali contents

A

andesites

224
Q

> 63% are acidic volcanics grade into rhyolites

A

dacites

225
Q

69-77% sio2

A

rhyolites

226
Q

differentiate trachyte and trachydacite

A

<20% normative quartz
>20% normative quartz

227
Q

fiery clouds deposited from one of the most vioelny types of volcnaic eruption pyroclastic floes

A

ignimbrites

228
Q

flattened glassy fragments

A

flames

229
Q

rock composed entirely of blocks

A

volcanic breccia

230
Q

volcanic equivalent kf peridotite but is rare

A

komatiite

231
Q

sio2 content increases from increases from left to right from for the ultramaficperidotite to for the felcsic acidic granite/rhyolite

A

<45%
>63%

232
Q

decreases from lef tto right

A

%mafic minerals m

233
Q

consists of 90% oliving+pyroxene and 10% ca rish plags

A

peridotite

234
Q

consists of ca rich plags and pyroxene and olivine

A

gabbros/basalts

235
Q

dominated by plag and hornvlende+puroxene

A

diorites/andesites

236
Q

contain quartz na rich plag and hornblende + kfelds and biotite

A

granodiorites/dacites

237
Q

dominated by qrz and kfelds with na rich plag and minor mica and hornvlende but mica are rare in volcnaics

A

granites/rhylolites

238
Q

forms when the temp of mantle peridotite id above its solidus

A

basalt

239
Q

produces the basaltic magma that is erupted along mid ocean ridges

A

10-25% melting of peridotite

240
Q

hydrous mienrlas release water during subduction

A

chlorite serpentine hornblende

241
Q

temeprature of baslatic lava and rhyolitic

A

1200
900

242
Q

temp of a melt is that teno when the first crustals vegin to form

A

liquidus

243
Q

lst drop of melt crystallizes

A

solidus

244
Q

dru basalt the temp of liquidus and solidus

A

1200
990 so basalt crystallizes >200

245
Q

for dey rhyolite at surface the liquidus and solidus is

A

900
750

246
Q

grabboric bodies consist largely og plag rich layers alternating with cpx layers

A

layered gabbros

247
Q

mienrals are removed in sequence and the magma changes in composition in consequence

A

fractional crystallizaiton

248
Q

augute and olivine will sink to the floow of the chamber this mineral will form above dunite

A

wehrlite

249
Q

first plag to cyrstallize wil have a compostion of

A

An75

250
Q

overloes ghe earlier formwd dunite and wehrlite

A

olivine gabbro

251
Q

where is bushveld it ruison located

A

south africa

252
Q

where is chemical weathering most effective?

A

chemical weathering

253
Q

components of rust

A

goethite and hematite

254
Q

final product of breccia

A

sandstone

255
Q

how mang percent when sand is compacted and mud

A

10-20%

50-80%

256
Q

coarse grained sandstone containing feldspar as well as qtz grains

A

arkose

257
Q

forms marine wnvi result of redistribution of unconsolidated sediments accumulation downslope deep sea floor contain a range of grain size in a fine grained matrix and have yhe unusual name show graded sgructure grain size decreases upwards

A

greywacke

258
Q

formed in an environment where clay deposited simultaneously gives rise to a micture of limestone and clay

A

marl

259
Q

limestone contains of microscopic shelss of plankton called

A

foraminifera (chalk)

260
Q

lime mud can consolidate to give very fine grained limestone called

A

micrite

261
Q

colors the shale black and turns into oul dhale when this happens

A

soft parts of plankton mix with muc on the sea floor and be incorporated into shale

262
Q

when 80% of the water has evaporated what forms? 90%

A

gypsum
halite
sylvite

263
Q

beige in color and used as facing stone direct precipitation from water w/oorganism involved of linestone

A

limestone

264
Q

layers are selarated fron each pther by

A

bedding planes

265
Q

alternativ e term for layering

A

stratificiation

266
Q

several layers jointly referres as

A

strata

267
Q

usually named after a place (type of locality) and the rock type

A

formation

268
Q

beds that ate inclined relative to a thicker stratum in wc they occur forms when sand/silt prticles ate deposited on a slope

A

cross bedding

269
Q

rock fragmentx on the surface sometimes develop charac shapes reflecting different wind directions polished rocks are

A

dreikanted

270
Q

a thin graded layer reflects deosition of one year no new materail enters the lake fine grained material may settle out

A

varve

271
Q

wht are deposited in foreset

A

silt and mud

272
Q

become buried of the foreset deposits

A

bottomsets

273
Q

dominated by shell fragments and occur today on tropical islands far from maonland wc could supply clastic mayerial oites spherical carbonate structures are common in

A

shallow marine carbonate deposits

274
Q

deep sea floor is covered by these and wx are small metal rich spehcrical bodes that represent potential ore reserves

A

manganese nodules

275
Q

temp and pressure conditions of igneous sed and metamorphic

A

650-1250 sirface to ca 10kb
<15” surafce conditions very low pressure
150-180 upto 10 kb

276
Q

clay form large mineral grians i metamorphic rocks

A

porphyroblasts

277
Q

metamorphic equivalent of phenocrysts in igneous rocks

A

porphyroblasts

278
Q

convertion
1 atm
1kb

A

1 bar
1000bar
100vmrgapascal mpa
0.1 gigapascal (Gpa)

279
Q

non foliated meta rocks that have been baked because of their proximity to an intrusion relatively fine rained massive rocm

A

hornfels

280
Q

clay rich sed rocks prior to mwtamorphism

A

metapelitic

281
Q

in the presence of water, forsterite breaks down in the presence of water at >200

A

serpentine

282
Q

mg rich silicate mirntal that can be formed from the metamorphism of olivine tich rocks is

A

talc

283
Q

in metamorphic petro clay rich sed rocks are

A

pelites

284
Q

metamorphic products are

A

metapelites

285
Q

rich in aluminum

A

pelites

286
Q

phyllosilicates become oriented perpendiculat to the direction of oressure to dorm a distinct parting called

A

slaty cleavage

287
Q

high temp white mica muscovite vegins to form from the breakfow of clay minerals crenulated

A

phyllite

288
Q

metamorphic foliation in schists

A

shistosity

289
Q

part of grabite that did not melt

A

restite

290
Q

after gneiss granite will form then the mixed rock is called

A

migmatite and the granitic part of this is igenoues

291
Q

deformation of mafic rocks gabbro andesite gabbro diorite greenish color of this meta rock is due to chromite and chlorite white albite is also present and as the grade increases these mienrals break down as horbblende(black) and plag (white)

A

greenschist

292
Q

meta rock consisting largely of these two minerals is an

A

amphibolite

293
Q

high pressure low temp baslatic rocks metamorphosed blusichcolor glaucophane (amphibole) plag felds is unstable mafic rock from plag and augite to garnet and omphacite eclogite is red green coz garnet is red and onphacite is green>90% mafic mineral in ultramfic rock

A

bluschists

294
Q

dolomite skeme

A

trenolite amphibole
diopside pyroxene
forsterite olivine

295
Q

state the protolith
pelite
basic
ultrabasic
calc siliciate
quartzo frldspathic

A

shale
mafic igneous rock basalt andesite gabbro diorite
ultramafic peridotite
limestone dolomite marl a mixture of clay and limestone
granite rhyolite

296
Q

metamorphosm befins at

A

150 C

297
Q

metapeliye will begin to melt at

A

650

298
Q

at what tem pdoes kaolinite reacts with quartz

A

200-250

299
Q

w/o water what does kaolinite forms to

A

pyrophyllite a phyllosilicate

300
Q

form from slate

A

chlorite

301
Q

formation pf pyrophyllite and chlorite takes place under

A

low grade metamosphic conditions

302
Q

wher eis stayrolite seen

A

schists

303
Q

new mienrals sequence

A

prophyllite
chlorite
white kica
biotite
andalusite/kyanite
garnet
kfelds
sillimanite

304
Q

enough white mica and then this mienral will form

A

phyllite

305
Q

after the andalusite and kyanite what is next

A

dark mica biotite

306
Q

alumnium braring mienrals occurs in schosts

A

cordierite
staurolite
garnet

307
Q

kfelds forms from the breakdown of muscovite after the dakr biotite

A

sillimanite is formed

308
Q

beru high grade metamorphic rocms

A

migmatites

309
Q

progression form shale to gneiss called

A

prograde mwtamorphism

310
Q

good indicator of metamorphic grade since they only appear when dpecific pt conditions are reached

A

index minerals

311
Q

line separating two index mienrals

A

isograd

312
Q

cannot form in non pelyitic rocks( such as metamorphosed limestones or sandstones which often occur together with metapelites

A

al2sio5 polymorphs

313
Q

metamorphic zones index miebrals

A

sillimanite zone
kyanite sone
garnet zone
biotite sone
chlorite zone

314
Q

reqyires water

A

retrograde metamorphism

315
Q

pelit emetamorphosed at 5kb and 550 may contiang

A

wtz muscovite biotite almandine granet and sillimanite

garnet sillimanite mica schists

316
Q

qtz bearing dolomitic limestone metamorphosed under the same t and p conditions will consist

A

calcite diopside (a cpx) and palg felds and hornblende (foliated amphibolite)

317
Q

form in rocks of appropriate composition at a very low grade of metamorphism

A

zeolite

318
Q

forms as a tesult of thermal metamorphism (geaying at low pressure) rocks are bot foliated and are usually fine graiend and brittle spotted because of the growtn of nrw porphyroblasts(andalusite cordierite in metapelites)

A

hornfels

319
Q

dgelops under low to meduum grades of metamorphism charac appearanc rof metamorphosed basaltic tocks that becone this under low to medium grades of metamorphism dir to chlorite and epidote

A

greenschist

320
Q

dveelops under medium to high grades of metamorphism bamed after basatic rocks that develop plat feldspar and hornblende (an amphibole) under

A

amphibolite facies

321
Q

forms under high hrades of metamorphism rocks are commonly granular in alpearance rocks begin to mely in the presence of water under granuliye facies conditiond form udner dry conditiond melting could not tka eace charac mineral is orthopyroxene

A

granulite facies

322
Q

formsu nder high P and low T named after charac appearance of metamorphosed basaltic rock become blue due to glaucophane a blue ampuibole

A

blueschists

323
Q

develops under high pressure conditions consists largely of reddish garnet (pyrope rich) and greenish cpx (ompahcite) formed when plag in metabaslatic rocks becomes unstable becaus eof high pressure

A

eclogite

324
Q

100
15
50-20

geothermal gradient temp

A

hornfels

blueschists

greenschists amphibolite grabulte

325
Q

is a metabasalt

A

blueschist facies

326
Q

result of the combined effects of deformation and heating and is also known dynamothermal metamorphsim

A

regional metamorphism

327
Q

product of regional metamorphism

A

caledonian mountain

328
Q

contact metamorphism around a pluton increasing temperature

A

unmetamorphosed
chlorite
muscovite
biotite
hornfels
garnet
staurolite
sillimanite
pluton

329
Q

geolgoical environment this occurs in the vicinity of faults

A

dynamic metamorphism

330
Q

no deformation during metamorhpsicj no shisyosity develops and basaltic chanege sto greenschisys

A

ocean floor metamorphism

331
Q

occur in the precambrian shield and mountai nbelts

A

metamorphic to kd

332
Q

dominated by gneissic tocms

A

precambrian shields

333
Q

young mountain belt stretches east west from the alpd to hinalayad formed as a result of tje aftican and indian continental plates with the

A

european and asian continental plates

334
Q

represent the root zones of ancient mountain belts

A

gneissic areas

335
Q

compressed pumice fragments in a tuff

A

fiamme

336
Q

ovoid blobs created by liquid immiscibility mingled magamas or filled vesicles

A

ocelli

337
Q

ovoid masses of radiating crystals concentrically banded found in some granites

A

orbicules

338
Q

centimenter scale texture subparallel to dendritic growth of olivine cryatsls in some quenched ultramafics

A

spinifex

339
Q

concentric fracture pattern resulting from contraction of some volcanic glasses ipon cooling

A

perlitic

340
Q

large ovoid structures representing gas bubbles in devritified rhyolitic glass

A

lithophysae

for review (33 decks)

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