day 3 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

common unit of measurement for the volume of crude oil produced by a well of field

barrel 9bbl)

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how many barrels for crude oil?

42 US gallons
159 litres

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common unit of measurement for the volume of natural gas produced by a well or a field

standard cubic feet (scf)

million standard cubic feet per day of gas

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the first oil drilled in the ph

toledo 1 in onshore cebu

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who drilled the toledo 1 and when

smith bell & co. 1896

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the first ph commercial oil discovery

nido-1

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when and where was nido-1 drilled

1976
offshore northwest Palawan

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how many wells were drilled in ph

600 wells since 1896

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Type I
kerogen form: alginite
orgin: algae
hydrocarbon potential: oil prone

lacustrine

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Type II
kerogen form: exinite
orgin: pollen spores
hydrocarbon potential: oil and gas prone

marine

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Type II
kerogen form: exinite
orgin: pollen spores
hydrocarbon potential: oil and gas prone

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Type III
kerogen form: vitrinite
orgin: woody and cellulosic material from land plants (coal)
hydrocarbon potential: gas prone

terrestrial

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Type IV
kerogen form: inertinite
orgin: charcoal highly oxidized or reworked of any origin

terrestrial

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what is known remedy for geologic noise wherein the variable thickness of overburden presence of non economical minerals in the overburden or overlying layers and topographic noises ground surface varies in elevation

mathematical corrections

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types of survey

reconnaissance over 10>100km
focused mapping 1-10 km
high resolution mapping <1km ex: microgravity surveys at 60-60m intervals

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directly measures small differences in the strength of gravity accuracy: 0.1mgal common used lacoste&romberg gravimeter scintrex

gravity meter or gravimeter

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who formulated the international gravity formula to account for the variation of gravity with latitude

clairaut 1743

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must be supplied by equipmemtn manufacturer to convert instrument reading to observed gravity, gobs

instrument calibration factor

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effect of temperature changes and creep on the spring of the gravimeter

instrument drift correction

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due to elevation variations; 0.3086 mGal per meter elevation difference; if station is above sea level; if below

free air correction

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due to mass difference between station and sea level 0.4185
The adjustment to a measurement of gravitational acceleration to account for elevation and the density of rock between the measurement station and a reference level.

bouguer correction

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when to use gravity method?

large and medium geological structures and ancient suture zones
to locate sed basins and possible hydrocarbon traps
hydrogeological investigations to determine the geometry of potential aquifers
engineering and geotechncal applicantions for the location of cavities and voids

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differences in base readings are distributed among the readings during the day

diurnal variation

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equivalent to latitude correction

geomagnetic correction

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applications of magnetic method

determining the extent of the sedimentary basin for petroleum exploration
geotechnical investigations to delineate faulting in bedrock
tool for geological mapping to define structure features

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highly time dependent

geomagnetic

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law of refraction

snell’s law=(sin I/ sin r= V1/V2)

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most commonly used electrodes ate uniformly spaced

wenner spread

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current electrodes are spaced much farther apart than the potential electrodes

schlumberger spread

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since ground is not uniform, quantity calculated is called

apparent resistivity

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higher frequency vs lower frequency of antennas

900 and 500 MHz
antennas can penetrate 5.15 ft of soil resolution is 0.5 -2 inches

300 and 80 MHz antennas can attain depths of 30 to 80 feet resolution is 0.5-3 ft

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detects ionization produced by a radioactive particle

geiger counter

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cylindrical metal tube which houses the instrumentation needed for borehole logging

sonde

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one potential and current elevtrode mounted in the sonde, other pair is on the surface

normal log

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also known as continuous velocity or avoustic logs sonde contains 2 receivers ~300mm apart and the acoustic source is ~900-1500mm from the nearest receiver from the enarest receiver

sonic logging

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reaches up to 30-40 km

ocean bottom seismometer

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geologic and topographic structures of the ocean floor reflect plate tectonic processes

satellite altimentry

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temperature at wich coalification begins and depth too

100C and 3000 ft

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how much ppb of coal in appalachiqn bqsin coql field averages and rocky mountain coal

13.3 ppb
1.8 ppb

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how many NMT does ph has of estimated coal resource potential

2370 million metric tons with about 200NMT in the mineable reserve category

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how many percent of the mineable reserves have been estimated for the semirara island

40%

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these comprises 15% of the total minerable reserves

south mindoro, sibuguey peninsula lalat and malangas areas and the samar leyte area

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rise in coal quality id attributed to

igneous and other geological activities

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structural deformation in most known coal areas have dips ranging from

15-90 degrees
coal beds in such areas are relatively thin but beds as much as 29 m thick are present

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6 mahor coal blocks

luzon block
eastern seaboard
western seaboard
visayas basin
eastern mindanao
western mindanao

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coal reserves by region

quezon
mindoro
semirara
negros
cebu
zamboanga
maguindanao
sultan kudarat
south cot
cagayan valley
batan polillo catanduanes
masbate
samar
bukidnon
surigao
davai
sarangani

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these are expansive soils

bentonite, shale, siltstone

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offshore platform can habdle 500 million cu of gas 26,000 barrels condensate per day concrete gravity structure has a storage capacity of 300,000 barrels stored condensate is offloded by shuttle tabkers for shipment to markets export kuxon has a capacity of 650 million cu. ft gas per day

malampaya offshore facilities

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a barrel of crude oil provides since one barrel is 42 gallons

gasoline 19.5 gallons
fuel oil 9.2 gallons
jet fuel 4.1 gallons
asphalt 2.3 gallons
kerosene 0.2 gallons
lubricantd 0.5 gallons
petrochemicals other products 6.2 gallons

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in ph

46% kf our energy comes from oil
350000 BOPD

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also called hydraulic head or potentiometric head or the level that water will rise on a piezometer or well

potential energy

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determine the direction of groundwater flow

difference in hydraulic heads

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is proportional to cross secrional area,A difference in water levels hydraulic conductivity K and inversely proportional to the lenth of the tube of porous media

total flow Q

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also called specific discharge or DARCY Flux units L/T and the average pore water velocity is termed the seepage velocity or linear velocity

darcy velocity

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ate at wc groundwater can pass through a unit area of aquifer perpendicular to flow under a unit gradient

hydraulic conductivity

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also called effective porosity
unconfined storativity
phrearic storage coefficient
drainable pore spaces
ratio of the volume of water released from storage by gracity forces per unit surface area of aquifer per unit change in head

specific yield

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aquifer confined by a low permeability layer that permits water to slowly flow through it. during pumping of the aquifer, recharge to the aquifer can occur across thw confining layer. also known as a leaky artesian or leaky confined aquifer

aquifer, semiconfined

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water tabel aquifer is the synonym

aquifer unconfined

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lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone below the root zone and above the capillary fringe

interflow

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a type of overland flow that occurs when throughflow reaches the land surface and drains across the land surface before reaching a stream

return flow

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the lateral movement of water ina a unsaturated zone during and immediately after preciipitation event. The water from thorughflow seeps out at the base of slopes and then flows across the geound surface as return flow ultimately reaching a stream or lake

throughflow

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water that contians a high amount of dissolved solids and is created by liquid seeping from a landfill

leachate

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density and kinematic viscosity of the water must be considered in determining

hydraulic conductivity

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relative ease with wc a contaminant located at or newr the land surface can migrate to the aquifer or deep well

ground water vulnerability map

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difference measured in deet or meters between water table or potentiometric surface and pumping water level

drawdown

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an expression of productivity of a well obtained by dividing the rate of discharge kf water from the well by the drawdown of the water level in the well. described on the basis of the numbe rof hours of pumpkng prior to the time teh drawdown measurement is made decrease with time as the drawdonw increases

specific capacity

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volume of water the aquifer releases from or takes into storage percunit surface area of the aquifer percunit vhange in head. it is equal to the product of speicifc storage and aquifer thickness. in unconfined aquifer it is equal to the specific yield also called storage coefficient

storativity

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borehole log made by measuring the nagural electrical poetntial that develops between the formation and the borehole fluids

spontaneous potential log

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graphical means of presenting the chemical analysis of the mahor cations and aniond of a water sample

stiff pattern

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evaluation of all sources of supply and yhe corresponding discharges with respect to an aquifer or a drainage basin

water budget

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average content of an element in the earths crust

clarke concentration

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ore formed as the same time as fhe host rock

syngenetic ore

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ore formed after the host rock

epigenetic ore

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ore formed within the earth

hypogene ored

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ore formed from wither magmas or fluids

primary fluids

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epithermal
mesothermal
hypotermal

hydrothermal deposti temperature

50-200
200-300
300-500

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orogenic gold
epizonal
mesozonal
hypozonal

150-300
300-475
>475

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father of science of the study of or deposits economic geology calssification of ore deposits ore channle are secondary features & ores have been deposited from solutions circulating in these channels he argued against the use of divining rods

georgius agricola de re metallica 1556

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ores are a product of condesation from vapors ascending through fissures

nicolas steno

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imporatnce of hydrothermal solutions or vapors of deep seated origin recognized metasimatic replacement

henkel

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distinguished discordant veins from concordant bedded depostist

von oppel 1749

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metals and minerals in the veins were the result of alteration reactions between country rocks and water that had passed through them

charpentier

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veins are open fissures filled with minerals leached from the adjacent country rock

gerhard 1781

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ores are direct magmatic products or are formed as products of differentiation

james hutton or plutonists

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neptunists sandstong limestone & ore deposits came from primeval ocean

abraham werner

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ni ores wi norites and peridotes cu in monzonitic rocks

sn in granite

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who created the society of economic geology 1905

RAF penrose

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published mineral deposits introduced pyrometamatic deposits classification of hydrothermal depostis to epithermal mesothermal & hypothermal

w. lindgren

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telethermal deposits at shallow depths from nearlyu spent solutions

gration1933

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introduced xenothermal high T at very shallow depths

buddington 1935

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years for development mining and mine closure

1-4 years
3->10 years
5-10 years

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adopted by denr/ mgb

dao 2010-09

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report contains all relevant information for the readers to make reason & balanced judgment of the public report

materiality

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ROPO

recognized overseas professional organization

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exploration results and mineral resources estimation

CP geologists

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ore reserves estimation

cp mining engineer

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basic tool providing a statistical measure of a max distance that can be used in inverse distance weighting at any given direction

variograms

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elegant class of inverse distance weighting using weighing factors determined from the mathematical expression of the variogram model equations provides a value for the estimation variance which conventional estimation cannot do standard error

kriging

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enriched in Cr ni pge

ultramafics

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entiched in cu mp zn pb ag au

i type granites

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enriched in sn w be u li

s type granites

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what are the chalcophile elements

cu pb zn ag au as s

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LILE or large ion lithophile elements

li be b rb cs

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alkalis, alkali earths & volatiles

na, k, ca, cl, co2 h2o (1-15% of magma), f, p

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contains gases and liquids during time of ore formation

trapped inlcusions

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rich in Na & Cl contain Ca-mg HcO3 AND MANY CONTAINS SR BA N IMPORTANT IN MISSISSIPPI valey type pb zn ores

connate water

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connate and meteroric waters enclosed in rocks buried below the surface of the earth & subjected to heat and pressure accom magmatic intrusion or low ot high grade regional metamorphism

metamorphic fluids

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sinking of globules of a heavy liquid formed by immiscibility within and from a aparent liquid after some differentiation

late liquid gravitative accumulation

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silicification dolomization recrystallization decalcification

carlin style au

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due to phreatomagmatic phreatic and hydrothermal processes

breccia pipe hoseted au base metal

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major mechanism of mass transport in deep enviroments of restricted mechanical fluid flow spontaneous movement of molecular or ionic particles down concentration gradiaents that causes one substance to become uniformly intermingled with another

diffusion

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settling & accumulation of crystallizing mienrals in high T magmas bushveld cr pt magnetite-ilmeniite

magmatic sedimentation

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IMPLY THAT THE 2 MINERALS OCCURRED AS AN ISOMPRHIC SOLID SOLUTION AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE

exsolution pairs

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exosolution pairs:
pyrrhotite
chalcopyrite
sphalerite
magnetite

pendlantite
bornite
chalchopyrite
ilmenits

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inversion pairs:
argentite
enargite

acanthite
luzonite

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shows depletion at the junction of intersetcing lamellae while replacement shows greater concentration at the intersections

exsolution shows depletion

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process of simultaneous capillary solution and deposition by wc a new mineral of partly or wholly differing chemical compostion may griw in the body of an old mineral or mineral aggregates - diffusion process

replacement or metasomatism

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hydraulic breccia and jigsaw breccia

crackle breccia and mosaic breccia

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distribution in time or the sequence of minerals or elements

paragenesis

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regular pattern in the distribution of minerals or elements in space it may be shown or elements in space it may be shown in a singel orebody in a mineral district or in a large region

zoning

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looks like secondary but may not be if the host crystal was fractured as the crystal was growing

pseudosecondary

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composition of the ore bearing fluid

optical physical properties SEM XRF

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The estimation of pressure and temperature conditions at which a geologic material formed

geobarometry

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layered mafic intrusions
diamond pipes
carbonatites

bushveld south africa, anorthosite
kimberley south africa
palabora south africa

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podiform chromite

coto acoje

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intermediate sulphidation au base

baguio district victoria

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porphyry cu

sto.tomas

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porphyry mo

quartz hill usa

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low sulphidation epithermal au

hishikari japan

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carlin type au

mesel, indonesia

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cyrprus

barlo

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kuroko type VMS

BAGACAY

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beshhi type VMS

rapu rapu

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palcer deposits

paracale masbate

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quartz peblle conglomerate

witwaterand sout africa

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ni laterite

nonoc

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supergene cu enrichment

boyongan

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largest cr resource 2.06 billion Ma age largest pt pd os ir rh ru pge resource merensky reef

bushveld south africa

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largest Ni resource complete melting of the continental crust due to large meteorite impact

sudbury canada

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375km E W x 300 N S
quadrilobate ultramafic intrusion like a lopolith into lower transvaal metaseds & upper rooiberg felsites & then intruded by bushveld red granites w/c hosts fe-ti-vn-sn largest orebodies are found at the e lobe within the critical zone rock unit

bushveld igneous complex

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90% intermediated calcic plagiocalse source of almost all hard rock sources of Ti 2 types
layered mafic intrusions bushveld formed by gravitaional stratification in ultramafic matrix Anorthite 70-100 andesine to labradorite 35_65

anorthosite titanium

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more shallowly derived by partial melting or contaminated by lower continetal crust materails lac tio quebec 120 MT worlds largest deposit

ilmenite rich andesine type

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differentiates of an anorthosite gabbro magma

magnetite ilmennite rich labradorite

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volatile rich potassic ultramafic related phreatomagmatic breccia pipe or igneous dike dominated by olivine with subordinate mienrals of mantle derivation most productive pipes are 80-100, 250&1000-1100 Ma

kimberlite

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calcium olivine
mg biotie

monticellite
phlogopite

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10m carats/yr (
2 tonne/yr)
80% from kimberlites & 20% from placers
48% gem quality 52% industrial grade

south africa

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12m carats/yr (2.4T/yr)
almost all fro placers
industrial grade quality

zaire

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12M carats/yr (2.4T/yr)
from both placers & kimberlites

russia

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represent a rapid vilent upward rush of deep mantle material from the asthenosphere 200kms below surface in teh form of diatreme with explosive in the form of diatreme fallback circular and pluglike forming maar lakes up to >1km in width 2-5 km long carrot shaped bodes formed at 50-70 kbar 1kbar=3.3km depth at kimberly area only 20 out of 100 occurrences are diamond bearing

geological drillholes

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gneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor phosphates, oxides, and silicates.

carbonatites

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acoje and masinloc also known as alpine tpye ophiolite related wc formed in mid oceanic ridges ir back arc basin spreading centers & tectonically obducted onto continental or island arc margins 1.2 age proterozoic to phanerozoic

podiform chromite

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deep sea siliceous or orcherous sediments w/ radiolarian cherts
layered pillow basalts cut by shetted diabase dikes
layered gabbros/norites
dunite/peridotite upper mantle or astenosphere contains podifom smeared out bodies of chromite in dunite harzburgite sequences

layer 1
layer 2
layer 3
layer 4

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mostly in granites and less to trivial amount sin syenites kimberlites and carbonatites found in i type granites & alkali granites s type granites pegmatites and related veins fractionated late melts
allanite titanite zircon monazite uranothorianite

granitic uranium

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largest single granitic U deposit

rossing, namibia

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example of i type granitic U

ross adams alaska

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cu w or w.o au economic metals abundant magnetite and specularite late archean to present

iron oxide copper gold

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80% of world’s presents type granites two mica muscovite biotite more felsic than i type granite contains w ta mo be nb bi and u phanerozoic

granitic tin

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hosted by uppeddevonian granitic batholith intruding silurian odovician sediments batholith is a conposite tabular body 45 by 75 kms x 12km thick older i type granodiorite to monzonite greiseinization affected by the 2 mica granites prouducing muscovite topza fluorite alteration carrying cassiterite +minor shceelite wolframite & galena

granitic tin blue tier tasmania

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porphyry cu mines

carmen copper corps atlas toledo cebu
phulex sto,tomas II benguet

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advanced projects

dinkidi-quirino/nueva viscaya
boyungan-bayugo, surigao del norte
tampakan- south cotabato
far southeast-benguet

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prograde

potassic to popylitic / disseminations veinlet veins

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phyllic and advanced argillic veinlet

retrograde

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calc akaline porphyritic intrusion <1 to 2 kbar pressure 2-4km depth rocks are foremed at 750-850 C and mineralizationa t

> 250-<500C

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porphyry cu by lowell gilbert

first model

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by gustafson and hunt

intordutcion of advanced argillic alteration cap

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plate tectonic model for the origin of porphyry cu 1972 conceptuzalid porphyry cu model for the ph 1984

sillitoe

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commonly in island arc few ocntinental

porphyry cu au model

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high Mo grade porphyries in atectonic to tensional rift environemnts w/ A type high silica porphyritic

climax type mo model

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life span

single deposit 100,000 to several million years
mieral districts up to 10 m y or longer

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1994 measured +indicated resource 870 million tonnes @0.41 % cu

biga deposit atlas mine cebu

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2010 measured resources 149 millions tonnes mineralized porphyry complex syn mineral dark diorite - 0.6% cu &0.9 ppm au
clear diorite 0.3% cu & 0.6 ppm Au late mineral diorite 0.1 % cu 0.3 ppm au

sto.tomas II philex benguet

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2013 measured and indicated resources 70MT
2013 ore reserves
50.7 MT
late oligocene upper monzodiorite gabbro
surong monzonite
tunja monzonite
balut dike
quan monzonite
bufu syenite
bugoy syenite

didipio alkalic pophyry cu au mine nueva viscaya quirino

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2014 inferred resources 891.7MT

far southeast porphyry cu au goldfields lepanto benguet

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2012 total resources BT ar 0.51%

tampakan porphyry cy ay glencore indophil sagittarius south cot

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occurs only at continental magmatic arcs not at island arcs
i type
molybdenit pyrite traces sheelite chalco ag rich tetrahedrite
fluorite is absent mesozoic to tertiary

porphyry molybdenum

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occurs in atectonic to tneisonal rift environments located inland from continental margins

climax type mo

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1st and 2nd intrusives are rholote porphyries 3rd is an aplite and 4th is porphyritic granite 95% molybdenite 4 successive granitic rocls

climax colorado

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also called subvolcanic tin disseminate veinlet and breccia controlled fine grained cassiterite miocene

porphyry tin

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example of skarn deposits in ph

thanksgiving cu au zn benguet parcale fe camarines norte

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hydrothermal deposits formed at low temp 100-320C usualy at shallow depths <2kms

epithermal gold

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high
intermediate
low
low sulfi alkalic

lepanto
acupan benguetantamok victoria co o agusan maco diwalwal0-comval
pongkor indonesis
cripple usa

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largest epithermal au ag deposit

yanacoche

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origin of advanced argillic alteration

hypogene steam heated supergene

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considered as low sulfi epithermal fluids in reactive carbonate rocks

carlin type gold

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massive sulphides associated with submarine volcanism and realted sedimentation

Volcanogenic massive sulphides

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ophiolitic complex
cretaceous paleogene
subamrine basalts chert and shale
massive sulphide overlying stockwork zone overlain by chert

cyprus

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back arc
cretaceous neogene
felsic submarine volcanics
massive to banded sulphide clastic ore apron overlying stockwork zone

kuroko

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oceanic extensional envi
pre crtaceous
metamorphics clasts and marine mafic volcanis concordant sheet of massive sulphides

beshhi

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sedex and also called black shale hosted stratiform basinal accumulation galena spahelerite w. major pyrite and pyrrohitte sgeetlike not bulbous

sedimentary exhalative lead zinc

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simple mieralogy low ag galena low fe sphalerite barite fluorite accompanied by dolomite calcite jasperoud depostion from connate basinal water

mississippi valley type zinc lead

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also known as mesothermal au slate belt type au archaean au related to solution remobilization assoc w regional fluid flow along major deep crustal fault zones

orogenic gold

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epizonal
mesozonal
hypozonal

2-5km
5-10km
>10km

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assoc wi granitoids become a deposit only 30 years agoformed shallow to moderate crustal settling that lack co eval volcanism late orgenic cycle

reduced intrusion related gold

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mainly pitchbende w/ minor coddiniteribbon like orebodies

uniformity type uranium athabasca

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lateral secretions low t p oxidizes u+4 to u+6 soluble in groundwater represents 40% worlds resources stratabound

sandstone type uranium

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redbed formations consisting of continental ss sts cgl impure lst trash plants lignite bone material

salt wash type u-v

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braided stream deposits in borad alluvial plain consisting fluvial lacustrine humates ore is mainly as orano uraniferous mineraloids

humate type u

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deposit created by erosion and sedimentation containing particles of some valuable minerals cenozoic age

placer deposits

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rio tuba
berong
taganito suriago del norte
hinatuan surigao del sur
new caledonia south pacici dominated worlds ni production prior discovery sjudbury oligocene to mesozoic noumeite nepouite pimelite

nickel laterite

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al rich laterite high in al203 low sio2 and fe203 tropical subtropical consists of boehmite gibbsite diaspore hoste in white limestone fm middle eocene lower miocene age came from ~5m of miocene that bauzite came from volcanicc ash within the white limestone

bauxite

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the weathering of cu ebaring mineralization wherein a small percentage of cu can be leached from a large volume of rock and can be redeposited as a higher grade deposit in a smaller volume of rock provided that conditions are favorable protoore porous and permaale meteoric waters

supergene copper enrichment

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father of modern chemistry and cyrstal chemistry who proposed the classification of minerals ac to their preferred hosts

victor m. goldschmidt

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theory that explains the complexation of material from the simple structure of H and its isotope, Deuterium, or simply the creation of new atoms from Hydrogen

nucleosynthesis

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rule proposed where there is a regular pattern in elements where elements with even atomic numbers are more abundant on either side than those with odd atomic numbers

oddo-harkins rule

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what are the 10 elemetns which have atomic numbers of less than 27 show appreciable abundance and what are the greatest abundance

H he c n o ne mg si s fe

h and he having the greatest abundance

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these are between helium and carbon which have very low relative abundance

li, be, and b

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type of meteorite that ni-fe alloys with minor amounts of other minerals classified acc to their %Ni

iron

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isotopes w/ mass numbers that are multiples of 4 have enhanced abundances

pronounced peak for relative abundance of Fe

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composition of the iron type meteorite

troilite, hexahedrite, octahedrite, ataxite

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chiefly comprised of mostly ferromagnesian silicates that contain up to 1/4 ni-fe types

stoney

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stoney meteorites containing chondrules with high volatile content including water and non biogenic carbon

chondrite

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what are under STONEY

stoney
chondrite
achondtrite

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important type of chondites

carbonaceous chondrite

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composition chondrite

olivine pyroxene plag glass have the same composition with the sun’s atmosphere

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stoney meteorites that lack chondrules with most being brecciated

achondtrite

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composition ofachondtrite

same composition as terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks

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equal amounts of silicates and ni-fe alloys with most being brecciated and invaded by metallic and sulfide melts

stony-iron

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composition of stony-iron

pallasite, mesosiderite

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branch of chemistry concerned on the free enrgy changes assoc with chemical equilibrium between phases an dprovides the tools for woking out which mineral assemblages will be stable under w/c they occur

thermodynamics

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impermeable rock preventing heated fluids from escaping

cap rock

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geothermal systems assoc with regions of young volcanism charac by the presence of a porous and prev reservoir at shallow to moderate depths (100 m to 4.5 km) with most of the heat being transferred by convection

convective geothermal systems

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geothermal systems charac by high porosity systems at hydorstatic pressure, commonly assoc with sedimentary basins with geopressured and hot dry rock systems

conductive geothermal system

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high porosity under hydrostatic pressure

basin

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high porosity with pressures exceeding hydrostatic pressure

oil fields

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low porosity conductive environment

hot dry rock system

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> 150 C

high enthalpy

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90-150 C

moderate enthalpy

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90 C

low enthalpy

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form of fumarole that emits sulfurous streams

solfatara

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pool bubbling acidic mud that can emit steams and decompose surrounding rocks nto mud

mud pool

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nonthermal manifestation of hydrothermal/geothermal systems

kaipohan or cold springs

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mineralization that can be used as indicators for geothermal exploration due to the consistent formation

othermometers

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silica replacement that forms from high to low temperature

silicification

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direct deposition of amorphous hydrated silica or opal at high temperature

silica sinter

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appears at conditions with temperatures greater than 200 C

epidote

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appears at conditions with temperatures at about ~100 C

smectite

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appears at conditions with temperatures greater than 200 C

illite

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appears at low temperatures and alkaline environments

calcite

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appears at high temperatures and acidic environments

silica

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appears at low temperatures and acidic environments and forms when steam mixes with meteoric waters due to throttling

kaolinite

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appears at high temperature and acidic enviornments and acidic envi and originates from magmatic fluids

halloysite/pyrophyllite

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when was DOE established

december 23, 1992

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act of DOE

RA NO. 7638 department energy act of 1992

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the 3rd country in the world with highest installed capacity in the MWe as of 2013 and 5th country in the world with the largest geothermal reserves as of 2019

philippines

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when was PNOC created

nov 9,1973 through the PD no. 334

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what is PNOC

philippine national oil company

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a service contract granted byt the DOE to operators for geothermal poer plant

Geothermal Renewable Energy Service Contract GRESC

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an operating contract granted by the DOE to the operators for geothermal power plants

geothermal renewable energy operating contract GREOC

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1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~ 290 MW located at albay province greoc no 2009. 19-006

tiwi complex

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father of ph geothermal development

arturo alcaraz

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1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~ 460 MW located at laguna and quezon provices greoc no. 2009-10-007

makiling banahaw mak ban complex

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1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~ 230 MW 1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~720 MW located at leyte province

leyte

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20 mw GREOC NO. 2010-02-012 located at laguna and batangas provinces

maibarara

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greoc 2012-04-027 150 MWe lcoated at sorsogon and albay provinces

bacon manito complex

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gresc no. 2009-10-005 located negros island

northern negros

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palinpinon geothermal power plants
gresc no 2009-10-007 190 MW located at soutehrn negros island

southern negros

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mindanao geothermal production field
gresc no 2009-10-004
110 MW located at north cotabato and davao provinces

mt.apo

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branch of geology that deals with the physical processes and properties of the earth through analytical quantitative methods

geophysics

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mode of methods used to detect and map geophysical anomalies using different physical porperties of the earth

geophysical survey

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examples of gravimeter

la coste and romberg scintrez

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done by repeatedly recording readings from a fixed base station throughout the day

drift correction

done due to decrease in gravity with height moving farther away from the earth’s center always add for FAC= 3.086H GU

FREE AIR CORRECTION

removes the effect that FAC neglects by accounting land as continuos or infinite horizontal slab assumes that the topography is flat

bouguer correction always substract bouger correction when on land
BC=2piG ph=0.4191phgu
always add bouguer correction when on sea surface

accounts topographic relief in the vicinity of the gravitation station

terrain correction
always add terrain correction

combined effects of sun and moon having a max amplitude of 3

tidal correction

applied to gravity measurements taken on a moving vehicle depending on the direction of travel with the vehicular motion generating a centripetal acceleration which either reinforces or opposes gravity

eotvos correction

increasing amount of gas

decreases velocity

later time of arrival of the reflected rays at receivers offset from the source for a horizontal layer only for first layer or topmost layer refraction must be used for the succeeding layers

normal moveout

weighted average across n layers that factors out differences in travel time spent in layer of differing velocity

root mean square

can be used to determine the velocity and or height per layer

n layer example

5-10x if critical velocity gradient can detect multiple layers but cannot easily find thickness of each layers that are thin or has a lower velocity

seismic refraction

has an arrival time that is never recorded at first arrical and is aympototic with the direct ray on a t-x diagram

reflected ray

has an arrival time that plots linear on a t-x diagram only arrives after the critical distance and recorded only after cross over distance and travels long enough in the faster layer

refracted ray

measures current

ammeter

intermeiate conductors

oxides

high frequency inversely proportional with resolution

high mhz = low resolution

depth range of GPR is limited by?

electrical conductivity of the ground the transmitted frequency and the radiated power

500 and 900 mhz penetrates 5-15 ft. of soil and produces resolution of 0.5-2 inches

higher frequency

300 and 80 mhz antennae penetrates 30-80 ft and produces resolution of 0.5 -3 ft.

lower frequency

or probe is a cylindrical metal tube that ecanses the instruments such as cameras used for borehole logging

sonde

borehole dimater

callper

resistance of formation, fluids in formation and borehole fluids

single point reason

resistivity of formation with additional data where true resistivity can be calculated

normal resistivity

bulk apparent conductivity of the formation and pore fluids surrounding the borehole

electromagnetic induction

electrical resistivity of borehole from which specific conducatnce is calculated

fluid temperature

direction and magnitude of vertical flow within the borehole

electromagnetic and spinner

amplitude and travel time view of the reflected acoustic signal

acoustic televiewer

azimuthal direction and the inclination of the borehole

deviation

fossil fuels

seismic
gravity.
magnetic

metals

magnetic
resistivity
induced polarization
self potential
electromagnetic

bulk minerals

seismic

groundwater

seismic
resistivity

eng applications

seismic
resistivity
GPR

archaeology

seismic
gravity
electromagnetic
GPR

the process of water moving within the soil or ground

percolation

steams whose course is controlled by its initial slope of the land surface

consequent stream

streams whose course is dependent on structures and not on topography

subsequent stream

streams that develop in response to a new base level and flows in the same direction as the main consequent stream

resequent stream

a system where the sedimentary cycle occurs and involves a network of stream channels and the entire drainagae basin

river system

the slope of a stream channel measured by the vertical drop of a stream over a specific distance

gradient

measure of length within a cross section of a stream that is in contact with the flow

wetted perimenter

annual volkume of water evaporated from the oceans by the Sun

320,000 km3

annual volume of water precipitated into the ocean

284,000 km3

annual volume of water transpired by plants

60,000 km3

annual volume of water precipitated onto land

96,000 km3

annual volume of water carried as runoff

36,000 km3

enumerate the world’s largest rivers and their location

amazon brazil
congo rep.of congo
yangtze china
brahmaputra bangladesh
ganges india
yenisei russia
mississippi us
orinoco venezuela
lena russia
parana argentina

process by which the bed and banks of a bedrock channel are continuously bombarded by particles carried into the flow

quarrying

process by which the bed and baks of a bedrock channel are continuosly bombarded by particles carried into the flow

abrasion

channels that cut into the underlying strata and typically form in the headwaters of a river

bedrock channel

channels that form insediments that was prec deposited in the valley

alluvial channel

refers to the base level for tributaries or smaller water bodies

temporary base level

streams that possess the necessary slope and other channel charac to maintain minimum flow velocity requierd to transport sediments

graded stream

stream features created when resistant beds act as a temporarhy base level upstream while allowing downcutting to continue downstream

rapids

produced by major fluctuations in conditions, such as changes in base level or climate

depositional floodplain

meandering channels flowing in steep narrow bedrock valleys

incised meanders

drainage pattern with multiple right angle bends and typically develops where the bedrock is crisscrossed by a series of joints

rectangular drainage pattern

rectangular pattern in wc tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another wc typically forms in areas underlain by alternating bands of resistant and lesser resistant rocks that can be well displayed

trellis drainage pattern

or recurrence interval is an estimate of how often a flood of a given size can be expected to occur

retum period

seasonal floods that may occur due to rapid melting of snow or heavy rains that can often overwhelm rivers

regional floods

specific study of the distribution and movement of grounwater

hydrogeology

typical rate of aquifer flow velocity

15cm/yr

coefficient that consders the permeability of the aquifer and the viscosity of the liquid expressed in the equation known as the darcy’s law

hydraulic conductivity

localized zone of saturation created when downward intercepted by an aquitard

perched water table

aquifer bounded by aquitards above and below it

confined aquifer

springs that are 6-9 degrees warmer than the surrounding mean annual temperature

hot springs

dominantly carbonate landscapes that have been shaped by groundwater to a large extent

karst topography

elevation above which snow remains throughour the year that varies with latitude

snowline

granular recrystallized snow that are denser and have the consistency of coarse sand

firn

brittle uppermost zone of a glacier

zone of fracture

cracks in the glacier’s zone of fracture that resulted from the tension due to glacial movement over irregular terrain

crevasses

balance or lack thereof between the accumulation of glacier at the upper end and the loss at the lower end

glacial budget

loss of glacial material

ablation

the process of incorporating loose blocks of rocks into the ice as the glacier flows and fractures the bedrock

plucking

pulverized rock produced by glacial gristmill

rock flour

or alpine glacier smaller glacier that exist if lofty mountain areas and moves a few centimeters per day

valley glacier

large scale valley glaciers that can flow our in all directions

ice sheet

large relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend seaward from the coast but remain attached to the land

ice shelf

tongues of ice flowing down valleys that extend outward from the margins of these larger ice masses

outlet glacier

glaciers that occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glacier emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys

piedmont glacier

umbrella term for sediments of glacial origin regardless of theri depostional area

glacial drift

glacial drift sorted acc to the fragments size and weight

stratified drift

foreign boulders found within the till deposits that are different from the bedrock below

glacial erratic

lakes formed due to increased precipitation which was influenced in some areas by the formation and occurrence of glaciers

pluvial lake

undesired by product in petroleum that generates sulfur oxides when burned

sulfur

crude oil that contains little amounts of sulfur

sweet crude oil

crude oil that contains high amounts of sulfur

sour crude oil

solid form of petroleum

tar and bitumen

gaseous form of petroleum

natural gas

element contained in most biomolecule substances that is vital for the development of life

carbon

main source of petoleum

plankton

plant plakntons

phytoplankton

phytoplankton with silica test
phytoplankton with calcite test

diatom
coccolithophore

zooplankton with silica test
zooplankton with calcite test

radiolaria
foraminifera

sudden increase in planktons in the oceans

planktonic bloom

sedimentary rock that contains >5% organic matter

black shale

biomolecule combination of fatty acids of CnH2nO2 with glycerol C3H5oh3 are mostly fats oil and waxes and have the greatest potential to be HC sources

Lipid

giant biomolecules that make up the solid constituents of animal tissues and plant cells and are rich in carbon but contain substantial amounts of N s AND o

protein

common biomolecules in plant tissues that are based on sugars SnH2On and their polymers cellulose starch and chitin

carbohydrate

polymer biomolecule consisting of numerous aromatic rings and is a major component in land plants that can be converted to coal through deoxygenation

lignin

thermal stratification may cause high organic productivity within the photic zone in the continental shelf but lack of circulation and oragnic decay may lead to anoxic environment at the bottom

high productivity

measure of the potential of a source rock to generate hydrocarbons and represents the amount of carbon oxygen and hydrogen within the source rock

total organic content TOC

fraction og TOC with high iolecular weight and soluble in organic solvents

bitumen

insoluble non extractable residue fraction of the TOC that forms in the transformation from OM into a complex mixture with a general compostion of large HC molecules that breakdown with continuous exposure to high temperature

kerogen

petroleum compostion percent
carbon
hydrocarbon
nitrogen
oxygen
sulfur
metals

83-85%
10-14%
0.1-2%
0.05-1.5
0.05-6%
<0.1%

conversion from OM to kerogen must occur in

anoxic environment

formation of kerogen

kerogen is first formed upon burial then into smaller HC with CO2 and H2O then into methane with c13 to c30 at highest temperatures

what happens to the carbon content of kerogen

increases with increasing temperature along with the formation of fluid produts high in H and elimination O

maturation phase that occurs in low temperatures and pressures near shallow subsurface and reduces the oxygen int he oragnic matter, elaving the HC ratio undhcanged

diagenesis

occurs in deeper subsurface levels as burial continues and temperatures and pressures increase with the HC ratio declining as the petroleum is released from the kerogen- first the oil and then the gas

catagenesis

the stage closest to metamorphism having higher temperatures and pressures completely expelling the remaining hydrocarbons methane with carbon being left as the H:C ratio declines

metagenesis

indices that measure the maximum temperature the source rock had been subjected

paleothermometer

a parameter that measures the ability of a reservoir to deliver fluids to the wellbore

production index PI

parameter that characterizes the origin of organic matters

Hydrogen Index HI

has upwelling of nutrient rich waters and oxygen deficient in between 200-1500 m deep

continental margin

landlocked bodies of water that leads to lack of circulation causing anoxic conditions and high preservation of organic material

lagoons and restricted areas

produces a great amount of terrestrial derived organic matter

deltas in warm latitudes

have anoxic deep waters low clastic sediment output and contains organic rich mud

freshwater lakes

ratio of
peat
lignite
bituminous
anthracite

1.3
1.0
0.8
0.0-0.3

oragnic compounds that act as chemical tracer of certain ancient organisms

biomarkers

an index integrating the increase of temperature in a period of time as a rock is buried

time temperature index TTI

indicates maturation by measuring the color of finely dispersed OM on a scale of 1- pale yellow to 5- black

thermal alteration index tai

maturation indicator based on coal ranks and adjusted to give linear scale

level organic maturation LOM

primarily algae from freshwater brackish hypersaline lagoonal or lacustrine environments

type I Liptinite

orig from either phytoplanktons and bacterial microorganisms in marin sediments soft parts of terrestrial plants or resins pollens spores and cuticles

type II Exinite

hard or structural parts of terrestrial plants or higher plant debris the dominant type of SE Asia having the charac of being meinly tertiary in age that mainly derived from terrestrial plants rich in resins and waxes and may have deposited in coal swamps and paralic settings

type III vitrinite

oxidized residue reworked material or fossil charcoal

type IV inertinite

algae from sulfate rich anoxic lakes

i-s

kerogen rich in sulfur that deposited in anoxic marin environments with normal to elevated salinity

ii-s

saturated hydrocarbons with a general chemical formula of CH2n+2 includes methane ethane propane and butang
n<5 gaseous at normal temperatures and pressures
n=5-15- ;iquid at surface temperatures and pressures
n>15 solid waxes and viscous liquids

paraffin

hydrocarbons that remains liquid at normal temperatures and pressures expressed with a general formula of CH which includes cyclopentane and cyclohexane

nephthene

unsaturated hydrocarbons comm found in petroleum that is liquid at normal temperatures and pressures generally expressed with a formula of cnhn and includes benzene toulene and xylene

aromatic

heavy compounds of crude oil and the major components in many natural tars and asphalts

asphaltene

lighter gaseous fraction of hydrocarbons that is found free or dissolved in crude oil in natural underground reservoirs

natural gas

or gas cap is the free gas residing on top of crude oil in the reservoir

assoc gas

undesirable free gas in the subsurface that can damage well equipment and reduces the value of hydrocardon deposits

hydrogen sulfide

trapped free gas found w/i any significant amounts of crude oil

non assoc gas

liquefied gases that include wer gases natural gasoline and condesate

natural gas liquids

natural gas that contains less than 0.1 gal/1000ft3 of condensate that is largely methane

dry gas

natural gas that contains less than 0.3 gal/1000ft3 of condensate that is largely methane

wet gas

compose dof paraffin series

hydrocarbon gases

largest component of natural gas that is known as the marsh gas at the surface

methane

rarely formed by bacterial processes thatt can cause blowouts when overpressured

heavier hydrocarbon

inert gases that may be quite concentrated in natural gas with about >1% of the gas present

noble gases

occurs either from the thermal breakdown of organic matter from the atmosphere or due to mantld outgassing

nitrogen

actively produced with the reservoir adjacent to source beds or diffused upward from earth

hydrogen

normal product of thermal maturation of kerogen that cna be derived either from organic or inorganic sources

carbon dioxide

ice crystals with structured atomic lattices that contain molecules of methane and other gases

gas hydrates

heavy semisolid forms of hydrocarbon

asphalt tar pitch

oils specific gravity

0.73 to above 1.0

property of petroleum determined by the saybolt colonmeter

color

yellow to brown by transmitted light

paraffin oils

brown to mostly black

asphalt base oils

proportional tot he density of petroleum with the lower indices being the lighter oils the RI for petroleum ranges

1.42-1.48

wavelenght of teh ultraviolet

2.537 and 3.650

lowest temperature at which the crude oil will be able to flow under specific controlling conditions

pour point

expulsion of petroleum from the source rocks into the permeable carrier beds
oil is typically generated at 60-120 degrees at 1-4km

primary migration

migration from the carrier beds into the reservoir and traps

secondary migration

migration through leakage and extraction of petroleum unto the Earth’s surface

tertiary migration

migration occurs as its base form ketons acids and esters dissilved in water before formingn into hydrocarbons

expulsion as protopetroleum

concentrations of ketons acids and esters in source rocks are too low to migrate and evolve into crude oil

contradiction

composition of carbon

natural gas 65-80%
crude oil 82-87%
asphalt 80-85%

composition of hydrogen

natural gas 1-25%
crude oil 12-15%
asphalt 9-11%

composition of sulfur

natural gas 0.2%
crude oil 0.1-6%
asphalt 2.8%

composition of nitrogen

natural gas 1-15%
crude oil 0.1-2%
asphalt 0-2%

composition of oxygen

natural gas 0
crude oil 0.1-5%
asphalt 0%

porosity quality
excellent
good
poor

> 20%
10-20%
<5%

migration is theorized to occur by HCs being attached on the hydrophobic ends of the micelles

in solution within micelles (Micelle Theory)

how many percent of typical crude oil is composed of moderately soluble alkanes

25%

colloidal organic surfactants whose molecules possess hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

micelle

compounds that lower the surface or interfacial tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid

surfactants

sum of the grain volume and pore volume

vulk volume

cavernous pores whose boundaries cross cut grains

vuggy

pores that fabric selective with only the grains or only the matrix has been leached out

moldic

intercrystalline cracks between grains

fracture

completely permeable pore that permits flushing of natural or artificial fluids

catenary pore

pores unaffected by flushing but is permeable enough to yield petroleum

cul de sac pore

impermeable pores that are unable to yield petroleum

closed pore

arranged perpendicular to each other in all directions and can yield about 48% porosity

cubic packing

packing similar to cubic packing but slanted at an angle and can yield only about 26% porosity

rhombohedral packing

rate of flow of fluids which controls the directional mmovement of the reservoir fluids

permeability

permeability to a particular fluid when the rock’s pore spaces contain more than one fluid

effective permeability

ratio of the effective permeability to a fluid at a gien saturation to the effective permeability to that fluid at 100% saturation

relative permeability

primary porosity often ranges from 40-70% for carbonate
then 25-40% for silicicalstic

primary porosity

leaching that improves porosity and permeability

dissolution

may improve porosity by creating larger pores or reduce it by growth of interlocking dolomite crystals and often greatly increases permeability due to the formation of pore spaces from post burial fracturing

dolomitization

the total vertical interval from teh top of the reservoir down to the petwroleum water boundary

gross pay

portion of the reservoir the can produce economically viable amounts of petroleum with a specific production method

net pay

the portion of the reservoir that cannot produce economic amounts of petroleum

non pay

percentage of the potential production of a reservour

net to gross

caused by depostional morphologies or diagenesis

strat traps

or cap rock is a fine grained or crystalline impermeable rock that is relatively ductile laterally continuous and acts as a barrier preventing further migration of petroleum to the surface

seal

measure of the weakest part of the seal that can be greatly weakened by faults and fractures

sealing capacity

gougged fault

type of seals

total area in a prospect where petroleum will migrate to

catachmetn area

seal quality from best ot poor

salt
high toc shale
shale
marl
limestone
chert
basalt

percentage og global seals

sahle 65%
evaporite33%
carbonate 2%

what occurs in the pre concession work
concession round
appraisal and development planning
production and maintenance excution

basin identification
licensing round
sanction
end production

predential decreef or the winning bidders

P.D 87

regional assessment and data acquisition are donw through satellite images for remote sensing and geophysical surveys such as gravimetric and airborne magnetic surveys

reconnaissance survey

a geographically and stratigraphically delimited area where common geological factors exist in order that petroleum accumulation can occur

play

potentially containing an economic amount of petroleum but lacks sufficient data to prove it

lead

area within the basin where the specific geological attributes necessary for the existence of petroleum accumulation exist

play fairway

series of valves used to seal a well head

blow out preventer BOP

a square section steel where a drill pipe is attached to

kelly

drilling rigs for offshore operations with water depths of about operates at water depths up to 100m to 500ft

jack up rig

operates in shallow waters

drilling barge

floating rig with 3 or more floodable caisson legs that are stabilized by anchorsoperates at water depths at 10,000ft

semi submersible

floating rig ehre a derrick drilling rig is mounted on a ship that’s being kept on location by anchors or propellers operates water at depths to 12,000 ft

drillship

method of determining a borehole’s ability to produce petroleum

formation evaluation

estimated quantities of petroleum that are not currently economically extractable but may potentially be recoverable in the future

contingent resource

potentially recoverable amounts of petroleum from undiscovered accumulations

prospective resource

total amount of oil presetn before production

stock tank oil originally in place STOOIP

date of first exploratory drilling in toledo 1 in cebu

1896

1973-2018

drilled a total of 281 wells for exploration and development with offshore NW Palawan being the most prolific

enactment of the PD 87 the oil exploration and development act of 1972

1985

have produced 76.7 MMbbls of oild 75 MMbbls of condensate and 1.94 Tct of gas from 11 oil/gas fields

december 31, 2017

what are the 5 fields in production currently

malampaya supplying 40% energy requirement in the luzon grid
galoc
nido
matinloc
north matinloc

fossil charcoal with a black fibrous with silky luster and is soft friable

fusain

coal with banded layers made up of alternating types

clarain

forms from spore and detrital plant material

durain

bright shiny black coal that is mostly composed of wood tissue and can break into cubic pieces

vitrain

how much is the coal resource and reserve of PH

2370 MMT and 200 MMT

semimara island contains 40% of the PH total coal reserves

hole core diameter
48
27

hole core diameter
60
36.5

hole core diameter
75.7
47.6

hole core diameter
96
63.5

hole core diameter
122.6
85

RQD Description
excellent
good
fair
poor
very poor

90-100
75-90
50-75
25-50
<25

random sampling by collecting samples from broken ore from piles

grab sampling

method of sahllow lateral excavation that is usually best done with an overburden of less than 3m

trenching

method in min sampling by excavating vertically from the surface into a level in an underground mine or from one level to another

winzing

method of excavating or digging vertically to collect samples at a certain interval which is usually done to define a profile

test pitting

map that can either be a topographic map or an aerial photograph of the area which orients the map user to the location of the details within the geologic map

base map

maps with a small scale ratio ranging from a few thousands in scale typically used to represent features withiin the are 1:1000

large scale maps

maps with large scale ratio ranging from tens of thousands to millions in scale 1:10000 which are used to show the general location of a large area

small scale maps

rock mass classification scheme that utilizes different factors in order to determine a rock mass quality

geotechnical logging

example of unsupported mining

room and pillar

examples of open pit

didipio mine oceanagold ph philippines-porphyry cu au deposit
chuquicamata CODELCO chile porphyry cu au

dimenstion stones or aggregates involves slicing large vertical benches of the commodity smaller amounts but can generate high profit

quarry kulasisi quarry teresa marble corporation philippines - marbleizes limestone

also called stip mining nickel laterites and coal

open cast coc 41 zamboanga sibugay coal project PNOC EC PH Coal

example of contour mining

taganito mining corporation philippines nickel

been banned in some countries in 1884 due to enviromental damages

hydraulicking

an aqueous surface mining that’s also known as solution mining and extracts minerals in situ by utilizing different solutions which can leachthem and usually linked to uranium deposits and leat amoung of envi distrubance

in situ leaching

unsupported method where the ore is excavated horizontallly and is progressively excavated upwards while being extracted at the bottom through funnels

shrinkage stoping
didipio mine oceangold ph inc porphyry cu au deposit
lepanto consilidated mining company ph gold siver copper

unsuported underground mining method that can be used as an alternative for sublevel caving and is donw by creating patterned drillings through the ore body through slopes in sublevels and then blasted before collecting the broken ore

sublevel stoping

supported where the ore is sliced horizontally in levels and backfilles once the ore has been extracted. the backfilled slice then becomes a platform for the next level of slice

cut & fill stoping
lepanto and apex

caving underground mining of flat lying and relatively thin tabular deposits usually coal where longwall shearing machinery are used to extract the coal as it travels back and froth across its coalface. as the shearers cross the coalface moveable roof supports are installed to support the overlying strata

longwall stoping

caving usually done when orebody is no longer economically extractable through open pit mining. like sublevel stoping orebody is blasted in stopes through sublevels starting from the topmost level and progresses downward one of the safest mining methods

sublevel caving

underground mining method for hard rock that involves mining the ore body from under and allowing it to collapse on its own. considered as an underground analog og open pit mining. utilizes blasting and creating funnels where the orebody is lead to for extracion

block caving padcal mine philex mining corporation ph copper gold

the processing of the ore into the sold products

milling

how much does mining contributes to PH

<1% to ph;s total GDP but larger in regional scale and contributes in LGUs torh the Community development program cdp and social development and management program SDMP projects

the significant increase of a products value as the wants and needs have limited supplt

law of scarcity

who devised the tragedy of the commons

garret hardin

can be disregarded i fproduction is given

mining recovery rate

the price of a metal per grade calculated from the recovered ore

value of ore

an ore deposit with a high grade content that can generate high profit considering it is a reserve

world class deposit

the amount of ore extracted within a period of time and can also be calculated by dividing a ine’s reserve by its mine life the amount of ore produced witihin a period of time

annual production rate

royalty give to the government amounting to 5% of the gross output when part of the permit zone located within a mineral reservation

total income gained w/o accounting the taxes and royalties paid

gross income

the income generated less the taxes and royalties

net income

tas imposed by the government for the incomme generated that amounts to 35% of the net income

income tax

tax imposed by the government for the prodcution sales and consumption generated that amounts to 4% of the gross sales

excise tax

calssification created by the australian group joint ore reserve committee that standardizes reporting of exploration results mineral resources and ore reserves

JOINT ORE RESERVE CLASSIFICATION JORC CODE

what are the parent organizations of the PMRCC

geological society of the philippines
society of the metallurgical engineers of the philippines
philippine society of mining engineers

method of determining a resource’s volume tonnage and quality

resource estimation

more commonly asked when estimating which averages grade while accounting a weighing factor

weighted average

a geimetric resource estimation method that utilizes the area of a certain drillhole estimate the grad for a specific depth and point

area of influenced method

geometric resource estimation method best used for uneven drillhole spacing and estimates the area of influence of a drillhole by extending t halfwat through the distance from its neighboring drillholes resulting in varyin gareas

polygon method

a geometric resource estimation method similar to polygon method but areas are limited to traingles and estimations utilizes on sampling points that are used as the corners of each triangle also utilizes the heron’s formula for teingles

triangle method

geometric resource estimation method based on the elevation or contour of the area can be calculated per contour interval using the are formula for a rhombus

contour method

geometric resource estimation method used for elongated irregularly shaped deposits and is applicable when the vertical distance is greater than the horizontal distance of each drill hole

cross section method

statistical resource etimation method based on the empiridical observation that the bearing of each sample is proportional to an iverse power of the distance from the location of the estimated point to the samples

inverse distance method

process of estimating a specific value or worth of a deposit which accounts potential profit revenues and cost based annual profits and grade of ore

mine valuation

an appraisal of the commercial viability of a mining project based on engineering and economic factors

feasibility study

the time needed for the amount invested in an asset to be repaid by the net cash flow generated by the asset

payback period

mode of payback period where time is not considered

undiscounted payback period

mode of payback period where time is considered and is accounted as teh net present value which is the differecne between the present value and teh present value of yearly payments

discounted paybank period

net inflow and outflow of money within a specific duration of time

cash flow

gross revenue-operational expenses

gross profit

gross profit- taxes

net profit

net profit-capital costs

cash flow

method for a project valuation to determine its attractiveness to potential buyers and investors

discount cash flow

computer based geographic system which incorporates non spatial attributes to its location and generates a digital representation through maps

geographic information system GIS

the mandated agency of the Philippines to conduct geodetic surveys and generate local maps

Philippines national mapping and resource information authority NAMRIA

practice of studying designing and generating maps

cartography

imaginary horizontal lines parallel to each other that start 0 degrees from the equator up to the at 90 degrees. standard line is 111 km or 15 degrees apart

latitude

the latitude horizontal lines parallel to each other that start from 0 degrees tjeat separates the Northern and Southern Hemisphere

equator

imaginary vertical lines that run from the north pole to the south pole and encompasses the whole globe starting from 0 degrees from the prime meridian going to the 180 degrees in both east and west direction

longitude

longitude at 0 degrees that separates the eastern and western hemisphere

prime meridian

the accuracy of a digital model that can accurately cover the location and features within an area

resolution

mode of translation of the general locations in the world as a sphere 3d figure into a planar map 2d fig each is configured to distort a portion of the globe to adjust it into a plane

projection

element of GIS used to translate the features and locations in teh world as a sphere into a planar map

map projection

best used for locations near the equator equal longitudes but unequal latitudes and increasing shape and scale distortions towards the pole

cylindrical projections

equal longitudes with varying spacing between latitudes from one pole to another best used for locations within the mid latitude regions

conic projection

based on a superimposed plane above a pole best used for polar regions

planar projections

cylindrical map gerardus mercator 1569 to display accurate compass bearings for sea travel meridians or longitudes are parallel to each other at equal spacing between 15 degrees best used for large scale mapping near the equator

mercator

spherical projection based on teh mercator created by johann h. lambert in 1772 best used for north south oriented areas

transverse mercator TM

plane coordinate grid system consists of 60 longitudinal zones in teh northern and southern hemisphere equally spaced with 6 in between with the origin located at the point of intersection of the central meridian and the equator instead of using a degree minute second or DMS mode of unit to presence the coordinates of a location

universal transverse mercator UTM

stretches from 114 degrees to 120 degrees EPSG 32650

zone 50 north

stretches from 120 degrees to 126 degrees EPSG 32651

zone 51 north

stretches from 126 degrees to 132 degrees EPSG 32652

zone 52 north

stretches from 116-118 degrees

zone I

stretches 118-120

zone II

stretches from 120-122

zone III

stretches from 122-124

zone IV

stretches from 124 to 126

zone V

SET OF REFERENCE points or lines used for measuring and determininng locations on the surface of the earth

datum

commonly used worldwide datum developed from satellite measurements on the surface of the earth its origin is the center of earth gps and google earth use of WGS84

world geodetic system 1984 WGS84

localized datum common used in ph and references the clarke 1866 ellipsoid with its origin located at hinanggayon marinduque at 13 33’44.ii n 121 52’03.33 s from the greenwich meridian

luzon datum of 1911

updated and adjusted version of the luzon datum of 1911 and derived from the ph transverse mercator most of the generated maps of NAMRIA and other governmenet agencies utilize PRS92 as the primary projection similar to PTM divides the ph into 5 zones

philippine reference system

data model that represents features as a matric of cells in a continuous space with each cell containing a value of a specific data

raster

high resolution raster datasets taken trhough aerial photography that contains spatial information such as the cooridnates of the location in the image

othoimgaes

raster data model that represents an area by integrating the usea of aerial photographs and known elevations through round surveys into a specialized grid database

digital elevation model DEM

used to generate the most complete high resolution digital topographic database of earth

shuttle radar topography mission SRTM

type of DEM generated from an aster sensor that acquires land surface temperature emissivity reflectance and elevation data

advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ASTER

data model featured as points lines or polygons showing specific data that do not necessarily correspond to a numerical value saved shapefile shp data for common GIS programs

VECTOR

1d vector data model that can denote the length or extent of a particular feature such as stress rivers or trails arcs are curved lines with the same type of vector data model

line

2d vector data model which can show a general extent or boundary of a region used to calculate the permieter of area of a region

polygon

no effect of discretization
resolution depends on the source data
suitable for distinct gradational changes
efficient encoding topology
easy to perform network analysis

vector

compatible with remote sensing depends on cell size
errors in permieter and shape
diff to perform network analysis

raster

measure of totality of features

data completeness

degreee of the closeness of the values of each coded data

data precision

difference between the coded data and actual value

data accuracy

absence of any discrepancies or conflicts of data within a database

data consistency

tilted with respect to the equators plane

geosynchronous orbit

less eccentric near the zero eccentricity type of satellite orbit that takes half the amount of time a geostationary orbit takes about 24 hrs to revolve around the earth

semi-synchronous orbit

ALSO called polar orbit as it travels around the poles across the globe traversing the whole surface of the earth in a spiral like course

sub synchronous orbit

device that’s usually attached to satellites which collects reflected or transmitted light before converting it into a signal where an instrument is used to interpret the information

sensor

utilizes an active light which can measure ground height and generate a 3d model of the image of the surface that also contains its geographic information

light detection and ranging LiDAR

an application of RADAR where it is used to generate twoD images of the surface of the earth

imaging radar

utilizes radar images to generate 3d images of the surface of the earth

interferometric synthetic aperture radar inSAR iFSAR

most recent landsat satellite launched last sept 27, 2021

landsat 9

equipped with an operational land image oli and a thermal infared sensor TIRS can generate remote sensing images with a 30 meter spatial resolution feb 11 2013

landsat 8

april 15 1999 equipped with the enhanced thematic mapper plus which can generate panchromatic remote sensing images with a 15 m spatial resolution

landsat 7

what sensors are high resolution

worlview 2 and 1
quickbird
IKONOS
fomosat 2
alos prism
alos avnir
cartosat 1
spot 5

what sensors are medium resolution

aster vnir
aster swir
aster tir
landsat etm +

low resolution sensor

modis

what is the latest version of gEarth and who is the developer

google earth pro 7.3.4 july 10, 2017
google LLC

latest version release of arcgis pro and its developer``

arcgis pro 2.8 may 12, 2021
esri

it runs on linux unix mac osx windows and anroid and supports numerous vector raster and database formats and functionalitites its latest version is 3.20.3

QGIS or quantum GIS

latest version and the developer complete dekstop mapping solution for GIS

mapinfo pro

the software delivers efficiency and accuracy through ease of use powerful 3d graphics and workflow automation that can be aligned to company specific addresses allt eh requiremenrts geologists survetors fflexible enough to be wuitable for every commodity and the latest version is 2021 and the developer is paramina/dassault systems

geovia surpac

stand alone software product that performs photogrammetric processing of digital images

agisoft metashape

study of engineering behaviors and properties of earth materials

geotechnical engineering

it is an earth material that resists slaking when soaked in water and requires blasting to be excavated

rock

fine grained non clastic sed rocks best sedimentary rocks for aggreagtes

limestones and dolomites but reduced particle sizes of coarse grained limestones are not good aggregates

sed rocks that is alkali silica

chert and graywacke

silica rich metamoprhic rocks

argillite phyllite quartzite and gneiss possess the alkali silica reaction

how many times is s waves slower than pwaves

1.7 times slower

thos os 10 times slower than s waves and is called tertiary waves

surface waves

usually a signal for magmatic movement making it a precurson for volcanic eruptions

harmonic tremor

when was richter skeme

1935

range from 0-150 km from the source

local magnitude MI

> 6 large shallow events

surface ewave magnitude Ms

the amplitude of first among p waves at 1 second interval period

body wave magnitude Mb

magnitude baed on the calculated strain energy along the fault surface making the best suitable mode of measurement for large scale earthquakes

moment mgnitude Mw

who developed the modified mercalli intensity scale

guiseppe mercalli in 1902

the likelihood of an area to be affected by earthqulkes

seismicity

a specified distance from a fault line that serves as a guide for urban planners where it is safer to build infrastructures

buffer zone 5 m commonly delared from a fault line

vibroflotation techniques

Vibroflotation can be obtained by using three different techniques:

Vibro Compaction method- This method allows granular soils to be compacted. …
Vibro Replacement method- The technique is used to replace poor or inadequate soil material by flushing out the soil with air or water and replacing it with granular soil. …
Vibro Displacement method- This procedure is used with no or small amounts of water used during the technique. …

BE INFROMED
minor damages to communities coastal marine infrastructures and disruptions to all marine related activitiesflooding is possible in low lyinga reas

<1 masl

storm surge is possiblemoderate to significant damage to communiteies flooding possible in low lying areas

1-2 masl

storm surge is expected
severe damage to coastal communities significant erosion to beaches possible river flooding

2.1-3 masl

strom surge is catastrophic
life threatening and extensive inundation from rising sea water moving inland from the shoreline
extreme damage to coastal communities and marine infrastructures
river flooding is aggravated due to storm surge

> 3masl

application of concrete along vertical or overhead faces through spraying it along the faces to helo the stabilization of fractured rocks

shotcrete

a concrete or wooden reinforment built along the shoreline that dissipates and reduces wave energy

revetment

expelled during eruptive phases at huge amounts high temperature and extreme speed which can be toxic to life

volcanic gases

hot mixture of volcanic debris and tephra that issaturated with water that occurs directly related to an on going eruption

syn eruption lahar

small highly chared incompatible elements ree th u ce pb zr hf ti nb ta

high fieldsd strength

low field strength incompatible elemetns that are more mobile expccially in fluid phase

large ion lighophile lil emements

what are the light rare elemenets lree

sc,la,ce,pr,nd,pm,sm,eu

heavy rare elemtns hree

y,gd,tb,dy,ho,er,tm,yb,lu

magma with acompostion of fo# 88-92 of 65 and above low cr
and is derived from the matnle

primitive magma

geochemical signature of magma assimilation process

rb/sr

what will form if melt has high rb and an incompatible element for melts will produce

in rocks, depleted rb woul yield to?

low 87sr/86sr

another geochemical signature of magma assimilattion process and magmas that had undergone magma mixing it would yield high 87sr/86sr and low 147nd/144nd

sm/nd

this is more compatible with the melt during partial melting copared to nd

showing relationship of olivine and coexisitngg basaltic melt by studying the ratio of the mg and fe content associated with the calcl alkaline suite thorugh the AFM diagram which shows the enrichment of alkali coponents as the fe is depleted

mg# and fo#

this displays the depletion of mg and enrichment of fe as the magma evolvesinludes

tholeiitic suite

mantle derived magma as partial melting progress evolving lherzolite into thoeleiitic basalt leavinfg dunite and harzburgite as refractory residuum enriched with this

Cr#

fertile unaltered mantle originates as

lherzolite

siderophiles that are mostly used to study melting and crystallization in mafic ultramafic systems where PGES are typically hosted by sulfides

ru,rh,pd,re,os,lr,pd

indicates pyroxene fractionation as it is concentrated in oyroxenes

a compatible element in low P but incompatible in igh P and may substitute for Ca in plag and K in potassium felds

indicates source charac and liquid evolution with HREEs being more accommodated by garnet and sometimes by orthioyroxene and hornblende compared to LREEs

REE

common incompatible and strongly partitioned into garnet and amphibole

xray emitted bya asmaple when it is agitated bya primary xray source

xray fluoresecence xrf

analytical technique for detemining elements present in a materila by quantifying the number of ions at a certain mass of the element

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP MS

petrological studies ore grade determination QAQC in metallurgy
air particualte analysis
sulgur content detemination in petroleum products

XRF

ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS
FORENSIC STUDIES
TOXICOLOGY SOLIDS MUST BE LIQUIEFIED FIRST BEFORE ANALYZED

ICP MS

biological analysis
trace elemnt anaklysis
quantitative analysis for metals
cconcentration of analytes can determine oonly a limitd umber of elements in solution or solids

AAS

studies for natural sources of toxic wastes clay mineralogy forensic studies restricted to a number of recorded compound phases

XRD

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