new Flashcards
minerals that characterizes a given intensity of metamorphism are called
index minerals
shear faulting produces a rock type called
mylonite
average T increase j near surface
25C/km
transition at 400-670 depth must have a T around
1500 C
tempestimates of temperature at the outer core mantle vou dary is around
4500 to 4800 C
inner core outer limit has a temp of
6600 C
center of the earth is approx to be
6900 C
showed in 1858 how continents looked before they separated and cired fossil evidence in north america and europe based his reasoning on the catastrophe of noahs flood
antonio snider pelligrini
friend of wegener divided pangea i to two parts which initially separated
alexander du toit
wheb was plate tectonics theory developed
1960s
ocean vaisns are divided by a great ridge approx
64,000 km and about 1500 km wide
saw a way to tezt the idea of sea floor spreading should be recorded in the magnetism of the basalts in the oceanic crust
fres vine and D. H. Matthews
rate of seafloor spreadinh appears to range from
1-17 cm per year
most deep sea floor was formed during
cenozoic time (last 65 mya)
corals survive pnly woth a what salinity
27-40 ppt
cannot live corals with what depth
76m
0.5-1km
fringing reefs
cooling through conduction and radiation
~24-40 m.y
rate of delivery of salt to the oceans
~90-100m.y
thickness of total sedimentary record divided by average sedimentation rates
~1.6 b.y
oldest rocks on earth
acasta gneisses in northwestern greenland
isua supracrustal rocks in west greenland
rocks found in the minnesota river valley and northern michigan in swaziland and in western australia
date of acasta gneisses in northwestern canada near great slave lake
4.03 Ga
data of isua supracrustal rocks
3.8 Ga
date of rocks in minnesota
3.5-3.7 bya
date of rocks in swaziland
3.4-3.5 bya
western australia
3.4-3.6 bya
date of zircon grains found in sedimentary rocks in west centeal australia
4.4 bya
date of 70 well dated meteorites using different dating methods rb sr sm nd ar ar
4.4-4.6 bya
date of iron meteorite canyon diablo meteorite
4.54 bya
best age of the universe
14-17 bya
oldest human fossil
Tabon Man
age of tabon man
~22,000 tears old
who discovered tabon man
Dr. Robert B. Fox Tabon Cave Palawan May 28 1962
oldest fossil in ph
fusulinids
found in calamian islands palawan
permian
applied stenos law and classified rocks in italian mountain exposures primary secondary tertiary
giovanni arduino
saw similar transitions in germany
abraham g. werner
saw same divisions in great britain
willian smith
coal rich interval in northen europe
carboniferous system 1822
subdivided by charles Lyell based on % of fossil species still living today
tertiary system 1831
defined by adam sedgwick for the fossil poor strata in NW and ales
cambrian system
defined by R.I murchison based on the rocks in SE wales contained fossils
silurian system
named by charles lapworth based on the oresence of a distinct fossil assemblage
ordovician system
named after the strata in the jura mountains
jurassic
named after the sandstones in devonshire SE england
devonian system
formerly known as octahedrite and a polymorph of titanium dioxide. forms in veins and crevices in meta rocks such as schists concentrated in placer deposits. formed by the weathering of titanite
anatase
what is the crystal system if anatase
tetragonal
schist speckled with tiny black anatase crystals
black anatase
weathered anatase becomes
rutile
titanium dioxide has a orthorhombic symmetry and iron is almost always preseing in this minerals structure and contains nobium occurs in hydrothermal veins common in areas diamond placer deposits of brazil widespread in mineral veins in the Alps
brookite
red or glowing pale golden needlelike crystals when not enclosed in quartz usually yellowish or reddish brown radiate in starlike sprays from hematite crystals
rutile
crystal system of rutile
tetragonal
also called tinstone gray or white occurs in hydrothermal veins at high temp with tungsten minerals such as ferberite and topaz molybdenite and tourmaline
cassiterite
a specimen displaying the yellow variety of tin oxide
variamoffite cassiterite
crystal system of cassiterite
tetragonal
primary ore of manganese highly oxidizing conditions as an alteration product of manganese minerals such as rhodochrosite and is used in decolorizing agent in glass and in dry cell batteries
pyrolusite
pyrolusite crystal system
tetragonal
a beryllium aluminum oxide hard and durable chatoyancy
chrysoberyl
brilliant green in daylight to cherry red under tungsten light
alexandrite
group of twinned alexandrite crystals with mica from russia
siberian alexandrite
crystal system of chrysoberyl
orthorhombic
forms the coltan series with the mineral tantalite
columbite-tantalite
crystal sytem of columbite-tantalite
orthorhombic
the columbite end of the series is rich in
niobium
tantalite end are rich in
tantalite and is denser than columbite
most common member of the coltan froup
ferrocolumbite
these are present as minor constituents in columbite-tantalite
scandium and tungsten
dark crystals of the coltan series mineral
yttrotantalite
crystal sytem of columbite-tantalite
orthorhombic
its crystals occur in granitic pegmatites forms with cassiterite in hydrothermal veins at high temp also forms at medium temp as pitchblende the ceramic pellets of this are used in nuclear reactors
uraninite
crystal system of uraninite
cubic
complex oxide of yttrium iron tantalum niobium and uranium specimens with high uranium content have a yellow brown earthy rind similar conditions as columbite used in cathode ray televisions optical glass
samarskite
crystal system of samarskite
orthorhombic
major source of the element niobium, complex niobium sodium calcium oxide turn green after heating contains traces of uranium and thorium forms in pegmatite rocks dominated by carbonate minerals ised either alone or together with zirconium in claddings for nuclear reactor cores
pyrochlore
major alloying element in nickel based superalloys
niobium
crystal system of pyrochlore
cubic
form excellent octahedral crystals related to pyrochlore both minerals are dominated by ree tantalum found in pegmatites rich in lepidolite or other lithium bearing minerals and in albite major ore of tantalum
microlite
crystal system of microlite
cubic
soft heavy copper oxide aggregates with the appearance if sugar are common is translucent and bright red. known as ruby copper in the variety called chalcotrichite or plush copper or crystals rich carmine color
cuprite
soft earthy brick red to brownish
cuprite of the tile ore variety
bright red hairlike crystals of cuprite
chalcotrichite
crystal system of cuprite
cubic
red oxide of zinc assoc with black franklinite and white calcite rare constituent of volcanic ash natural crystals are rarely fluoresecent artificial crystals may range from fluorescent green to fluorescent yellow
zincite
crystal system of zincite
hexagonal
calcium titaniu, oxide niobium can substituye for up to 44.9 % titanium by weight and cerium and sodum can substitute for calcium. crystals are pseudoctahedral occurs in rich in iron and magnesium occurs in contact metamorphic rock found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites
perovkite
crystal system of perovskite
orthorhombic
major source of titanium black streak nonman=gmetic accessory in kimberlite rocks
ilmenite
crystal system of ilmenite
hexaginal
most important ore of iron used in pigment
hematite
steel gray crystals and coarse grained varieties with a brilliant metallic luster
specular hematite
petal like arrangements
iron rosed
form of ground hematite
rouge
crystal system of hematite
hexaginal
major ore of iron economically important deposits occur in silica poor intrusions of igneous rocks in banded ironstones
magnetite
covered with iron fillings are known
lodestones
magnetite crystal system
cubic
rich in yttrium bear the prefix beta tungsten
fergusonite
crystal system of fergusonite
tetragonal
barium manganese oxide formerly grouped together under the name psilomelane forms as an alteration product of other manganese minerals an ore of manganese forms in bogs and lakes and shallow seas
romanechite
crystal system of romanechite
orthorhombic
forms in syenites certain pegmatites
corundum the blue zoning are due to the traces of titanium
common in sapphire
colorzoning
corundum crystal system
hexagonal
prismatic kashmir rubies embedded in a rock matrix
ruby in matrix
include gahnite franklinite chromite
spinel
red spinel is called
ruby spinel and this is due to the presence of chromium
crystal system of spinel
cubic
a zinc aluminum oxide and is a member of the spinel grop lithium pegmatites and gem clear nodules forms from the low grade metamorphisms of bauxite and found in placer deposits
gahnite
crystal system of gahnite
cubic
where is the blue octahedron of gahnite from
franklin, new jersey usa
small amounts of iron and zinc may substitute for manganese forms in hydrothermal veins assoc manganese oxides such as pyrolusite romanechite ore of manganese added to aluminum and magnesium alloys yo improve corrosion resistance
hausmannite
hausmannite crystal system
tetragonal
iron chromium oxide crystalline inclusion in diamond can contain some magnesium and aluminum accessory mineral in iron and magnesium rich laters are preserved when the sed rocks metamorphose to form serpentine
chomite
chromite cyrystal systems
cubic
LIST OF OXIDES
chromite
hausmannite
ice
anatase
brookite
rutile
cassiterite
pyrolusite
chrysoberyl
columbite-tantalite
uraninite
samarskite
pyrochlore
microlite
cuprite
zincite
perovskite
ilmenite
hematite
magnetite
fergusonite
romanechite
corundum
spinel
gahnite
hausmannite
chromite
formerly called limonite
goethite
mixture of aluminum hydroxide mineals called bauxite in southeastern france
les baux de provence
important ore of aluminum forms as extensive shallow deposits
bauxite
occur in stalactitic an iron oxide hydroxide and manganese can substiture for up to 5% of the iron occur in gossan or iron hat also occurs in a form called bog iron ore can be produced by living organisms
goethite
goethite crystal system
orthorhombic
important ore of manganese hydrated manganese oxide low temp replacement deposits with goethite hot spring manganese deposits alters to pyrolusite
manganite
manganite crystal system
monoclinic
scattering and crackles and depreciates under high heat widespread in bauxite and laterite
diaspore
rare transparent type of diaspore crystal turkey
zultanite
diaspore crystal system
orthorhombic
a magnesium hydroxide low temp hydrothermal veins c if medical magnesium as a fire retardant
brucite
fibrous variety of brucite
nemalite
brucite crystal system
hexagonal
list of hydroxides
bauxite
goethite
manganite
diaspore
brucite
example of oxyhydroxyl-halides
atacamite
hydrated potassium and magnesium chloride forms in the upper layers of marine evaporite salt deposits russia’s most important source of magnesium and caustic potash a potassium hydroxide is produced from this. important source of potash which is used in fertilizers and caustic potash
carnallite
carnallite crystal system
orthorhombic
aircraft could not fly without it essential ingredient in aluminum production icelike appearance used to separate aluminum an indispensable metal in aviation from its ores
cryolite
crystal system of cryolite
monoclinic
used to be known as fluorspar use in iron smelting to improve the fluidity of slags and the refining of metals
fluorite
veins banded purple white and yellow fluorite
blue john
fluorite crystal system
cubic
orange color comes from inclusions of hematite while the blue and purple colors indicate defects in the crystal structure may form hopper crystals widespread in saline evaporite deposits
halite
halite crystal system
cubic
manufacture of potassium compounds such as potash fertilizers used to manufacture metallic potassium firstdiscovered in mt. vesuvius italy sal digestivus slyvii
slyvite
mercury chloride omorfi meaning beautiful and honey, allusion to its sweet taste although it is toxic referred to as horn quicksilver and horn mercury fluoresces brick red used as a laxative and a disinfectant as well as in the treatments of syphilis from the 16th century an ore of mercury and in insecticides and fungicides
calomel
crystal systems of calomel
tetragonal
LIST OF HALIDES
carnallite
cryolite
fluorite
halite
sylvite
calomel
what is the match
witherite
strontianite
siderite
rhodochrosite
smithsonite
cerussite
barium
strontium
iron
manganese
zinc
lead
those with shallow rhombohedral terminations are called
nailhead spar
highly transparent calcite is called
optical spar
occur most often as scalenohedra and are commonly twinned sometimes forming heart shaped butterfly twins
calcite
virtually all ancient egyptian alabaster such as theat used to make this small sphinx was actually
calcite
crystals with steep rhombohedral or scalenohedral terminations
dogtooth spar
calcite crystal system
hexagonal
tabular prismatic or needlelike chisel shaped ends
aragonite
found in the oxideized zones of ore deposits and in evopites
aragon te
coral like aragonite crystals on rock matrix
flos ferri
calssic aragonite cyclic twin
cyclic twin
crystal system of aragonite
orthorhombic
barium carbonate resulting from the alteration of baryte specimens are heavy for their size due to the presence of the high density element barium more soluble in acids
witherite
crystal system of witherite
orthorhombic
occurs as a replacement deposit in limestone affected by magnesium bearing solutions in talc schists
dolomite
crystal system of dolomite
hexagonal
carbonate of magnesium forms mainly as an lateration product in magnesium rich rocks such as peridotites can occur as primary mineral in limestones and talc or chlorite schists in ocanic salt deposits also found in some meteorites catalyst and filler in the production of sythetic rubber and in teh manufacture of chemicals and fertilizers
magnesite
crystal system of magnesite
hexagonal
known since antiquity white lead pigment adter galena most common ore of lead star shpaed or reticulated netlike masses randomly grown prismatic crystals known as jack straw formed ny the action of carbonated water on the other lead minerals particularly galena and anglesite
cerussite
delicate needlelike crystals
jack straw cerussite
crystal system of cerussite
orthorhombic
carbonate hydroxide blue pigment massive azurite used for ornamental purposes sometimes called
chessylite
azurite crystal systems
monoclinic
manganese carbonate rosy of color forms dogtooth or rhombohedral crystals like calcite found in hydrothermal ore veins with sphalerite galena fluorite and manganese oxides. occurs in metamorphic deposits sometimes mined as an ore of manganese
rhodochrosite
crystal system of rhodocrhrosite
hexagonal
calcium carbonate with varying amounts of iron and mg and mn in its structure many specimens are fluorescent forms as secondary mineral from the action of iron and amgnesium bearing fluids onlimestone waster mineral in hydrothermal ore deposists low grade metamorphosed ironstons banded ironstone formations and iron ore deposits with siderite
ankerite
crystal system of ankerite
hexagonal
formerly known as chalybite singel crystals up to 6 in 15 cm long are doung in quebec canada sed rocks occus in concretions and in thin beds with coal
siderite
crystal system of siderite
hexagonal
honeycombed aggregates
dry bone ore
found in oxidation zones of many zinc ore deposits and in adjacent calcareous rocks
smithsnonite
a mass of earthy smithsonite on a rock matrix
white smithsonite
translucent mass of botryoidal smithsonite rests on a rock matrix
blue and green smithsonite
crystal system of smithsonite
hexagonal
earliest ore of copper been mined in sinai occurs in teh altered zones of copper deposits where it is usually accompanied by lesser amounts of azurite single masses that weighed up to 51 tons found in ural mountains
malachite
cyrstal system of malachite
monoclinic
list of carbonates
calcite
aragonite
witherite
dolomite
magnesite
cerussite
azurite
rhodocrhosite
ankerite
siderite
smithsonite
malachite
sodium in borax and calcium in colemanite volcanic activity flow into a closed basin where evaporation takes place occur in desert regions
borates
used to give a green color to fireworkds in place o the toxic barium
boron carbide
chalky mineral tinalconite evaporite foremd in dry lake beds powdered mienrals were fused with the beads and color change key component of soaps
borax
important economic borate mineral has number if habits found in dense veins of parallel fibers known as television stone found inplaya lakes and other evaporite basins commonly occurs in coelmanite
ulexite
unusual property of the form ulexite shown above is its ability to transmite images
television stone
crystal system of ulexite
monoclinic
calcium borosilicate hydroxide forms a cauliflowerlike sometimes sold as turquoise assoc with other boron mienrals such as kernite and borax
howlite
crystal system of howlite
monoclinic
important source of boron short prismatic or equant crystals un nodules found in playas and other evaporite deposits where it replaces other borate minerals such as borax and ulexite borosilicates derived from colemanite make glass that is resistant to chemicals and electricity and heat
colemanite
crystal system of colemanite
monoclinic
list of borates
borax
ulexite
howlite
colemanite
celestine mostly mine for collectors
mineral rich madagascar
fluoresces yellow under uv light used as an ore of leadforms in the oxidation zones of lead deposits alteration product of galena and formed when galena comes into contact with sulfate solutions found in concentric layers with a core of unaltered galena
anglesite
crystal system of anglesite
orthorhombic
calcium sulfate one of the major minerals in evaporite deposits alters to gypsum constituent of cap rocks above salt domes that acts as reservoirs for natural oil occurs in volcanic fumaroles and in seafloor hydrothermal chimneys
anhydrite
crystal system of anhydrite
orthorhombic
barium sulfate barite high sg heavy spar golden comes from south dakote cockscomb or crested aggregates and desert roses rosette aggregates of crystals are common accesory mineral in lead and zinc veins found in sed rocks and clay deposits
barite
crystal system of barite
orthorhombic
heavenlt evaporite deposits and can also be precipitated directly from seawater and an ore of strontium
celestine
crystal system of celestine
orthorhombic
twinned crystals are common and frequently form charac fishtails swordlike selenite gypsum crystals 6 1/2 2m
gypsum
comes from the cave of swords in mexico
selentine
crystal system of gypsum
monoclinic
hydrous iron sulfate iron analog of the copper sufate chalcanthite colorless become green to blue as copper increasingly substitute to iron secondary mineral formed by the oxidation of pyrite altered zones of pyrite bearing rocks and climates in coal alteration product of marcasite used in water purification as a coagulant and also fertilizer
melanterite
crystal system of melanterite
monoclinic
hydrated copper sulfate blue vitriol occurs in veinlets and as massive and stalactic aggregates oxidation of chalcopyrite water soluble mineral absorbs water
chalcanthite
crystal system of chalcanthite
triclinic
hydrous copper sulfater prismatic or needle like crytals found in tufts and druse crusts and as fien grained masses forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits assoc w azurite abundant enough to be an ore of copper
brochantite
crystal system of bronchantite
monoclinic
epsom salts magnesium sulfate mineral springs enar the town of epsom mg sulfate occurs in solution in seawater saline lake water and spring water water evaporates epsomite precipitates found with coal and limestone cabes
epsomite
crystal system of epsomite
orthorhombic
sodium calcium sulfate pseudomorphs form when other minerals such as calcite replace it slitght saline tase turns white in water and fuses to a white enamel found in cavities basaltic igneous rock and in volcanic fumaroles
glauberite
crystal system of glauberite
monoclinic
list of sulfates
anglesite
anhydrite
barite
celestine
gypsum
melanterite
chalcanthite
brochantite
epsomite
glauberite
bright orange to red in color saffron oxidation zone of lead ore and presence of low silica igneous rocks that serve as the source of chromium official mineral emblem of tasmania
crocoite
almost reticulated growth of crocoite
atypical crocoite
crystal system of crocoite
monoclinic
2nd most common molybdenum mineral show different terminations on each due to twinning 2ndary mineral formed in the oxideized zones of lead and molybdenum
wulfenite
crystal system of wulfenite
tetragonal
important ore of tungsten manganese end member of manganese iron solid solution series thermal veins at high tem alluvial gravels used in ligh bulb filaments
hubnerite
crystal systems of hubnerite
monoclinic
principal ore of tungsten
iron tungsten iron end member of a solid solution series it forms with hubnerite the manganese end member constitute the mineral formerly called wolframite rocket nozzles such as those used in saturn v made of tunsten steel
ferberite
crystal system of ferberite
monoclinic
calcium tungstate they fluoresce vivid bluish white under a short wave uv light assoc with native gold fluorescence search for gold deposits contact with metamorphic deposits in hydrotherman veins formed at high temperatures
major source of tungsten
scheelite
crystal system of scheelite
tetragonal
list of chromates
crocoite
wulfenite
list of tungstates
hubnerite
ferberite
scheelite
most numerous of the 3 groups more than 200 known minerals 1:4 raion crystallize from aqueous fluids fertilizers
phosphates
a phosphate uranium vanadium and potassium
carnotite colorado plateau
occur in marbles skarns and other metamorphic rocks
apatite
crystal system of apatite
monoclinic
calcium uranium phosphare yellow i ncolor floresce green under ultraviolet light formed in teh oxidation zones of uranium ore bodies as an alteration product of uraninite uranium bearin minerals
midly heated tetragonal autunite dehydrates into orthorhombic
autunite
crystal system of autunite
tetragonal
cerium phosphate yellowish reddies accessory mineral in granites
monazitea
accumulate as monazite sands
detrital monazite
used in oil refining
lanthanum
used in coloring glass
neodymium
plishin glass stone and gemstones
cerium oxide
crystal system if monazite
monoclinic
minor ore of lead forms a continuous chemical series with mimetite phosporus and arsenic replace each otther 2ndary mineral in the oxidized zones of lead deposits with galena goethite pseudomorphs of pyromophite after galena
pyromorphite
crystal system of pyromorphite
hexagonal
uranium bearing mineral and a minor ore of uranium chemically unstable with increased hydration it transforms to metatorbernite radioactive 2ndary mineral formed in teh oxidation zones of deposits containing uranium and copper and is assoc with other phosphate minetals forms as an alteration product or uraninite
torbernite
crystal systems of torbernite
tetragonal
fluoridated manganes phpsphates iron partially replaces manganese 3 cleavages oriented at right angles to each other chestnute brown exhibit different colors when viewed from different dircetions
triplite
crystal system of triplite
monoclinic
hydrous copper aluminum phosphate mesopotamia arid envi derived form teh decompostion of apatite and some copper sulfides
turquosie fav of chinese stone carvers
crystal system of turquoise
triclinic
lead chlorovanadate bright red colors also needlelike 2ndary mineral in oxidized ore deposits containing leaf high stress tools such this spanner
vanadinite
crystal system of vanadinite
hexagonal
variscia old name of the german district of voightlant plae to grenn action of phosphate rich waters on aluminous rocks assoc with apatite waveleite semiprecious used carvings abosrb body oils variquoise
variscite
crystal system of variscite
orthorhombic
starlike groups pale blue indigo blue on oxidation source of the sought after blue paint pigment blue orcher weathered zones of iron ore and phosphate deposits and in complex granite pegmatites
vivianite
crystal system of vivianite
monoclinic
2ndary mineral that forms in low grade aluminous metamorphic rocks phosphorous sulfate derived from wavelitte and other phosphates is a major component of matches
wavelitte
crystal system of wavelitte
orthorhombic
list of phosphates
apatite
autunite
monazite
pyromorphite
torbernite
triplite
turquoise
vanadinite
variscite
vivianite
wavellite
bright to lemon yellow or greenish yellow found as powdery 2ndary mineral fromed by the alteration of primary uranium vanadium minerals occurs in sandstones fossil wood or other fossilized vegetable matter pure contains 53% uranium by weight generate nuclear energy mined for vanadium and radium world war II onward
carnotite vanadates
crystal system of carnotite
monoclinic
zinc arsenate hydroxide fluresce green under uv light 2ndary mineral in oxideized zones of zinc and arsenic deposits
adamite
crystal system of adamite
orthorhombic
to incline to break oblique basal cleavage forms as 2ndary mineral in teh oxidized of deposits containing copper sulfides
clinoclase
crystal system of clinoclase
monoclinic
leaf translucent blue green occurs in hydrothermal copper deposits cuprite statue of lamma used as an ore of copper vivid blue green in color
chalcophyllite
crystal system of chalcophyllite
hexagonal
important tool for prospectors looking for cobalts and silver depostis bright purplish pink color
presence of vobalt cobalt bloom
cobalt arsenate hydrate forms a chemical replacement series with annabergite in wc nickel replaces cobalts in struture lighter colors inidating high nickel content 2ndary mineral found in the oxidized zoned of cobalt nickel arsenic deposits
erythrite
crystal system of erythrite
monoclinic
end member of a solid solution series with pyromorphite resemblance to pyromorphite 2ndary minerals wc forms in the oxideized zone do lead deposits and in other localities
mimetite
massive and crystalline varieties of campylite set in a rock matrix
campylite
crystal system of mimetite
hexagonal
hydrated iron arsenate garliclike drusy coatins are common hydrothermal veins hot spring deposits and oxidized zones of arsenic rich ore bodies pharmacisuderite
scorodite
crystal system of scorodite
orthorhombic
25 % known of all minerals 95 percent of the crust and upper mantle of earth
silicates
crystal system of quartz
hexagonal
crystal system of quartz chalcedony
hexagonal
red orange chalcedony
carnelian
crystal system of chalcedont agate
ehxagonal
concentric bands of co or resembling an aerial view of an ancient fortress
fortification agate
silica rich waters at low temp percolate through cracks and fissures in other rocks
quartz jasper
crystals of glauberite replaced by opal
opal psedumorph
moonstone variety of orthoclase creates schiller effecr
orthoclase
crystal system of orthoclase
monoclinic
quartz rich volcanic rocks such as rhyolite phonolite and trachyte formed at lpressure and high temp forms sphereular masses of needlike crystals in obsidian called snowflake obsidian
sanidine
crystal system of sanidine
monoclinic
blue green microcline
amazonite
crystal system of microcline
triclinic
type of the igneous rock syenite called larvikitelarge schillerized crystals of prized ornamental stone
anorthoclase
crystal system of anorthoclase
triclinice
crystal system of albite
triclinic
most common of the plag felds
oligoclase
charac by schiller effect
labradorite
gem quality of labradorite from finalnd known as
spectrolite
cloud most common feldspathoids
nepheline
crystal system of nepheline
hexagonal
used as the firsr eyeshadow
lazurite
crystal system of lazurite
cubic
found onmt. vesuvius floresce bright orange under uv light
sodalite
crystal system of sodalite
cubic
matt white k rich and silica poor igneous rocks foung with nepheline sodalite natrolite
leucite
crystal system of leucite
cubic tetragona
list of feldsphathoids
nepheline
lazurite
sodalite
sodium content fluoresce orange ti yellow under uv light produces an electric charge found in cavities or fissures in basaltic rocks
natrolite
crystal system of natrolite
orthorhombic
crystal system of heulandite
monoclinic
chemically intermediate in compostion between scolecite and antrolite indentical similar to scolecite and natrolite found in cavities in basalts found hydrothermal veins
mesolite
forms hairlike tuffs such as in this specimen known as
cotton stone
crystal system of mesolite
monoclinic
hailstone occur as distorted cubes or pseudorhombohedrons multiple twins permits small molecules to pass throuogh while preventing the passage of larger molercules filter methane from gases meitted by decatying otagnic waste matter
chabazite
crystal system of chabazite
triclinic
formerly feldspathoids sodium aluminum silicate weak electrical charge that this mineral when heated and rubbed occurs in seams and cavities absorbs moisture silica dessicator
analcime
crystal system of analcime
cubic
serpentine minerlas
antigorite
lizardite
amesite
2ndary minerals derived from the chemical alteration of olivine exposed such as along the crests and azes of great folds in island arcs alpine mountain chains sold as jade
serpentine
fine grained serpentine
lizardite
corrugated plates
antigorite
variety of serpentine an ornamental stone
williamsite cabochon
crystal system of serpentine
monoclinic triclinic
list of zeolites
leucite
natrolite
heulandite
mesolite
chabazite
analcine
occur as veins in altered peridotire other serpentine minerals
chrysotile
crystal system of chrysotile
monoclinic or orthorhombic
dense high purity talc is called
steatite
metamorphic mineral founc in veins and magnesium rich rocks assoc with seprentine temolite forsterite alteration product of silica poor igeous silica poor igenous rocks
talc`
crystal system of talc
triclinc or monoclinic
aluminum silicate hydroxide exfoliate when heated found in coarse laths and radiating aggreagates forms by the metamorphism of aluminum rich sed rocks good insulator
pyrophyllite
crystal system of pyrophyllite
triclinic or monoclinic
isingglass and fine grained muscovite called
sericite or white mica
btight green specimens rich in chromium are
fuchsite
crystal system of muscovite
monoclinic
crystal system of glauconite used to identify continental sehld deposits
monoclinic
solid solution series with the mineral annite as the iron end member and phologopite as teh mg end memeber used to date rocks
biotite
crystal system of biotite
monoclinic
light mica
used to make glass and enamels major source of the rare alkali metals rubidium and cesium
lepidolite
crystal system of lepidolite
monoclinic
large pseudomorphs replacing biotite as small particles in soils and ancient sed good growing medium for new plants retains water offers good aeration
vermiculite
crystal system of vermiculite
monoclinic
forms from volcanic ash that has weatherd in the presence ofwater
bentonite
crystal system of bentonite
monoclinic
raw material for brick pottery and tiles dickite nactire and ahlloysite natural product of alteration of mica plag and sodium and potassium feldspar under the influence of water
kaolinite
crystal system of kaolinite
triclinic
fine grained aggreagtes seen xrd used as na indicator of metamorhpic grade in clay bearing metamorphic rocks funerary temple
illite
crystal system of illite
monoclinic
soldering gold copper aluminum silicate ore of copper
chrysocolla
crystal system of chrysocolla
orthorhombic
mineral separates into flakes or layers when it is heated occurs with zeolite minerals
apophyllite
crystal system of apophyllite
tetragonal
spherical masses of phrenite occuring white calcite on a rock matrix
green phrenite
crystal system of phrenite
orthorhombic
list of phyllosilicates
serpentine
chrysotile
talc
pyrophyllite
muscovite
glauconite
biotite
lepidolite
vermiculite
bentonite
kaolinite
illite
chrysocolla
apophyllite
phrenite
important mienral in lunar rocks and alos occurs in meteorites found in lavas and smaller intrusive temperature of limits flat areas of the moon
pigeonite member of pyroxene group
crystal system of pigeonite
monoclinic
sodium iron siliciate also known as acmite needlelike prism faces are oftern lustruous pyroxene solid solution series with hedenbergite and diopside found inn mg and iron rich syenitic pegmaites
aegirine
crystal system of aegerine
monoclinic
occurs in peridotites kimberlites found in metamorphosed silica rich limestones shromium rich the emerald green variety of this
diopside member of pyroxene family
blue crystalline variant of diopside
violane
brightness shiny solid solution series diopside hedenbergite end members dark coloted lunar basalts meteorites all pyroxene are identified as this
augite
crystal system of augite
monoclinic
reduced to ashes strong pleichroism ore of lithium eucryptite latgest single crystal minerals south dakota 90 tons wirgh lithium fluoride used to add strentght to glass
spodumene
lavender gemstone of spodumene
kunzite
green gem variety of spodumene
hiddenite
crystal system of spodumene
monoclinie
pure is hwite in color green due to iron and lilac by mn and iron made up interlocking blocky granular crystals and commonly sugary granular texture nephrite tremolite or actinolite
jadeite
rich green specimen of jade
imperial jade
crystal system of jadeite
monoclinic
results of the contact of metamorphism of limestone ogneous rocks contaminated by carbon rich inclusions regionally metamorphosed rocks in schists ceramis
wollastonite
crystal system of wollastonite
triclinic
coated or veined with mn oxides mg ores in india
rhodonite
crystal system of rhodonite
triclinice
clove minetals clove brown to dark forms in regional meta of iron and mg rich rocks silica poor igneous rocks referred to as asbestots
anthophyllite
crystal system of antophyllite
orthorhombic
compact form of either tremolite actinolite calc mg in actinolite somg mg is replcaed by iron
dark green whrn rich in iton and creamy white when rich in mg tougher than steel regionally metamorphosed areas where dolomites are intruded by iron and mg
nephrite
crystal system of nephrite
monoclinic
FORMS IN metamorphic rocks gneisses
hornblende
crystal system of hornblende
monoclinic
calcium mg silicate solid solution seies with ferroactinolite increasing iron colorless to white in pure tremolite to grray used commercially as asbstos known as nephrite jade it is massive and fine grained product of both thermanl and reginal metamorphism indicator of metamorphic grade converts to dipside
tremolite
crystal system of tremolite
monoclinic
middle of solid solution series of calcium iron mg silicates asbetos fine grained avtinolite and tremolite called nephrite jade an amphibole minerals forms low and medium grade thermal and regional
actinolite
crsytals of actinilite have been powedered
gray green acitnolite
crystal system of actinolite
monoclinic
occurs in schists high p metahmorphism low t acc by jadeite
glaucophane
crystal system of glaucophane
monoclinic
asbestos grayish to blue known as alisite snotes used in teh sport of curling crocidolite tigers eye when silica sautrated
riebeckite
crystal system of riebeckite
monoclinic
list of inosilicates
pigeonite
aegirine
diopside
augite
spodumene
jadeite
wollastonite
rhodonite
anthophyllite
nephrite
hornblende
tremolite
actinolite
glaucophane
riebeckite
water sapphire pleochroic found in gneisses important in production used in ornamnets
cordierite
polished gem of cordierite
iolite
crystal system of cordierite
orthorhombic
11 minerals include elbaite schorl dravite and liddicoacite indicolite nlue achroite colorless found in pegmatites
tourmaline
most common tourmaline minerla
schorl
gem qual of tourmaline
elbaite
crystal system of tourmaline
hexagonal or trigonal
include heliodor moragnite godhenite found in granites
beryl
variant of crystas shades of pink
morganite
crystal system of beryl
hexagonal or trigonal
resemble emerald forms in areas copper veins altered oxidation
dioptase
crystal system of dioptase
hexagonal
list of cyclosilicates
cordierite
tourmaline
beryl
dioptase
formerly called calamine means crsytalline form grouped in fan shaped green fluoresence in shortwave uv ligh and weak light pink fluorescene in longwave uv light 2ndary mineral lateration zones of zinc deposits half zinc weight
hemimorphite
crystal system of hemimorphite
orthorhombic
axehead shape of its crystals occur as rosettes clove broen tinzenite
axinite
crystal system of axinite
triclinic
formerly called idiocrase
mt vesuvius unusal bismuth bearing is bright red found in granulites
vesuvianute
greenish blue copper bearing vesuvianite
cyprine
crystal system of vesuvianite
tetragonal
one side prism is always wider thean the others needle like product of alteration of plaf felds
epidote
long striated crystals from peru
pistachio epidote
crystal system of epidote
monolcinic
calcium aluminum silicate hydrozxide mistaken for sapphire charac of regional metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration ig igenous rocks
zoisite
lilac blue to sapphire blue variety of zoisite
tanzanite
massive pinkish red variety
thulite
crystal system of zoisite
orthorhombic
list of sorosilicates
hemimorphite
axinite
vesuvianite
epidote
zoisite
crystal system of olivine
orthorhombic
crystal system of zircon
tetragonal
means fire high refractive index fluorine bearing found in river deposits worlds largest topaz weitghd 36,000 carats
topaz
crystal system of topaz
orthorhombic
formerly called sphene calcium titanium silicate wedge shapedcolor dipersion higher than diamond
titanite
crystal system of titanite
monoclinic
yellowish gray variety of andalusite
chiastolite
found in regional and low grade metamorphic rocks
andalusite
crystal system of andalusite
orthorhombic
crystal system of sillimanite
orthorhombic
crystal system of kyanite
triclinic dark blue formed during regional meta of clay rich sed spark plugs
cross shaped penetration occus in mica schists
staurolite monoclinic
perfect cleavage pale green occurs innhydrothermal veins low t resembles certain types of beryle and topaz
euclase
crystal system of euclase
monoclinic
silicate iron and mg ,g substitute for iron in teh structure form complete solid solution series with manganhumite found with pyrite
humite
crystal system of humite
orthorhombic
mg aluminum garned high p hig pp silica poor igneouse
pyrope cubic
most common almandine oinker red
almadine cubic
mg aluminum silicate orange known as the alexandrite effect foujd grossular garnet contains iron found in mg rich meta rocks heaviest 6,720 carats
spessartine cubic
calcium aluminum silicate grossular gooseberry
grossular cubic
reddish brwon or pink grossular called
hessonite or cinnamon stone
30% quartz and 70% feldspar
textured granite
what is the reason of granodiorite’s speciled appearance
biotite and hornblende
this is called as welded tuff
ignimbrite
hard daek and so fine that it has the appearance of streaky flint
ultramylonite
mylonites are coarse grained and often sugary in appearance
blastomylonites
formation of mylonite
zone of thrusts or low angle faults and fine grained produced recrystallization under pressure
anpyrixene charac of hugh temp metamorphism
green omphacite
brught res garent and contrasting bright green omphacite
eclogite
found in xenoliths
ecologites
also known as steatite
soapstone
amphibole
anthophylkite
tremolite
chlorites
soapstone lion dog
granular metamorphic rock
marble
conglomerate specimen from hertfordshire england
puddingstone conglomerate
quartz sandstone with high lercentage of the green mica mineral glauconite from omin sglow oxygen poir marin envi rich in organic fetiruts contains shls and larger fossils originatii g frxal pellets weak and friable potassium content useful in radiometric age dati
greensand
commin qlong the frint ranges of rocky mountains
arkose
grindstones and millsotnes porous rock quartz greatest component originate in river deosits cross beddinh or current bedding
gritstone
makes 70% of all sed rocks in earths crust
shale
the fossil nautilus is preserved in
mudstone
confused with igneous basaly it is a turbidite dirty sandstone poorly sorted
graywacke
unsorted and unstratified rock material
tillite
calcarwous mudstone lake chalk shallow watwr high carbonate precipiteated rract in dilute acid
marl
formed by evaporation of ocean water in salinelakes and in salt pans occurs i some shales limestones and dolomitic limestones
rock gypsum
interlayered with beds of shale limestone and dolomite
rock salt
maec of fossilized remains called diatoms have hard shls made of opal most float surfaxe of the sea
diatomite
is a nodular soil hardened iron and aluminum oxides and a source of bauxite
laterite
banded iron formation
hammersley range of aurstralia
pink tufa formatio is rhodope mountains bulgaria
stone wedding
rounded mineral accretion knobbly itregualr surfaxe oriented parlel to the beddinh of their enclosing formed by the accumulation of silica in sediments and its subsequent solidificaiton pyrite commonly found as this
nodules
nodule kf hydorues iron sulfate
melanterite
nodule shows a variation in color due in differences in the extraneous material rnclosed while silica making the rock solidified
flint nodule
chert that occurs in marly limestones or chalk flund in nodules often in bands parallel go the bedding planes breaks with conchoidal fracture form thick oebbles beds on beaches accumulate soils that are derived from chalk
flint
earliest to hemined rocks
flint ac
largest fossil from concretions
hadrosaur
formed whrn crystals deposited from percolating brines filled cracks formed inseid a noduels as it shrank
septarian concretions
small igneous silicate spheres
chondrules
common type of stony irons which ar wiron meteorites one part olivine crystals to two parts metal
pallasites
rocks that have been melted by meterorite impacts
tektites
stony meteorite found in haryana ndia lacks chondrules small spheres of igneous minerals make chondrite
achondrite
well preserved inpact crater in arizona desert usa 50,000 years ago
barringer crater
how many lercent id iron meteorites
6%
an iron meteorite with a prtially vaporized surface
fusion surface
in iron meteorite the kamaxitw and taenite crystals in this iron meteorite occur as crosshatched lines forming
windmandstten pattern
how many percent nickle in iron meteorite
25%
minor anounts in iron meteorites
troilite graphite phosphides
netalkic nickel iron make up 1% recovered meteorites
stony iron meteorite
main group of stony iron meteorites
mesosiferites
meteorite from chile with a melted surface resembling a thumbprint
thumbprint
stony iron meteorite from the thiel mountains antartica
meteorite from antartica
largely made up of pyroxend and olivine lesser amounts of glassy contain ca felds oldest and msot primitive astronomical bodes in solar system formed vy rapud hearing in the cloud dust
stony meteorie
chondrules
chondritic asteroids
more rhan 80% of the meteorites fall on Earth
chondrites
chondrules are absent represent crust developed separate mineral shells arlund iron nickel core impct of breccias on earth 20 from mars and 20 from moon
achondrites
credited with behnh the first person to distinguish a systematic series of fossil assemblages lithofacies charac
alcide d’ orbigny
a function of depth h slope S and the nature of the fluid and indirectly a function of velocity of flow
boundary shear stress
report geology of the henry mountains 1877
G.K. Gilbert
g. k gilbert
grove karl gilbert
encompasses the interrelationship of geologic materis with water field of engineering subsurface fluid hydrology
fetter
type of pakcing porosity cubic
rhombohedral
2 grian size
47.8%
26%
14%
where is copper harbor conglomerate ans portage lake volcanics found
michigan
large scale deformation took place in the southernchemisphere continents
pan african orogeny
one of the oldest known complete ophiolites
the jormua mafic ultramafic complex infinland
what is nect after rodinia
pannotia
cysts of planktonic algae become common during meso and neoproterozoic hollow fossils
acritarchs
iron fomation in michigan oldest known megafossils very likely singlle callwd bacterium
grypania
oldest eukaryotes
bangiomorpha
finabck reptiles have a characteristic sail on their back
pelycosaurs
bolcanic peak 457 m in navajo tribal park in arizona composed of tuff breccia formed i late oligocene 25 mya
agathla peak
this evaporite mineral ins mined from green river rocks for sofiym compunds
trona
oldest known hominid
sahelanthropus tchadensis
relaced enanderthals 35,000 to 10,000 skilled nomadic hunters cave painters
cro magnon
pure albite melts or crystallizes at
1118 C
pure albite melts or crystallizes at
and pure anortite melts at
1118 C
1500 C
albute and anorthite begins to melt at and the melting complete at
1220
1410
melt composition is cooled it will begin to crystallize at and will be crystalline at
1410
1220
pure fosterite melts at
and fayalite melts at
1890 C
1205 C
limited to metamorphosed mg rich limestone and dolomitic metamorphic tocks
pure forsterite
found in ultrabasic igneous rocks dunits >90% by volume olivine and peridotites olivine +cpx+opx
Fo90-95
found in basic igneous rocks likes basalts and gabbros and sometimes in andesites where jt occurs with plag and pyroxene
Fo60-90
found in Fe rich siliceous tocks like rhyolites ans granites
Fo100-40
CaSiO4 olivines
Mn2SiO4
larnite
tephroite
commonly found in metamorphosed dolomites CaMgSiO4
monticellite
garbets with no Ca are called and Al
pyralspite series
Pyralspite series
Mg3Al2Si3O12
Fe3Al2Si3O12
Mn3Al2Si3O12
pyrope
almandine
spessartine
garnets with Ca in the A site are
ugrandite series
ugrandite series
Ca3Cr2Si3O12
Ca3Al2Si3O12
Ca3Fe+32Si3O12
uvarovite
grossularite
andradite
basalts metamorphosed at high pressure
eclogite
ultrabasic rocks containing olivine Opx Cpx and garnet
peridotites
found in metamorphic rocks formed at high pressure and eclogites and perifotes
most common garnet found in meatmorphic aluminous schists
fount in mn rich metamorphic rocks like meta cherts
mg rich garnet
Fe rich garnet
mn rich
southern leyte earthquakr mag nitude 5.8 struck when
may 6, 1991
