day 3

Question 1

common unit of measurement for the volume of crude oil produced by a well of field

Answer 1

barrel 9bbl)

Question 2

how many barrels for crude oil?

Answer 2

42 US gallons
159 litres

Question 3

common unit of measurement for the volume of natural gas produced by a well or a field

Answer 3

standard cubic feet (scf)

million standard cubic feet per day of gas

Question 4

the first oil drilled in the ph

Answer 4

toledo 1 in onshore cebu

Question 5

who drilled the toledo 1 and when

Answer 5

smith bell & co. 1896

Question 6

the first ph commercial oil discovery

Answer 6

nido-1

Question 7

when and where was nido-1 drilled

Answer 7

1976
offshore northwest Palawan

Question 8

how many wells were drilled in ph

Answer 8

600 wells since 1896

Question 9

Type I
kerogen form: alginite
orgin: algae
hydrocarbon potential: oil prone

Answer 9

lacustrine

Question 10

Type II
kerogen form: exinite
orgin: pollen spores
hydrocarbon potential: oil and gas prone

Answer 10

marine

Question 11

Type II
kerogen form: exinite
orgin: pollen spores
hydrocarbon potential: oil and gas prone

Question 12

Type III
kerogen form: vitrinite
orgin: woody and cellulosic material from land plants (coal)
hydrocarbon potential: gas prone

Answer 12

terrestrial

Question 13

Type IV
kerogen form: inertinite
orgin: charcoal highly oxidized or reworked of any origin

Answer 13

terrestrial

Question 14

what is known remedy for geologic noise wherein the variable thickness of overburden presence of non economical minerals in the overburden or overlying layers and topographic noises ground surface varies in elevation

Answer 14

mathematical corrections

Question 15

types of survey

Answer 15

reconnaissance over 10>100km
focused mapping 1-10 km
high resolution mapping <1km ex: microgravity surveys at 60-60m intervals

Question 16

directly measures small differences in the strength of gravity accuracy: 0.1mgal common used lacoste&romberg gravimeter scintrex

Answer 16

gravity meter or gravimeter

Question 17

who formulated the international gravity formula to account for the variation of gravity with latitude

Answer 17

clairaut 1743

Question 18

must be supplied by equipmemtn manufacturer to convert instrument reading to observed gravity, gobs

Answer 18

instrument calibration factor

Question 19

effect of temperature changes and creep on the spring of the gravimeter

Answer 19

instrument drift correction

Question 20

due to elevation variations; 0.3086 mGal per meter elevation difference; if station is above sea level; if below

Answer 20

free air correction

Question 21

due to mass difference between station and sea level 0.4185
The adjustment to a measurement of gravitational acceleration to account for elevation and the density of rock between the measurement station and a reference level.

Answer 21

bouguer correction

Question 22

when to use gravity method?

Answer 22

1. large and medium geological structures and ancient suture zones
2. to locate sed basins and possible hydrocarbon traps
3. hydrogeological investigations to determine the geometry of potential aquifers
4. engineering and geotechncal applicantions for the location of cavities and voids

Question 23

differences in base readings are distributed among the readings during the day

Answer 23

diurnal variation

Question 24

equivalent to latitude correction

Answer 24

geomagnetic correction

Question 25

applications of magnetic method

Answer 25

determining the extent of the sedimentary basin for petroleum exploration geotechnical investigations to delineate faulting in bedrock tool for geological mapping to define structure features

Question 26

highly time dependent

Answer 26

geomagnetic

Question 27

law of refraction

Answer 27

snell's law=(sin I/ sin r= V1/V2)

Question 29

most commonly used electrodes ate uniformly spaced

Answer 29

wenner spread

Question 30

current electrodes are spaced much farther apart than the potential electrodes

Answer 30

schlumberger spread

Question 31

since ground is not uniform, quantity calculated is called

Answer 31

apparent resistivity

Question 32

higher frequency vs lower frequency of antennas

Answer 32

900 and 500 MHz antennas can penetrate 5.15 ft of soil resolution is 0.5 -2 inches 300 and 80 MHz antennas can attain depths of 30 to 80 feet resolution is 0.5-3 ft

Question 33

detects ionization produced by a radioactive particle

Answer 33

geiger counter

Question 34

cylindrical metal tube which houses the instrumentation needed for borehole logging

Answer 34

sonde

Question 35

one potential and current elevtrode mounted in the sonde, other pair is on the surface

Answer 35

normal log

Question 36

also known as continuous velocity or avoustic logs sonde contains 2 receivers ~300mm apart and the acoustic source is ~900-1500mm from the nearest receiver from the enarest receiver

Answer 36

sonic logging

Question 37

reaches up to 30-40 km

Answer 37

ocean bottom seismometer

Question 38

geologic and topographic structures of the ocean floor reflect plate tectonic processes

Answer 38

satellite altimentry

Question 39

temperature at wich coalification begins and depth too

Answer 39

100C and 3000 ft

Question 40

how much ppb of coal in appalachiqn bqsin coql field averages and rocky mountain coal

Answer 40

13.3 ppb 1.8 ppb

Question 41

how many NMT does ph has of estimated coal resource potential

Answer 41

2370 million metric tons with about 200NMT in the mineable reserve category

Question 42

how many percent of the mineable reserves have been estimated for the semirara island

Answer 42

40%

Question 43

these comprises 15% of the total minerable reserves

Answer 43

south mindoro, sibuguey peninsula lalat and malangas areas and the samar leyte area

Question 44

rise in coal quality id attributed to

Answer 44

igneous and other geological activities

Question 45

structural deformation in most known coal areas have dips ranging from

Answer 45

15-90 degrees coal beds in such areas are relatively thin but beds as much as 29 m thick are present

Question 46

6 mahor coal blocks

Answer 46

luzon block eastern seaboard western seaboard visayas basin eastern mindanao western mindanao

Question 47

coal reserves by region

Answer 47

quezon mindoro semirara negros cebu zamboanga maguindanao sultan kudarat south cot cagayan valley batan polillo catanduanes masbate samar bukidnon surigao davai sarangani

Question 48

these are expansive soils

Answer 48

bentonite, shale, siltstone

Question 49

offshore platform can habdle 500 million cu of gas 26,000 barrels condensate per day concrete gravity structure has a storage capacity of 300,000 barrels stored condensate is offloded by shuttle tabkers for shipment to markets export kuxon has a capacity of 650 million cu. ft gas per day

Answer 49

malampaya offshore facilities

Question 50

a barrel of crude oil provides since one barrel is 42 gallons

Answer 50

gasoline 19.5 gallons fuel oil 9.2 gallons jet fuel 4.1 gallons asphalt 2.3 gallons kerosene 0.2 gallons lubricantd 0.5 gallons petrochemicals other products 6.2 gallons

Question 51

in ph

Answer 51

46% kf our energy comes from oil 350000 BOPD

Question 52

also called hydraulic head or potentiometric head or the level that water will rise on a piezometer or well

Answer 52

potential energy

Question 53

determine the direction of groundwater flow

Answer 53

difference in hydraulic heads

Question 54

is proportional to cross secrional area,A difference in water levels hydraulic conductivity K and inversely proportional to the lenth of the tube of porous media

Answer 54

total flow Q

Question 55

also called specific discharge or DARCY Flux units L/T and the average pore water velocity is termed the seepage velocity or linear velocity

Answer 55

darcy velocity

Question 56

ate at wc groundwater can pass through a unit area of aquifer perpendicular to flow under a unit gradient

Answer 56

hydraulic conductivity

Question 57

also called effective porosity unconfined storativity phrearic storage coefficient drainable pore spaces ratio of the volume of water released from storage by gracity forces per unit surface area of aquifer per unit change in head

Answer 57

specific yield

Question 58

aquifer confined by a low permeability layer that permits water to slowly flow through it. during pumping of the aquifer, recharge to the aquifer can occur across thw confining layer. also known as a leaky artesian or leaky confined aquifer

Answer 58

aquifer, semiconfined

Question 59

water tabel aquifer is the synonym

Answer 59

aquifer unconfined

Question 60

lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone below the root zone and above the capillary fringe

Answer 60

interflow

Question 61

a type of overland flow that occurs when throughflow reaches the land surface and drains across the land surface before reaching a stream

Answer 61

return flow

Question 62

the lateral movement of water ina a unsaturated zone during and immediately after preciipitation event. The water from thorughflow seeps out at the base of slopes and then flows across the geound surface as return flow ultimately reaching a stream or lake

Answer 62

throughflow

Question 63

water that contians a high amount of dissolved solids and is created by liquid seeping from a landfill

Answer 63

leachate

Question 64

density and kinematic viscosity of the water must be considered in determining

Answer 64

hydraulic conductivity

Question 65

relative ease with wc a contaminant located at or newr the land surface can migrate to the aquifer or deep well

Answer 65

ground water vulnerability map

Question 66

difference measured in deet or meters between water table or potentiometric surface and pumping water level

Answer 66

drawdown

Question 67

an expression of productivity of a well obtained by dividing the rate of discharge kf water from the well by the drawdown of the water level in the well. described on the basis of the numbe rof hours of pumpkng prior to the time teh drawdown measurement is made decrease with time as the drawdonw increases

Answer 67

specific capacity

Question 68

volume of water the aquifer releases from or takes into storage percunit surface area of the aquifer percunit vhange in head. it is equal to the product of speicifc storage and aquifer thickness. in unconfined aquifer it is equal to the specific yield also called storage coefficient

Answer 68

storativity

Question 69

borehole log made by measuring the nagural electrical poetntial that develops between the formation and the borehole fluids

Answer 69

spontaneous potential log

Question 70

graphical means of presenting the chemical analysis of the mahor cations and aniond of a water sample

Answer 70

stiff pattern

Question 71

evaluation of all sources of supply and yhe corresponding discharges with respect to an aquifer or a drainage basin

Answer 71

water budget

Question 72

average content of an element in the earths crust

Answer 72

clarke concentration

Question 73

ore formed as the same time as fhe host rock

Answer 73

syngenetic ore

Question 74

ore formed after the host rock

Answer 74

epigenetic ore

Question 75

ore formed within the earth

Answer 75

hypogene ored

Question 76

ore formed from wither magmas or fluids

Answer 76

primary fluids

Question 77

epithermal mesothermal hypotermal hydrothermal deposti temperature

Answer 77

50-200 200-300 300-500

Question 78

orogenic gold epizonal mesozonal hypozonal

Answer 78

150-300 300-475 >475

Question 79

father of science of the study of or deposits economic geology calssification of ore deposits ore channle are secondary features & ores have been deposited from solutions circulating in these channels he argued against the use of divining rods

Answer 79

georgius agricola de re metallica 1556

Question 80

ores are a product of condesation from vapors ascending through fissures

Answer 80

nicolas steno

Question 81

imporatnce of hydrothermal solutions or vapors of deep seated origin recognized metasimatic replacement

Answer 81

henkel

Question 82

distinguished discordant veins from concordant bedded depostist

Answer 82

von oppel 1749

Question 83

metals and minerals in the veins were the result of alteration reactions between country rocks and water that had passed through them

Answer 83

charpentier

Question 84

veins are open fissures filled with minerals leached from the adjacent country rock

Answer 84

gerhard 1781

Question 85

ores are direct magmatic products or are formed as products of differentiation

Answer 85

james hutton or plutonists

Question 86

neptunists sandstong limestone & ore deposits came from primeval ocean

Answer 86

abraham werner

Question 87

ni ores wi norites and peridotes cu in monzonitic rocks

Answer 87

sn in granite

Question 88

who created the society of economic geology 1905

Answer 88

RAF penrose

Question 89

published mineral deposits introduced pyrometamatic deposits classification of hydrothermal depostis to epithermal mesothermal & hypothermal

Answer 89

w. lindgren

Question 90

telethermal deposits at shallow depths from nearlyu spent solutions

Answer 90

gration1933

Question 90

introduced xenothermal high T at very shallow depths

Answer 90

buddington 1935

Question 90

years for development mining and mine closure

Answer 90

1-4 years 3->10 years 5-10 years

Question 91

adopted by denr/ mgb

Answer 91

dao 2010-09

Question 92

report contains all relevant information for the readers to make reason & balanced judgment of the public report

Answer 92

materiality

Question 93

ROPO

Answer 93

recognized overseas professional organization

Question 94

exploration results and mineral resources estimation

Answer 94

CP geologists

Question 95

ore reserves estimation

Answer 95

cp mining engineer

Question 96

basic tool providing a statistical measure of a max distance that can be used in inverse distance weighting at any given direction

Answer 96

variograms

Question 97

elegant class of inverse distance weighting using weighing factors determined from the mathematical expression of the variogram model equations provides a value for the estimation variance which conventional estimation cannot do standard error

Answer 97

kriging

Question 98

enriched in Cr ni pge

Answer 98

ultramafics

Question 99

entiched in cu mp zn pb ag au

Answer 99

i type granites

Question 100

enriched in sn w be u li

Answer 100

s type granites

Question 101

what are the chalcophile elements

Answer 101

cu pb zn ag au as s

Question 102

LILE or large ion lithophile elements

Answer 102

li be b rb cs

Question 103

alkalis, alkali earths & volatiles

Answer 103

na, k, ca, cl, co2 h2o (1-15% of magma), f, p

Question 104

contains gases and liquids during time of ore formation

Answer 104

trapped inlcusions

Question 105

rich in Na & Cl contain Ca-mg HcO3 AND MANY CONTAINS SR BA N IMPORTANT IN MISSISSIPPI valey type pb zn ores

Answer 105

connate water

Question 106

connate and meteroric waters enclosed in rocks buried below the surface of the earth & subjected to heat and pressure accom magmatic intrusion or low ot high grade regional metamorphism

Answer 106

metamorphic fluids

Question 107

sinking of globules of a heavy liquid formed by immiscibility within and from a aparent liquid after some differentiation

Answer 107

late liquid gravitative accumulation

Question 108

silicification dolomization recrystallization decalcification

Answer 108

carlin style au

Question 109

due to phreatomagmatic phreatic and hydrothermal processes

Answer 109

breccia pipe hoseted au base metal

Question 110

major mechanism of mass transport in deep enviroments of restricted mechanical fluid flow spontaneous movement of molecular or ionic particles down concentration gradiaents that causes one substance to become uniformly intermingled with another

Answer 110

diffusion

Question 111

settling & accumulation of crystallizing mienrals in high T magmas bushveld cr pt magnetite-ilmeniite

Answer 111

magmatic sedimentation

Question 112

IMPLY THAT THE 2 MINERALS OCCURRED AS AN ISOMPRHIC SOLID SOLUTION AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE

Answer 112

exsolution pairs

Question 113

exosolution pairs: pyrrhotite chalcopyrite sphalerite magnetite

Answer 113

pendlantite bornite chalchopyrite ilmenits

Question 114

inversion pairs: argentite enargite

Answer 114

acanthite luzonite

Question 115

shows depletion at the junction of intersetcing lamellae while replacement shows greater concentration at the intersections

Answer 115

exsolution shows depletion

Question 116

process of simultaneous capillary solution and deposition by wc a new mineral of partly or wholly differing chemical compostion may griw in the body of an old mineral or mineral aggregates - diffusion process

Answer 116

replacement or metasomatism

Question 117

hydraulic breccia and jigsaw breccia

Answer 117

crackle breccia and mosaic breccia

Question 118

distribution in time or the sequence of minerals or elements

Answer 118

paragenesis

Question 119

regular pattern in the distribution of minerals or elements in space it may be shown or elements in space it may be shown in a singel orebody in a mineral district or in a large region

Answer 119

zoning

Question 120

looks like secondary but may not be if the host crystal was fractured as the crystal was growing

Answer 120

pseudosecondary

Question 121

composition of the ore bearing fluid

Answer 121

optical physical properties SEM XRF

Question 122

The estimation of pressure and temperature conditions at which a geologic material formed

Answer 122

geobarometry

Question 123

layered mafic intrusions diamond pipes carbonatites

Answer 123

bushveld south africa, anorthosite kimberley south africa palabora south africa

Question 124

podiform chromite

Answer 124

coto acoje

Question 125

intermediate sulphidation au base

Answer 125

baguio district victoria

Question 126

porphyry cu

Answer 126

sto.tomas

Question 127

porphyry mo

Answer 127

quartz hill usa

Question 128

low sulphidation epithermal au

Answer 128

hishikari japan

Question 129

carlin type au

Answer 129

mesel, indonesia

Question 130

cyrprus

Answer 130

barlo

Question 131

kuroko type VMS

Answer 131

BAGACAY

Question 132

beshhi type VMS

Answer 132

rapu rapu

Question 133

palcer deposits

Answer 133

paracale masbate

Question 134

quartz peblle conglomerate

Answer 134

witwaterand sout africa

Question 135

ni laterite

Answer 135

nonoc

Question 136

supergene cu enrichment

Answer 136

boyongan

Question 137

largest cr resource 2.06 billion Ma age largest pt pd os ir rh ru pge resource merensky reef

Answer 137

bushveld south africa

Question 138

largest Ni resource complete melting of the continental crust due to large meteorite impact

Answer 138

sudbury canada

Question 139

375km E W x 300 N S quadrilobate ultramafic intrusion like a lopolith into lower transvaal metaseds & upper rooiberg felsites & then intruded by bushveld red granites w/c hosts fe-ti-vn-sn largest orebodies are found at the e lobe within the critical zone rock unit

Answer 139

bushveld igneous complex

Question 140

90% intermediated calcic plagiocalse source of almost all hard rock sources of Ti 2 types layered mafic intrusions bushveld formed by gravitaional stratification in ultramafic matrix Anorthite 70-100 andesine to labradorite 35_65

Answer 140

anorthosite titanium

Question 141

more shallowly derived by partial melting or contaminated by lower continetal crust materails lac tio quebec 120 MT worlds largest deposit

Answer 141

ilmenite rich andesine type

Question 142

differentiates of an anorthosite gabbro magma

Answer 142

magnetite ilmennite rich labradorite

Question 143

volatile rich potassic ultramafic related phreatomagmatic breccia pipe or igneous dike dominated by olivine with subordinate mienrals of mantle derivation most productive pipes are 80-100, 250&1000-1100 Ma

Answer 143

kimberlite

Question 144

calcium olivine mg biotie

Answer 144

monticellite phlogopite

Question 145

10m carats/yr ( 2 tonne/yr) 80% from kimberlites & 20% from placers 48% gem quality 52% industrial grade

Answer 145

south africa

Question 146

12m carats/yr (2.4T/yr) almost all fro placers industrial grade quality

Answer 146

zaire

Question 147

12M carats/yr (2.4T/yr) from both placers & kimberlites

Answer 147

russia

Question 148

represent a rapid vilent upward rush of deep mantle material from the asthenosphere 200kms below surface in teh form of diatreme with explosive in the form of diatreme fallback circular and pluglike forming maar lakes up to >1km in width 2-5 km long carrot shaped bodes formed at 50-70 kbar 1kbar=3.3km depth at kimberly area only 20 out of 100 occurrences are diamond bearing

Answer 148

geological drillholes

Question 149

gneous rocks formed in the crust by fractional crystallization of carbonate-rich parental melts that are mostly mantle derived. They dominantly consist of carbonate minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and ankerite, as well as minor phosphates, oxides, and silicates.

Answer 149

carbonatites

Question 150

acoje and masinloc also known as alpine tpye ophiolite related wc formed in mid oceanic ridges ir back arc basin spreading centers & tectonically obducted onto continental or island arc margins 1.2 age proterozoic to phanerozoic

Answer 150

podiform chromite

Question 151

deep sea siliceous or orcherous sediments w/ radiolarian cherts layered pillow basalts cut by shetted diabase dikes layered gabbros/norites dunite/peridotite upper mantle or astenosphere contains podifom smeared out bodies of chromite in dunite harzburgite sequences

Answer 151

layer 1 layer 2 layer 3 layer 4

Question 152

mostly in granites and less to trivial amount sin syenites kimberlites and carbonatites found in i type granites & alkali granites s type granites pegmatites and related veins fractionated late melts allanite titanite zircon monazite uranothorianite

Answer 152

granitic uranium

Question 153

largest single granitic U deposit

Answer 153

rossing, namibia

Question 154

example of i type granitic U

Answer 154

ross adams alaska

Question 155

cu w or w.o au economic metals abundant magnetite and specularite late archean to present

Answer 155

iron oxide copper gold

Question 156

80% of world's presents type granites two mica muscovite biotite more felsic than i type granite contains w ta mo be nb bi and u phanerozoic

Answer 156

granitic tin

Question 157

hosted by uppeddevonian granitic batholith intruding silurian odovician sediments batholith is a conposite tabular body 45 by 75 kms x 12km thick older i type granodiorite to monzonite greiseinization affected by the 2 mica granites prouducing muscovite topza fluorite alteration carrying cassiterite +minor shceelite wolframite & galena

Answer 157

granitic tin blue tier tasmania

Question 158

porphyry cu mines

Answer 158

carmen copper corps atlas toledo cebu phulex sto,tomas II benguet

Question 159

advanced projects

Answer 159

dinkidi-quirino/nueva viscaya boyungan-bayugo, surigao del norte tampakan- south cotabato far southeast-benguet

Question 160

prograde

Answer 160

potassic to popylitic / disseminations veinlet veins

Question 161

phyllic and advanced argillic veinlet

Answer 161

retrograde

Question 162

calc akaline porphyritic intrusion <1 to 2 kbar pressure 2-4km depth rocks are foremed at 750-850 C and mineralizationa t

Answer 162

>250-<500C

Question 163

porphyry cu by lowell gilbert

Answer 163

first model

Question 164

by gustafson and hunt

Answer 164

intordutcion of advanced argillic alteration cap

Question 165

plate tectonic model for the origin of porphyry cu 1972 conceptuzalid porphyry cu model for the ph 1984

Answer 165

sillitoe

Question 166

commonly in island arc few ocntinental

Answer 166

porphyry cu au model

Question 167

high Mo grade porphyries in atectonic to tensional rift environemnts w/ A type high silica porphyritic

Answer 167

climax type mo model

Question 168

life span

Answer 168

single deposit 100,000 to several million years mieral districts up to 10 m y or longer

Question 169

1994 measured +indicated resource 870 million tonnes @0.41 % cu

Answer 169

biga deposit atlas mine cebu

Question 170

2010 measured resources 149 millions tonnes mineralized porphyry complex syn mineral dark diorite - 0.6% cu &0.9 ppm au clear diorite 0.3% cu & 0.6 ppm Au late mineral diorite 0.1 % cu 0.3 ppm au

Answer 170

sto.tomas II philex benguet

Question 171

2013 measured and indicated resources 70MT 2013 ore reserves 50.7 MT late oligocene upper monzodiorite gabbro surong monzonite tunja monzonite balut dike quan monzonite bufu syenite bugoy syenite

Answer 171

didipio alkalic pophyry cu au mine nueva viscaya quirino

Question 172

2014 inferred resources 891.7MT

Answer 172

far southeast porphyry cu au goldfields lepanto benguet

Question 173

2012 total resources BT ar 0.51%

Answer 173

tampakan porphyry cy ay glencore indophil sagittarius south cot

Question 174

occurs only at continental magmatic arcs not at island arcs i type molybdenit pyrite traces sheelite chalco ag rich tetrahedrite fluorite is absent mesozoic to tertiary

Answer 174

porphyry molybdenum

Question 175

occurs in atectonic to tneisonal rift environments located inland from continental margins

Answer 175

climax type mo

Question 176

1st and 2nd intrusives are rholote porphyries 3rd is an aplite and 4th is porphyritic granite 95% molybdenite 4 successive granitic rocls

Answer 176

climax colorado

Question 177

also called subvolcanic tin disseminate veinlet and breccia controlled fine grained cassiterite miocene

Answer 177

porphyry tin

Question 178

example of skarn deposits in ph

Answer 178

thanksgiving cu au zn benguet parcale fe camarines norte

Question 179

hydrothermal deposits formed at low temp 100-320C usualy at shallow depths <2kms

Answer 179

epithermal gold

Question 180

high intermediate low low sulfi alkalic

Answer 180

lepanto acupan benguetantamok victoria co o agusan maco diwalwal0-comval pongkor indonesis cripple usa

Question 181

largest epithermal au ag deposit

Answer 181

yanacoche

Question 181

origin of advanced argillic alteration

Answer 181

hypogene steam heated supergene

Question 181

considered as low sulfi epithermal fluids in reactive carbonate rocks

Answer 181

carlin type gold

Question 182

massive sulphides associated with submarine volcanism and realted sedimentation

Answer 182

Volcanogenic massive sulphides

Question 183

ophiolitic complex cretaceous paleogene subamrine basalts chert and shale massive sulphide overlying stockwork zone overlain by chert

Answer 183

cyprus

Question 184

back arc cretaceous neogene felsic submarine volcanics massive to banded sulphide clastic ore apron overlying stockwork zone

Answer 184

kuroko

Question 185

oceanic extensional envi pre crtaceous metamorphics clasts and marine mafic volcanis concordant sheet of massive sulphides

Answer 185

beshhi

Question 186

sedex and also called black shale hosted stratiform basinal accumulation galena spahelerite w. major pyrite and pyrrohitte sgeetlike not bulbous

Answer 186

sedimentary exhalative lead zinc

Question 187

simple mieralogy low ag galena low fe sphalerite barite fluorite accompanied by dolomite calcite jasperoud depostion from connate basinal water

Answer 187

mississippi valley type zinc lead

Question 188

also known as mesothermal au slate belt type au archaean au related to solution remobilization assoc w regional fluid flow along major deep crustal fault zones

Answer 188

orogenic gold

Question 189

epizonal mesozonal hypozonal

Answer 189

2-5km 5-10km >10km

Question 190

assoc wi granitoids become a deposit only 30 years agoformed shallow to moderate crustal settling that lack co eval volcanism late orgenic cycle

Answer 190

reduced intrusion related gold

Question 191

mainly pitchbende w/ minor coddiniteribbon like orebodies

Answer 191

uniformity type uranium athabasca

Question 192

lateral secretions low t p oxidizes u+4 to u+6 soluble in groundwater represents 40% worlds resources stratabound

Answer 192

sandstone type uranium

Question 193

redbed formations consisting of continental ss sts cgl impure lst trash plants lignite bone material

Answer 193

salt wash type u-v

Question 194

braided stream deposits in borad alluvial plain consisting fluvial lacustrine humates ore is mainly as orano uraniferous mineraloids

Answer 194

humate type u

Question 195

deposit created by erosion and sedimentation containing particles of some valuable minerals cenozoic age

Answer 195

placer deposits

Question 195

rio tuba berong taganito suriago del norte hinatuan surigao del sur new caledonia south pacici dominated worlds ni production prior discovery sjudbury oligocene to mesozoic noumeite nepouite pimelite

Answer 195

nickel laterite

Question 196

al rich laterite high in al203 low sio2 and fe203 tropical subtropical consists of boehmite gibbsite diaspore hoste in white limestone fm middle eocene lower miocene age came from ~5m of miocene that bauzite came from volcanicc ash within the white limestone

Answer 196

bauxite

Question 197

the weathering of cu ebaring mineralization wherein a small percentage of cu can be leached from a large volume of rock and can be redeposited as a higher grade deposit in a smaller volume of rock provided that conditions are favorable protoore porous and permaale meteoric waters

Answer 197

supergene copper enrichment

Question 198

father of modern chemistry and cyrstal chemistry who proposed the classification of minerals ac to their preferred hosts

Answer 198

victor m. goldschmidt

Question 199

theory that explains the complexation of material from the simple structure of H and its isotope, Deuterium, or simply the creation of new atoms from Hydrogen

Answer 199

nucleosynthesis

Question 200

rule proposed where there is a regular pattern in elements where elements with even atomic numbers are more abundant on either side than those with odd atomic numbers

Answer 200

oddo-harkins rule

Question 201

what are the 10 elemetns which have atomic numbers of less than 27 show appreciable abundance and what are the greatest abundance

Answer 201

H he c n o ne mg si s fe h and he having the greatest abundance

Question 202

these are between helium and carbon which have very low relative abundance

Answer 202

li, be, and b

Question 203

type of meteorite that ni-fe alloys with minor amounts of other minerals classified acc to their %Ni

Answer 203

iron

Question 203

isotopes w/ mass numbers that are multiples of 4 have enhanced abundances

Answer 203

pronounced peak for relative abundance of Fe

Question 204

composition of the iron type meteorite

Answer 204

troilite, hexahedrite, octahedrite, ataxite

Question 205

chiefly comprised of mostly ferromagnesian silicates that contain up to 1/4 ni-fe types

Answer 205

stoney

Question 206

stoney meteorites containing chondrules with high volatile content including water and non biogenic carbon

Answer 206

chondrite

Question 207

what are under STONEY

Answer 207

stoney chondrite achondtrite

Question 208

important type of chondites

Answer 208

carbonaceous chondrite

Question 209

composition chondrite

Answer 209

olivine pyroxene plag glass have the same composition with the sun's atmosphere

Question 210

stoney meteorites that lack chondrules with most being brecciated

Answer 210

achondtrite

Question 211

composition ofachondtrite

Answer 211

same composition as terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks

Question 212

equal amounts of silicates and ni-fe alloys with most being brecciated and invaded by metallic and sulfide melts

Answer 212

stony-iron

Question 213

composition of stony-iron

Answer 213

pallasite, mesosiderite

Question 214

branch of chemistry concerned on the free enrgy changes assoc with chemical equilibrium between phases an dprovides the tools for woking out which mineral assemblages will be stable under w/c they occur

Answer 214

thermodynamics

Question 215

impermeable rock preventing heated fluids from escaping

Answer 215

cap rock

Question 216

geothermal systems assoc with regions of young volcanism charac by the presence of a porous and prev reservoir at shallow to moderate depths (100 m to 4.5 km) with most of the heat being transferred by convection

Answer 216

convective geothermal systems

Question 217

geothermal systems charac by high porosity systems at hydorstatic pressure, commonly assoc with sedimentary basins with geopressured and hot dry rock systems

Answer 217

conductive geothermal system

Question 217

high porosity under hydrostatic pressure

Answer 217

basin

Question 218

high porosity with pressures exceeding hydrostatic pressure

Answer 218

oil fields

Question 219

low porosity conductive environment

Answer 219

hot dry rock system

Question 220

>150 C

Answer 220

high enthalpy

Question 221

90-150 C

Answer 221

moderate enthalpy

Question 222

90 C

Answer 222

low enthalpy

Question 223

form of fumarole that emits sulfurous streams

Answer 223

solfatara

Question 224

pool bubbling acidic mud that can emit steams and decompose surrounding rocks nto mud

Answer 224

mud pool

Question 225

nonthermal manifestation of hydrothermal/geothermal systems

Answer 225

kaipohan or cold springs

Question 226

mineralization that can be used as indicators for geothermal exploration due to the consistent formation

Answer 226

othermometers

Question 227

silica replacement that forms from high to low temperature

Answer 227

silicification

Question 228

direct deposition of amorphous hydrated silica or opal at high temperature

Answer 228

silica sinter

Question 229

appears at conditions with temperatures greater than 200 C

Answer 229

epidote

Question 230

appears at conditions with temperatures at about ~100 C

Answer 230

smectite

Question 231

appears at conditions with temperatures greater than 200 C

Answer 231

illite

Question 232

appears at low temperatures and alkaline environments

Answer 232

calcite

Question 233

appears at high temperatures and acidic environments

Answer 233

silica

Question 234

appears at low temperatures and acidic environments and forms when steam mixes with meteoric waters due to throttling

Answer 234

kaolinite

Question 235

appears at high temperature and acidic enviornments and acidic envi and originates from magmatic fluids

Answer 235

halloysite/pyrophyllite

Question 236

when was DOE established

Answer 236

december 23, 1992

Question 237

act of DOE

Answer 237

RA NO. 7638 department energy act of 1992

Question 238

the 3rd country in the world with highest installed capacity in the MWe as of 2013 and 5th country in the world with the largest geothermal reserves as of 2019

Answer 238

philippines

Question 239

when was PNOC created

Answer 239

nov 9,1973 through the PD no. 334

Question 240

what is PNOC

Answer 240

philippine national oil company

Question 241

a service contract granted byt the DOE to operators for geothermal poer plant

Answer 241

Geothermal Renewable Energy Service Contract GRESC

Question 242

an operating contract granted by the DOE to the operators for geothermal power plants

Answer 242

geothermal renewable energy operating contract GREOC

Question 243

1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~ 290 MW located at albay province greoc no 2009. 19-006

Answer 243

tiwi complex

Question 243

father of ph geothermal development

Answer 243

arturo alcaraz

Question 243

1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~ 460 MW located at laguna and quezon provices greoc no. 2009-10-007

Answer 243

makiling banahaw mak ban complex

Question 244

1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~ 230 MW 1st largest geothermal field in terms of installed capacity at ~720 MW located at leyte province

Answer 244

leyte

Question 245

20 mw GREOC NO. 2010-02-012 located at laguna and batangas provinces

Answer 245

maibarara

Question 246

greoc 2012-04-027 150 MWe lcoated at sorsogon and albay provinces

Answer 246

bacon manito complex

Question 247

gresc no. 2009-10-005 located negros island

Answer 247

northern negros

Question 247

palinpinon geothermal power plants gresc no 2009-10-007 190 MW located at soutehrn negros island

Answer 247

southern negros

Question 247

mindanao geothermal production field gresc no 2009-10-004 110 MW located at north cotabato and davao provinces

Answer 247

mt.apo

Question 248

branch of geology that deals with the physical processes and properties of the earth through analytical quantitative methods

Answer 248

geophysics

Question 249

mode of methods used to detect and map geophysical anomalies using different physical porperties of the earth

Answer 249

geophysical survey

Question 250

examples of gravimeter

Answer 250

la coste and romberg scintrez

Question 250

done by repeatedly recording readings from a fixed base station throughout the day

Answer 250

drift correction

Question 251

done due to decrease in gravity with height moving farther away from the earth's center always add for FAC= 3.086H GU

Answer 251

FREE AIR CORRECTION

Question 252

removes the effect that FAC neglects by accounting land as continuos or infinite horizontal slab assumes that the topography is flat

Answer 252

bouguer correction always substract bouger correction when on land BC=2piG ph=0.4191phgu always add bouguer correction when on sea surface

Question 253

accounts topographic relief in the vicinity of the gravitation station

Answer 253

terrain correction always add terrain correction

Question 254

combined effects of sun and moon having a max amplitude of 3

Answer 254

tidal correction

Question 255

applied to gravity measurements taken on a moving vehicle depending on the direction of travel with the vehicular motion generating a centripetal acceleration which either reinforces or opposes gravity

Answer 255

eotvos correction

Question 256

increasing amount of gas

Answer 256

decreases velocity

Question 257

later time of arrival of the reflected rays at receivers offset from the source for a horizontal layer only for first layer or topmost layer refraction must be used for the succeeding layers

Answer 257

normal moveout

Question 258

weighted average across n layers that factors out differences in travel time spent in layer of differing velocity

Answer 258

root mean square

Question 259

can be used to determine the velocity and or height per layer

Answer 259

n layer example

Question 260

5-10x if critical velocity gradient can detect multiple layers but cannot easily find thickness of each layers that are thin or has a lower velocity

Answer 260

seismic refraction

Question 261

has an arrival time that is never recorded at first arrical and is aympototic with the direct ray on a t-x diagram

Answer 261

reflected ray

Question 262

has an arrival time that plots linear on a t-x diagram only arrives after the critical distance and recorded only after cross over distance and travels long enough in the faster layer

Answer 262

refracted ray

Question 263

measures current

Answer 263

ammeter

Question 264

intermeiate conductors

Answer 264

oxides

Question 265

high frequency inversely proportional with resolution

Answer 265

high mhz = low resolution

Question 267

depth range of GPR is limited by?

Answer 267

electrical conductivity of the ground the transmitted frequency and the radiated power

Question 268

500 and 900 mhz penetrates 5-15 ft. of soil and produces resolution of 0.5-2 inches

Answer 268

higher frequency

Question 269

300 and 80 mhz antennae penetrates 30-80 ft and produces resolution of 0.5 -3 ft.

Answer 269

lower frequency

Question 270

or probe is a cylindrical metal tube that ecanses the instruments such as cameras used for borehole logging

Answer 270

sonde

Question 271

borehole dimater

Answer 271

callper

Question 272

resistance of formation, fluids in formation and borehole fluids

Answer 272

single point reason

Question 273

resistivity of formation with additional data where true resistivity can be calculated

Answer 273

normal resistivity

Question 274

bulk apparent conductivity of the formation and pore fluids surrounding the borehole

Answer 274

electromagnetic induction

Question 275

electrical resistivity of borehole from which specific conducatnce is calculated

Answer 275

fluid temperature

Question 276

direction and magnitude of vertical flow within the borehole

Answer 276

electromagnetic and spinner

Question 277

amplitude and travel time view of the reflected acoustic signal

Answer 277

acoustic televiewer

Question 278

azimuthal direction and the inclination of the borehole

Answer 278

deviation

Question 279

fossil fuels

Answer 279

seismic gravity. magnetic

Question 280

metals

Answer 280

magnetic resistivity induced polarization self potential electromagnetic

Question 281

bulk minerals

Answer 281

seismic

Question 282

groundwater

Answer 282

seismic resistivity

Question 283

eng applications

Answer 283

seismic resistivity GPR

Question 284

archaeology

Answer 284

seismic gravity electromagnetic GPR

Question 285

the process of water moving within the soil or ground

Answer 285

percolation

Question 286

steams whose course is controlled by its initial slope of the land surface

Answer 286

consequent stream

Question 287

streams whose course is dependent on structures and not on topography

Answer 287

subsequent stream

Question 288

streams that develop in response to a new base level and flows in the same direction as the main consequent stream

Answer 288

resequent stream

Question 289

a system where the sedimentary cycle occurs and involves a network of stream channels and the entire drainagae basin

Answer 289

river system

Question 290

the slope of a stream channel measured by the vertical drop of a stream over a specific distance

Answer 290

gradient

Question 291

measure of length within a cross section of a stream that is in contact with the flow

Answer 291

wetted perimenter

Question 292

annual volkume of water evaporated from the oceans by the Sun

Answer 292

320,000 km3

Question 293

annual volume of water precipitated into the ocean

Answer 293

284,000 km3

Question 294

annual volume of water transpired by plants

Answer 294

60,000 km3

Question 295

annual volume of water precipitated onto land

Answer 295

96,000 km3

Question 296

annual volume of water carried as runoff

Answer 296

36,000 km3

Question 297

enumerate the world's largest rivers and their location

Answer 297

amazon brazil congo rep.of congo yangtze china brahmaputra bangladesh ganges india yenisei russia mississippi us orinoco venezuela lena russia parana argentina

Question 298

process by which the bed and banks of a bedrock channel are continuously bombarded by particles carried into the flow

Answer 298

quarrying

Question 299

process by which the bed and baks of a bedrock channel are continuosly bombarded by particles carried into the flow

Answer 299

abrasion

Question 300

channels that cut into the underlying strata and typically form in the headwaters of a river

Answer 300

bedrock channel

Question 301

channels that form insediments that was prec deposited in the valley

Answer 301

alluvial channel

Question 302

refers to the base level for tributaries or smaller water bodies

Answer 302

temporary base level

Question 303

streams that possess the necessary slope and other channel charac to maintain minimum flow velocity requierd to transport sediments

Answer 303

graded stream

Question 304

stream features created when resistant beds act as a temporarhy base level upstream while allowing downcutting to continue downstream

Answer 304

rapids

Question 305

produced by major fluctuations in conditions, such as changes in base level or climate

Answer 305

depositional floodplain

Question 306

meandering channels flowing in steep narrow bedrock valleys

Answer 306

incised meanders

Question 307

drainage pattern with multiple right angle bends and typically develops where the bedrock is crisscrossed by a series of joints

Answer 307

rectangular drainage pattern

Question 308

rectangular pattern in wc tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another wc typically forms in areas underlain by alternating bands of resistant and lesser resistant rocks that can be well displayed

Answer 308

trellis drainage pattern

Question 309

or recurrence interval is an estimate of how often a flood of a given size can be expected to occur

Answer 309

retum period

Question 310

seasonal floods that may occur due to rapid melting of snow or heavy rains that can often overwhelm rivers

Answer 310

regional floods

Question 311

specific study of the distribution and movement of grounwater

Answer 311

hydrogeology

Question 312

typical rate of aquifer flow velocity

Answer 312

15cm/yr

Question 313

coefficient that consders the permeability of the aquifer and the viscosity of the liquid expressed in the equation known as the darcy's law

Answer 313

hydraulic conductivity

Question 314

localized zone of saturation created when downward intercepted by an aquitard

Answer 314

perched water table

Question 315

aquifer bounded by aquitards above and below it

Answer 315

confined aquifer

Question 316

springs that are 6-9 degrees warmer than the surrounding mean annual temperature

Answer 316

hot springs

Question 317

dominantly carbonate landscapes that have been shaped by groundwater to a large extent

Answer 317

karst topography

Question 318

elevation above which snow remains throughour the year that varies with latitude

Answer 318

snowline

Question 319

granular recrystallized snow that are denser and have the consistency of coarse sand

Answer 319

firn

Question 320

brittle uppermost zone of a glacier

Answer 320

zone of fracture

Question 321

cracks in the glacier's zone of fracture that resulted from the tension due to glacial movement over irregular terrain

Answer 321

crevasses

Question 322

balance or lack thereof between the accumulation of glacier at the upper end and the loss at the lower end

Answer 322

glacial budget

Question 323

loss of glacial material

Answer 323

ablation

Question 324

the process of incorporating loose blocks of rocks into the ice as the glacier flows and fractures the bedrock

Answer 324

plucking

Question 325

pulverized rock produced by glacial gristmill

Answer 325

rock flour

Question 326

or alpine glacier smaller glacier that exist if lofty mountain areas and moves a few centimeters per day

Answer 326

valley glacier

Question 327

large scale valley glaciers that can flow our in all directions

Answer 327

ice sheet

Question 328

large relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend seaward from the coast but remain attached to the land

Answer 328

ice shelf

Question 329

tongues of ice flowing down valleys that extend outward from the margins of these larger ice masses

Answer 329

outlet glacier

Question 330

glaciers that occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glacier emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys

Answer 330

piedmont glacier

Question 331

umbrella term for sediments of glacial origin regardless of theri depostional area

Answer 331

glacial drift

Question 332

glacial drift sorted acc to the fragments size and weight

Answer 332

stratified drift

Question 333

foreign boulders found within the till deposits that are different from the bedrock below

Answer 333

glacial erratic

Question 334

lakes formed due to increased precipitation which was influenced in some areas by the formation and occurrence of glaciers

Answer 334

pluvial lake

Question 335

undesired by product in petroleum that generates sulfur oxides when burned

Answer 335

sulfur

Question 336

crude oil that contains little amounts of sulfur

Answer 336

sweet crude oil

Question 337

crude oil that contains high amounts of sulfur

Answer 337

sour crude oil

Question 338

solid form of petroleum

Answer 338

tar and bitumen

Question 339

gaseous form of petroleum

Answer 339

natural gas

Question 340

element contained in most biomolecule substances that is vital for the development of life

Answer 340

carbon

Question 341

main source of petoleum

Answer 341

plankton

Question 342

plant plakntons

Answer 342

phytoplankton

Question 343

phytoplankton with silica test phytoplankton with calcite test

Answer 343

diatom coccolithophore

Question 343

zooplankton with silica test zooplankton with calcite test

Answer 343

radiolaria foraminifera

Question 344

sudden increase in planktons in the oceans

Answer 344

planktonic bloom

Question 345

sedimentary rock that contains >5% organic matter

Answer 345

black shale

Question 346

biomolecule combination of fatty acids of CnH2nO2 with glycerol C3H5oh3 are mostly fats oil and waxes and have the greatest potential to be HC sources

Answer 346

Lipid

Question 347

giant biomolecules that make up the solid constituents of animal tissues and plant cells and are rich in carbon but contain substantial amounts of N s AND o

Answer 347

protein

Question 348

common biomolecules in plant tissues that are based on sugars SnH2On and their polymers cellulose starch and chitin

Answer 348

carbohydrate

Question 349

polymer biomolecule consisting of numerous aromatic rings and is a major component in land plants that can be converted to coal through deoxygenation

Answer 349

lignin

Question 350

thermal stratification may cause high organic productivity within the photic zone in the continental shelf but lack of circulation and oragnic decay may lead to anoxic environment at the bottom

Answer 350

high productivity

Question 351

measure of the potential of a source rock to generate hydrocarbons and represents the amount of carbon oxygen and hydrogen within the source rock

Answer 351

total organic content TOC

Question 352

fraction og TOC with high iolecular weight and soluble in organic solvents

Answer 352

bitumen

Question 353

insoluble non extractable residue fraction of the TOC that forms in the transformation from OM into a complex mixture with a general compostion of large HC molecules that breakdown with continuous exposure to high temperature

Answer 353

kerogen

Question 354

petroleum compostion percent carbon hydrocarbon nitrogen oxygen sulfur metals

Answer 354

83-85% 10-14% 0.1-2% 0.05-1.5 0.05-6% <0.1%

Question 355

conversion from OM to kerogen must occur in

Answer 355

anoxic environment

Question 356

formation of kerogen

Answer 356

kerogen is first formed upon burial then into smaller HC with CO2 and H2O then into methane with c13 to c30 at highest temperatures

Question 357

what happens to the carbon content of kerogen

Answer 357

increases with increasing temperature along with the formation of fluid produts high in H and elimination O

Question 358

maturation phase that occurs in low temperatures and pressures near shallow subsurface and reduces the oxygen int he oragnic matter, elaving the HC ratio undhcanged

Answer 358

diagenesis

Question 359

occurs in deeper subsurface levels as burial continues and temperatures and pressures increase with the HC ratio declining as the petroleum is released from the kerogen- first the oil and then the gas

Answer 359

catagenesis

Question 360

the stage closest to metamorphism having higher temperatures and pressures completely expelling the remaining hydrocarbons methane with carbon being left as the H:C ratio declines

Answer 360

metagenesis

Question 361

indices that measure the maximum temperature the source rock had been subjected

Answer 361

paleothermometer

Question 362

a parameter that measures the ability of a reservoir to deliver fluids to the wellbore

Answer 362

production index PI

Question 363

parameter that characterizes the origin of organic matters

Answer 363

Hydrogen Index HI

Question 364

has upwelling of nutrient rich waters and oxygen deficient in between 200-1500 m deep

Answer 364

continental margin

Question 365

landlocked bodies of water that leads to lack of circulation causing anoxic conditions and high preservation of organic material

Answer 365

lagoons and restricted areas

Question 365

produces a great amount of terrestrial derived organic matter

Answer 365

deltas in warm latitudes

Question 366

have anoxic deep waters low clastic sediment output and contains organic rich mud

Answer 366

freshwater lakes

Question 367

ratio of peat lignite bituminous anthracite

Answer 367

1.3 1.0 0.8 0.0-0.3

Question 368

oragnic compounds that act as chemical tracer of certain ancient organisms

Answer 368

biomarkers

Question 369

an index integrating the increase of temperature in a period of time as a rock is buried

Answer 369

time temperature index TTI

Question 370

indicates maturation by measuring the color of finely dispersed OM on a scale of 1- pale yellow to 5- black

Answer 370

thermal alteration index tai

Question 371

maturation indicator based on coal ranks and adjusted to give linear scale

Answer 371

level organic maturation LOM

Question 372

primarily algae from freshwater brackish hypersaline lagoonal or lacustrine environments

Answer 372

type I Liptinite

Question 373

orig from either phytoplanktons and bacterial microorganisms in marin sediments soft parts of terrestrial plants or resins pollens spores and cuticles

Answer 373

type II Exinite

Question 374

hard or structural parts of terrestrial plants or higher plant debris the dominant type of SE Asia having the charac of being meinly tertiary in age that mainly derived from terrestrial plants rich in resins and waxes and may have deposited in coal swamps and paralic settings

Answer 374

type III vitrinite

Question 375

oxidized residue reworked material or fossil charcoal

Answer 375

type IV inertinite

Question 376

algae from sulfate rich anoxic lakes

Answer 376

i-s

Question 377

kerogen rich in sulfur that deposited in anoxic marin environments with normal to elevated salinity

Answer 377

ii-s

Question 378

saturated hydrocarbons with a general chemical formula of CH2n+2 includes methane ethane propane and butang n<5 gaseous at normal temperatures and pressures n=5-15- ;iquid at surface temperatures and pressures n>15 solid waxes and viscous liquids

Answer 378

paraffin

Question 378

hydrocarbons that remains liquid at normal temperatures and pressures expressed with a general formula of CH which includes cyclopentane and cyclohexane

Answer 378

nephthene

Question 379

unsaturated hydrocarbons comm found in petroleum that is liquid at normal temperatures and pressures generally expressed with a formula of cnhn and includes benzene toulene and xylene

Answer 379

aromatic

Question 380

heavy compounds of crude oil and the major components in many natural tars and asphalts

Answer 380

asphaltene

Question 381

lighter gaseous fraction of hydrocarbons that is found free or dissolved in crude oil in natural underground reservoirs

Answer 381

natural gas

Question 382

or gas cap is the free gas residing on top of crude oil in the reservoir

Answer 382

assoc gas

Question 383

undesirable free gas in the subsurface that can damage well equipment and reduces the value of hydrocardon deposits

Answer 383

hydrogen sulfide

Question 384

trapped free gas found w/i any significant amounts of crude oil

Answer 384

non assoc gas

Question 385

liquefied gases that include wer gases natural gasoline and condesate

Answer 385

natural gas liquids

Question 386

natural gas that contains less than 0.1 gal/1000ft3 of condensate that is largely methane

Answer 386

dry gas

Question 387

natural gas that contains less than 0.3 gal/1000ft3 of condensate that is largely methane

Answer 387

wet gas

Question 388

compose dof paraffin series

Answer 388

hydrocarbon gases

Question 389

largest component of natural gas that is known as the marsh gas at the surface

Answer 389

methane

Question 390

rarely formed by bacterial processes thatt can cause blowouts when overpressured

Answer 390

heavier hydrocarbon

Question 391

inert gases that may be quite concentrated in natural gas with about >1% of the gas present

Answer 391

noble gases

Question 392

occurs either from the thermal breakdown of organic matter from the atmosphere or due to mantld outgassing

Answer 392

nitrogen

Question 393

actively produced with the reservoir adjacent to source beds or diffused upward from earth

Answer 393

hydrogen

Question 394

normal product of thermal maturation of kerogen that cna be derived either from organic or inorganic sources

Answer 394

carbon dioxide

Question 395

ice crystals with structured atomic lattices that contain molecules of methane and other gases

Answer 395

gas hydrates

Question 396

heavy semisolid forms of hydrocarbon

Answer 396

asphalt tar pitch

Question 397

oils specific gravity

Answer 397

0.73 to above 1.0

Question 398

property of petroleum determined by the saybolt colonmeter

Answer 398

color

Question 399

yellow to brown by transmitted light

Answer 399

paraffin oils

Question 400

brown to mostly black

Answer 400

asphalt base oils

Question 401

proportional tot he density of petroleum with the lower indices being the lighter oils the RI for petroleum ranges

Answer 401

1.42-1.48

Question 402

wavelenght of teh ultraviolet

Answer 402

2.537 and 3.650

Question 403

lowest temperature at which the crude oil will be able to flow under specific controlling conditions

Answer 403

pour point

Question 404

expulsion of petroleum from the source rocks into the permeable carrier beds oil is typically generated at 60-120 degrees at 1-4km

Answer 404

primary migration

Question 405

migration from the carrier beds into the reservoir and traps

Answer 405

secondary migration

Question 406

migration through leakage and extraction of petroleum unto the Earth's surface

Answer 406

tertiary migration

Question 407

migration occurs as its base form ketons acids and esters dissilved in water before formingn into hydrocarbons

Answer 407

expulsion as protopetroleum

Question 408

concentrations of ketons acids and esters in source rocks are too low to migrate and evolve into crude oil

Answer 408

contradiction

Question 409

composition of carbon

Answer 409

natural gas 65-80% crude oil 82-87% asphalt 80-85%

Question 410

composition of hydrogen

Answer 410

natural gas 1-25% crude oil 12-15% asphalt 9-11%

Question 411

composition of sulfur

Answer 411

natural gas 0.2% crude oil 0.1-6% asphalt 2.8%

Question 412

composition of nitrogen

Answer 412

natural gas 1-15% crude oil 0.1-2% asphalt 0-2%

Question 413

composition of oxygen

Answer 413

natural gas 0 crude oil 0.1-5% asphalt 0%

Question 414

porosity quality excellent good poor

Answer 414

>20% 10-20% <5%

Question 415

migration is theorized to occur by HCs being attached on the hydrophobic ends of the micelles

Answer 415

in solution within micelles (Micelle Theory)

Question 416

how many percent of typical crude oil is composed of moderately soluble alkanes

Answer 416

25%

Question 417

colloidal organic surfactants whose molecules possess hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

Answer 417

micelle

Question 418

compounds that lower the surface or interfacial tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid

Answer 418

surfactants

Question 419

sum of the grain volume and pore volume

Answer 419

vulk volume

Question 420

cavernous pores whose boundaries cross cut grains

Answer 420

vuggy

Question 421

pores that fabric selective with only the grains or only the matrix has been leached out

Answer 421

moldic

Question 422

intercrystalline cracks between grains

Answer 422

fracture

Question 423

completely permeable pore that permits flushing of natural or artificial fluids

Answer 423

catenary pore

Question 424

pores unaffected by flushing but is permeable enough to yield petroleum

Answer 424

cul de sac pore

Question 425

impermeable pores that are unable to yield petroleum

Answer 425

closed pore

Question 426

arranged perpendicular to each other in all directions and can yield about 48% porosity

Answer 426

cubic packing

Question 427

packing similar to cubic packing but slanted at an angle and can yield only about 26% porosity

Answer 427

rhombohedral packing

Question 428

rate of flow of fluids which controls the directional mmovement of the reservoir fluids

Answer 428

permeability

Question 429

permeability to a particular fluid when the rock's pore spaces contain more than one fluid

Answer 429

effective permeability

Question 430

ratio of the effective permeability to a fluid at a gien saturation to the effective permeability to that fluid at 100% saturation

Answer 430

relative permeability

Question 431

primary porosity often ranges from 40-70% for carbonate then 25-40% for silicicalstic

Answer 431

primary porosity

Question 432

leaching that improves porosity and permeability

Answer 432

dissolution

Question 433

may improve porosity by creating larger pores or reduce it by growth of interlocking dolomite crystals and often greatly increases permeability due to the formation of pore spaces from post burial fracturing

Answer 433

dolomitization

Question 434

the total vertical interval from teh top of the reservoir down to the petwroleum water boundary

Answer 434

gross pay

Question 435

portion of the reservoir the can produce economically viable amounts of petroleum with a specific production method

Answer 435

net pay

Question 436

the portion of the reservoir that cannot produce economic amounts of petroleum

Answer 436

non pay

Question 437

percentage of the potential production of a reservour

Answer 437

net to gross

Question 438

caused by depostional morphologies or diagenesis

Answer 438

strat traps

Question 439

or cap rock is a fine grained or crystalline impermeable rock that is relatively ductile laterally continuous and acts as a barrier preventing further migration of petroleum to the surface

Answer 439

seal

Question 440

measure of the weakest part of the seal that can be greatly weakened by faults and fractures

Answer 440

sealing capacity

Question 441

gougged fault

Answer 441

type of seals

Question 442

total area in a prospect where petroleum will migrate to

Answer 442

catachmetn area

Question 443

seal quality from best ot poor

Answer 443

salt high toc shale shale marl limestone chert basalt

Question 444

percentage og global seals

Answer 444

sahle 65% evaporite33% carbonate 2%

Question 445

what occurs in the pre concession work concession round appraisal and development planning production and maintenance excution

Answer 445

basin identification licensing round sanction end production

Question 446

predential decreef or the winning bidders

Answer 446

P.D 87

Question 447

regional assessment and data acquisition are donw through satellite images for remote sensing and geophysical surveys such as gravimetric and airborne magnetic surveys

Answer 447

reconnaissance survey

Question 448

a geographically and stratigraphically delimited area where common geological factors exist in order that petroleum accumulation can occur

Answer 448

play

Question 449

potentially containing an economic amount of petroleum but lacks sufficient data to prove it

Answer 449

lead

Question 450

area within the basin where the specific geological attributes necessary for the existence of petroleum accumulation exist

Answer 450

play fairway

Question 451

series of valves used to seal a well head

Answer 451

blow out preventer BOP

Question 452

a square section steel where a drill pipe is attached to

Answer 452

kelly

Question 453

drilling rigs for offshore operations with water depths of about operates at water depths up to 100m to 500ft

Answer 453

jack up rig

Question 454

operates in shallow waters

Answer 454

drilling barge

Question 455

floating rig with 3 or more floodable caisson legs that are stabilized by anchorsoperates at water depths at 10,000ft

Answer 455

semi submersible

Question 456

floating rig ehre a derrick drilling rig is mounted on a ship that's being kept on location by anchors or propellers operates water at depths to 12,000 ft

Answer 456

drillship

Question 457

method of determining a borehole's ability to produce petroleum

Answer 457

formation evaluation

Question 458

estimated quantities of petroleum that are not currently economically extractable but may potentially be recoverable in the future

Answer 458

contingent resource

Question 459

potentially recoverable amounts of petroleum from undiscovered accumulations

Answer 459

prospective resource

Question 460

total amount of oil presetn before production

Answer 460

stock tank oil originally in place STOOIP

Question 461

date of first exploratory drilling in toledo 1 in cebu

Answer 461

1896

Question 462

1973-2018

Answer 462

drilled a total of 281 wells for exploration and development with offshore NW Palawan being the most prolific

Question 463

enactment of the PD 87 the oil exploration and development act of 1972

Answer 463

1985

Question 464

have produced 76.7 MMbbls of oild 75 MMbbls of condensate and 1.94 Tct of gas from 11 oil/gas fields

Answer 464

december 31, 2017

Question 465

what are the 5 fields in production currently

Answer 465

malampaya supplying 40% energy requirement in the luzon grid galoc nido matinloc north matinloc

Question 466

fossil charcoal with a black fibrous with silky luster and is soft friable

Answer 466

fusain

Question 467

coal with banded layers made up of alternating types

Answer 467

clarain

Question 468

forms from spore and detrital plant material

Answer 468

durain

Question 469

bright shiny black coal that is mostly composed of wood tissue and can break into cubic pieces

Answer 469

vitrain

Question 470

how much is the coal resource and reserve of PH

Answer 470

2370 MMT and 200 MMT semimara island contains 40% of the PH total coal reserves

Question 471

hole core diameter 48 27

Answer 471

AQ

Question 472

hole core diameter 60 36.5

Answer 472

BQ

Question 473

hole core diameter 75.7 47.6

Answer 473

NQ

Question 474

hole core diameter 96 63.5

Answer 474

HQ

Question 475

hole core diameter 122.6 85

Answer 475

PQ

Question 476

RQD Description excellent good fair poor very poor

Answer 476

90-100 75-90 50-75 25-50 <25

Question 477

random sampling by collecting samples from broken ore from piles

Answer 477

grab sampling

Question 478

method of sahllow lateral excavation that is usually best done with an overburden of less than 3m

Answer 478

trenching

Question 479

method in min sampling by excavating vertically from the surface into a level in an underground mine or from one level to another

Answer 479

winzing

Question 480

method of excavating or digging vertically to collect samples at a certain interval which is usually done to define a profile

Answer 480

test pitting

Question 481

map that can either be a topographic map or an aerial photograph of the area which orients the map user to the location of the details within the geologic map

Answer 481

base map

Question 482

maps with a small scale ratio ranging from a few thousands in scale typically used to represent features withiin the are 1:1000

Answer 482

large scale maps

Question 483

maps with large scale ratio ranging from tens of thousands to millions in scale 1:10000 which are used to show the general location of a large area

Answer 483

small scale maps

Question 484

rock mass classification scheme that utilizes different factors in order to determine a rock mass quality

Answer 484

geotechnical logging

Question 485

example of unsupported mining

Answer 485

room and pillar

Question 486

examples of open pit

Answer 486

didipio mine oceanagold ph philippines-porphyry cu au deposit chuquicamata CODELCO chile porphyry cu au

Question 487

dimenstion stones or aggregates involves slicing large vertical benches of the commodity smaller amounts but can generate high profit

Answer 487

quarry kulasisi quarry teresa marble corporation philippines - marbleizes limestone

Question 488

also called stip mining nickel laterites and coal

Answer 488

open cast coc 41 zamboanga sibugay coal project PNOC EC PH Coal

Question 489

example of contour mining

Answer 489

taganito mining corporation philippines nickel

Question 490

been banned in some countries in 1884 due to enviromental damages

Answer 490

hydraulicking

Question 491

an aqueous surface mining that's also known as solution mining and extracts minerals in situ by utilizing different solutions which can leachthem and usually linked to uranium deposits and leat amoung of envi distrubance

Answer 491

in situ leaching

Question 492

unsupported method where the ore is excavated horizontallly and is progressively excavated upwards while being extracted at the bottom through funnels

Answer 492

shrinkage stoping didipio mine oceangold ph inc porphyry cu au deposit lepanto consilidated mining company ph gold siver copper

Question 493

unsuported underground mining method that can be used as an alternative for sublevel caving and is donw by creating patterned drillings through the ore body through slopes in sublevels and then blasted before collecting the broken ore

Answer 493

sublevel stoping

Question 494

supported where the ore is sliced horizontally in levels and backfilles once the ore has been extracted. the backfilled slice then becomes a platform for the next level of slice

Answer 494

cut & fill stoping lepanto and apex

Question 495

caving underground mining of flat lying and relatively thin tabular deposits usually coal where longwall shearing machinery are used to extract the coal as it travels back and froth across its coalface. as the shearers cross the coalface moveable roof supports are installed to support the overlying strata

Answer 495

longwall stoping

Question 496

caving usually done when orebody is no longer economically extractable through open pit mining. like sublevel stoping orebody is blasted in stopes through sublevels starting from the topmost level and progresses downward one of the safest mining methods

Answer 496

sublevel caving

Question 497

underground mining method for hard rock that involves mining the ore body from under and allowing it to collapse on its own. considered as an underground analog og open pit mining. utilizes blasting and creating funnels where the orebody is lead to for extracion

Answer 497

block caving padcal mine philex mining corporation ph copper gold

Question 498

the processing of the ore into the sold products

Answer 498

milling

Question 499

how much does mining contributes to PH

Answer 499

<1% to ph;s total GDP but larger in regional scale and contributes in LGUs torh the Community development program cdp and social development and management program SDMP projects

Question 500

the significant increase of a products value as the wants and needs have limited supplt

Answer 500

law of scarcity

Question 501

who devised the tragedy of the commons

Answer 501

garret hardin

Question 502

can be disregarded i fproduction is given

Answer 502

mining recovery rate

Question 503

the price of a metal per grade calculated from the recovered ore

Answer 503

value of ore

Question 504

an ore deposit with a high grade content that can generate high profit considering it is a reserve

Answer 504

world class deposit

Question 505

the amount of ore extracted within a period of time and can also be calculated by dividing a ine's reserve by its mine life the amount of ore produced witihin a period of time

Answer 505

annual production rate

Question 506

royalty give to the government amounting to 5% of the gross output when part of the permit zone located within a mineral reservation

Answer 506

5%

Question 507

total income gained w/o accounting the taxes and royalties paid

Answer 507

gross income

Question 508

the income generated less the taxes and royalties

Answer 508

net income

Question 509

tas imposed by the government for the incomme generated that amounts to 35% of the net income

Answer 509

income tax

Question 510

tax imposed by the government for the prodcution sales and consumption generated that amounts to 4% of the gross sales

Answer 510

excise tax

Question 511

calssification created by the australian group joint ore reserve committee that standardizes reporting of exploration results mineral resources and ore reserves

Answer 511

JOINT ORE RESERVE CLASSIFICATION JORC CODE

Question 512

what are the parent organizations of the PMRCC

Answer 512

geological society of the philippines society of the metallurgical engineers of the philippines philippine society of mining engineers

Question 513

method of determining a resource's volume tonnage and quality

Answer 513

resource estimation

Question 514

more commonly asked when estimating which averages grade while accounting a weighing factor

Answer 514

weighted average

Question 515

a geimetric resource estimation method that utilizes the area of a certain drillhole estimate the grad for a specific depth and point

Answer 515

area of influenced method

Question 516

geometric resource estimation method best used for uneven drillhole spacing and estimates the area of influence of a drillhole by extending t halfwat through the distance from its neighboring drillholes resulting in varyin gareas

Answer 516

polygon method

Question 517

a geometric resource estimation method similar to polygon method but areas are limited to traingles and estimations utilizes on sampling points that are used as the corners of each triangle also utilizes the heron's formula for teingles

Answer 517

triangle method

Question 518

geometric resource estimation method based on the elevation or contour of the area can be calculated per contour interval using the are formula for a rhombus

Answer 518

contour method

Question 519

geometric resource estimation method used for elongated irregularly shaped deposits and is applicable when the vertical distance is greater than the horizontal distance of each drill hole

Answer 519

cross section method

Question 520

statistical resource etimation method based on the empiridical observation that the bearing of each sample is proportional to an iverse power of the distance from the location of the estimated point to the samples

Answer 520

inverse distance method

Question 521

process of estimating a specific value or worth of a deposit which accounts potential profit revenues and cost based annual profits and grade of ore

Answer 521

mine valuation

Question 522

an appraisal of the commercial viability of a mining project based on engineering and economic factors

Answer 522

feasibility study

Question 523

the time needed for the amount invested in an asset to be repaid by the net cash flow generated by the asset

Answer 523

payback period

Question 524

mode of payback period where time is not considered

Answer 524

undiscounted payback period

Question 525

mode of payback period where time is considered and is accounted as teh net present value which is the differecne between the present value and teh present value of yearly payments

Answer 525

discounted paybank period

Question 526

net inflow and outflow of money within a specific duration of time

Answer 526

cash flow

Question 527

gross revenue-operational expenses

Answer 527

gross profit

Question 528

gross profit- taxes

Answer 528

net profit

Question 529

net profit-capital costs

Answer 529

cash flow

Question 530

method for a project valuation to determine its attractiveness to potential buyers and investors

Answer 530

discount cash flow

Question 531

computer based geographic system which incorporates non spatial attributes to its location and generates a digital representation through maps

Answer 531

geographic information system GIS

Question 532

the mandated agency of the Philippines to conduct geodetic surveys and generate local maps

Answer 532

Philippines national mapping and resource information authority NAMRIA

Question 533

practice of studying designing and generating maps

Answer 533

cartography

Question 534

imaginary horizontal lines parallel to each other that start 0 degrees from the equator up to the at 90 degrees. standard line is 111 km or 15 degrees apart

Answer 534

latitude

Question 535

the latitude horizontal lines parallel to each other that start from 0 degrees tjeat separates the Northern and Southern Hemisphere

Answer 535

equator

Question 536

imaginary vertical lines that run from the north pole to the south pole and encompasses the whole globe starting from 0 degrees from the prime meridian going to the 180 degrees in both east and west direction

Answer 536

longitude

Question 537

longitude at 0 degrees that separates the eastern and western hemisphere

Answer 537

prime meridian

Question 538

the accuracy of a digital model that can accurately cover the location and features within an area

Answer 538

resolution

Question 539

mode of translation of the general locations in the world as a sphere 3d figure into a planar map 2d fig each is configured to distort a portion of the globe to adjust it into a plane

Answer 539

projection

Question 540

element of GIS used to translate the features and locations in teh world as a sphere into a planar map

Answer 540

map projection

Question 541

best used for locations near the equator equal longitudes but unequal latitudes and increasing shape and scale distortions towards the pole

Answer 541

cylindrical projections

Question 542

equal longitudes with varying spacing between latitudes from one pole to another best used for locations within the mid latitude regions

Answer 542

conic projection

Question 543

based on a superimposed plane above a pole best used for polar regions

Answer 543

planar projections

Question 544

cylindrical map gerardus mercator 1569 to display accurate compass bearings for sea travel meridians or longitudes are parallel to each other at equal spacing between 15 degrees best used for large scale mapping near the equator

Answer 544

mercator

Question 545

spherical projection based on teh mercator created by johann h. lambert in 1772 best used for north south oriented areas

Answer 545

transverse mercator TM

Question 546

plane coordinate grid system consists of 60 longitudinal zones in teh northern and southern hemisphere equally spaced with 6 in between with the origin located at the point of intersection of the central meridian and the equator instead of using a degree minute second or DMS mode of unit to presence the coordinates of a location

Answer 546

universal transverse mercator UTM

Question 547

stretches from 114 degrees to 120 degrees EPSG 32650

Answer 547

zone 50 north

Question 548

stretches from 120 degrees to 126 degrees EPSG 32651

Answer 548

zone 51 north

Question 549

stretches from 126 degrees to 132 degrees EPSG 32652

Answer 549

zone 52 north

Question 550

stretches from 116-118 degrees

Answer 550

zone I

Question 551

stretches 118-120

Answer 551

zone II

Question 552

stretches from 120-122

Answer 552

zone III

Question 553

stretches from 122-124

Answer 553

zone IV

Question 554

stretches from 124 to 126

Answer 554

zone V

Question 555

SET OF REFERENCE points or lines used for measuring and determininng locations on the surface of the earth

Answer 555

datum

Question 556

commonly used worldwide datum developed from satellite measurements on the surface of the earth its origin is the center of earth gps and google earth use of WGS84

Answer 556

world geodetic system 1984 WGS84

Question 557

localized datum common used in ph and references the clarke 1866 ellipsoid with its origin located at hinanggayon marinduque at 13 33'44.ii n 121 52'03.33 s from the greenwich meridian

Answer 557

luzon datum of 1911

Question 558

updated and adjusted version of the luzon datum of 1911 and derived from the ph transverse mercator most of the generated maps of NAMRIA and other governmenet agencies utilize PRS92 as the primary projection similar to PTM divides the ph into 5 zones

Answer 558

philippine reference system

Question 559

data model that represents features as a matric of cells in a continuous space with each cell containing a value of a specific data

Answer 559

raster

Question 560

high resolution raster datasets taken trhough aerial photography that contains spatial information such as the cooridnates of the location in the image

Answer 560

othoimgaes

Question 561

raster data model that represents an area by integrating the usea of aerial photographs and known elevations through round surveys into a specialized grid database

Answer 561

digital elevation model DEM

Question 562

used to generate the most complete high resolution digital topographic database of earth

Answer 562

shuttle radar topography mission SRTM

Question 563

type of DEM generated from an aster sensor that acquires land surface temperature emissivity reflectance and elevation data

Answer 563

advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ASTER

Question 564

data model featured as points lines or polygons showing specific data that do not necessarily correspond to a numerical value saved shapefile shp data for common GIS programs

Answer 564

VECTOR

Question 565

1d vector data model that can denote the length or extent of a particular feature such as stress rivers or trails arcs are curved lines with the same type of vector data model

Answer 565

line

Question 566

2d vector data model which can show a general extent or boundary of a region used to calculate the permieter of area of a region

Answer 566

polygon

Question 567

no effect of discretization resolution depends on the source data suitable for distinct gradational changes efficient encoding topology easy to perform network analysis

Answer 567

vector

Question 568

compatible with remote sensing depends on cell size errors in permieter and shape diff to perform network analysis

Answer 568

raster

Question 569

measure of totality of features

Answer 569

data completeness

Question 570

degreee of the closeness of the values of each coded data

Answer 570

data precision

Question 571

difference between the coded data and actual value

Answer 571

data accuracy

Question 572

absence of any discrepancies or conflicts of data within a database

Answer 572

data consistency

Question 573

tilted with respect to the equators plane

Answer 573

geosynchronous orbit

Question 574

less eccentric near the zero eccentricity type of satellite orbit that takes half the amount of time a geostationary orbit takes about 24 hrs to revolve around the earth

Answer 574

semi-synchronous orbit

Question 575

ALSO called polar orbit as it travels around the poles across the globe traversing the whole surface of the earth in a spiral like course

Answer 575

sub synchronous orbit

Question 576

device that's usually attached to satellites which collects reflected or transmitted light before converting it into a signal where an instrument is used to interpret the information

Answer 576

sensor

Question 577

utilizes an active light which can measure ground height and generate a 3d model of the image of the surface that also contains its geographic information

Answer 577

light detection and ranging LiDAR

Question 578

an application of RADAR where it is used to generate twoD images of the surface of the earth

Answer 578

imaging radar

Question 579

utilizes radar images to generate 3d images of the surface of the earth

Answer 579

interferometric synthetic aperture radar inSAR iFSAR

Question 580

most recent landsat satellite launched last sept 27, 2021

Answer 580

landsat 9

Question 581

equipped with an operational land image oli and a thermal infared sensor TIRS can generate remote sensing images with a 30 meter spatial resolution feb 11 2013

Answer 581

landsat 8

Question 582

april 15 1999 equipped with the enhanced thematic mapper plus which can generate panchromatic remote sensing images with a 15 m spatial resolution

Answer 582

landsat 7

Question 583

what sensors are high resolution

Answer 583

worlview 2 and 1 quickbird IKONOS fomosat 2 alos prism alos avnir cartosat 1 spot 5

Question 584

what sensors are medium resolution

Answer 584

aster vnir aster swir aster tir landsat etm +

Question 585

low resolution sensor

Answer 585

modis

Question 586

what is the latest version of gEarth and who is the developer

Answer 586

google earth pro 7.3.4 july 10, 2017 google LLC

Question 587

latest version release of arcgis pro and its developer``

Answer 587

arcgis pro 2.8 may 12, 2021 esri

Question 588

it runs on linux unix mac osx windows and anroid and supports numerous vector raster and database formats and functionalitites its latest version is 3.20.3

Answer 588

QGIS or quantum GIS

Question 589

latest version and the developer complete dekstop mapping solution for GIS

Answer 589

mapinfo pro

Question 590

the software delivers efficiency and accuracy through ease of use powerful 3d graphics and workflow automation that can be aligned to company specific addresses allt eh requiremenrts geologists survetors fflexible enough to be wuitable for every commodity and the latest version is 2021 and the developer is paramina/dassault systems

Answer 590

geovia surpac

Question 591

stand alone software product that performs photogrammetric processing of digital images

Answer 591

agisoft metashape

Question 592

study of engineering behaviors and properties of earth materials

Answer 592

geotechnical engineering

Question 593

it is an earth material that resists slaking when soaked in water and requires blasting to be excavated

Answer 593

rock

Question 594

fine grained non clastic sed rocks best sedimentary rocks for aggreagtes

Answer 594

limestones and dolomites but reduced particle sizes of coarse grained limestones are not good aggregates

Question 595

sed rocks that is alkali silica

Answer 595

chert and graywacke

Question 596

silica rich metamoprhic rocks

Answer 596

argillite phyllite quartzite and gneiss possess the alkali silica reaction

Question 597

how many times is s waves slower than pwaves

Answer 597

1.7 times slower

Question 598

thos os 10 times slower than s waves and is called tertiary waves

Answer 598

surface waves

Question 599

usually a signal for magmatic movement making it a precurson for volcanic eruptions

Answer 599

harmonic tremor

Question 600

when was richter skeme

Answer 600

1935

Question 601

range from 0-150 km from the source

Answer 601

local magnitude MI

Question 602

>6 large shallow events

Answer 602

surface ewave magnitude Ms

Question 603

the amplitude of first among p waves at 1 second interval period

Answer 603

body wave magnitude Mb

Question 604

magnitude baed on the calculated strain energy along the fault surface making the best suitable mode of measurement for large scale earthquakes

Answer 604

moment mgnitude Mw

Question 605

who developed the modified mercalli intensity scale

Answer 605

guiseppe mercalli in 1902

Question 606

the likelihood of an area to be affected by earthqulkes

Answer 606

seismicity

Question 607

a specified distance from a fault line that serves as a guide for urban planners where it is safer to build infrastructures

Answer 607

buffer zone 5 m commonly delared from a fault line

Question 608

vibroflotation techniques

Answer 608

Vibroflotation can be obtained by using three different techniques: Vibro Compaction method- This method allows granular soils to be compacted. ... Vibro Replacement method- The technique is used to replace poor or inadequate soil material by flushing out the soil with air or water and replacing it with granular soil. ... Vibro Displacement method- This procedure is used with no or small amounts of water used during the technique. ...

Question 609

BE INFROMED minor damages to communities coastal marine infrastructures and disruptions to all marine related activitiesflooding is possible in low lyinga reas

Answer 609

<1 masl

Question 610

storm surge is possiblemoderate to significant damage to communiteies flooding possible in low lying areas

Answer 610

1-2 masl

Question 611

storm surge is expected severe damage to coastal communities significant erosion to beaches possible river flooding

Answer 611

2.1-3 masl

Question 612

strom surge is catastrophic life threatening and extensive inundation from rising sea water moving inland from the shoreline extreme damage to coastal communities and marine infrastructures river flooding is aggravated due to storm surge

Answer 612

>3masl

Question 613

application of concrete along vertical or overhead faces through spraying it along the faces to helo the stabilization of fractured rocks

Answer 613

shotcrete

Question 614

a concrete or wooden reinforment built along the shoreline that dissipates and reduces wave energy

Answer 614

revetment

Question 615

expelled during eruptive phases at huge amounts high temperature and extreme speed which can be toxic to life

Answer 615

volcanic gases

Question 616

hot mixture of volcanic debris and tephra that issaturated with water that occurs directly related to an on going eruption

Answer 616

syn eruption lahar

Question 617

small highly chared incompatible elements ree th u ce pb zr hf ti nb ta

Answer 617

high fieldsd strength

Question 618

low field strength incompatible elemetns that are more mobile expccially in fluid phase

Answer 618

large ion lighophile lil emements

Question 619

what are the light rare elemenets lree

Answer 619

sc,la,ce,pr,nd,pm,sm,eu

Question 620

heavy rare elemtns hree

Answer 620

y,gd,tb,dy,ho,er,tm,yb,lu

Question 621

magma with acompostion of fo# 88-92 of 65 and above low cr and is derived from the matnle

Answer 621

primitive magma

Question 622

geochemical signature of magma assimilation process

Answer 622

rb/sr

Question 623

what will form if melt has high rb and an incompatible element for melts will produce

Answer 623

sr

Question 624

in rocks, depleted rb woul yield to?

Answer 624

low 87sr/86sr

Question 625

another geochemical signature of magma assimilattion process and magmas that had undergone magma mixing it would yield high 87sr/86sr and low 147nd/144nd

Answer 625

sm/nd

Question 626

this is more compatible with the melt during partial melting copared to nd

Answer 626

sm

Question 627

showing relationship of olivine and coexisitngg basaltic melt by studying the ratio of the mg and fe content associated with the calcl alkaline suite thorugh the AFM diagram which shows the enrichment of alkali coponents as the fe is depleted

Answer 627

mg# and fo#

Question 628

this displays the depletion of mg and enrichment of fe as the magma evolvesinludes

Answer 628

tholeiitic suite

Question 629

mantle derived magma as partial melting progress evolving lherzolite into thoeleiitic basalt leavinfg dunite and harzburgite as refractory residuum enriched with this

Answer 629

Cr#

Question 630

fertile unaltered mantle originates as

Answer 630

lherzolite

Question 631

siderophiles that are mostly used to study melting and crystallization in mafic ultramafic systems where PGES are typically hosted by sulfides

Answer 631

ru,rh,pd,re,os,lr,pd

Question 632

indicates pyroxene fractionation as it is concentrated in oyroxenes

Answer 632

Sc

Question 633

a compatible element in low P but incompatible in igh P and may substitute for Ca in plag and K in potassium felds

Answer 633

Sr

Question 634

indicates source charac and liquid evolution with HREEs being more accommodated by garnet and sometimes by orthioyroxene and hornblende compared to LREEs

Answer 634

REE

Question 635

common incompatible and strongly partitioned into garnet and amphibole

Answer 635

Y

Question 636

xray emitted bya asmaple when it is agitated bya primary xray source

Answer 636

xray fluoresecence xrf

Question 637

analytical technique for detemining elements present in a materila by quantifying the number of ions at a certain mass of the element

Answer 637

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP MS

Question 638

petrological studies ore grade determination QAQC in metallurgy air particualte analysis sulgur content detemination in petroleum products

Answer 638

XRF

Question 639

ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS FORENSIC STUDIES TOXICOLOGY SOLIDS MUST BE LIQUIEFIED FIRST BEFORE ANALYZED

Answer 639

ICP MS

Question 640

biological analysis trace elemnt anaklysis quantitative analysis for metals cconcentration of analytes can determine oonly a limitd umber of elements in solution or solids

Answer 640

AAS

Question 641

studies for natural sources of toxic wastes clay mineralogy forensic studies restricted to a number of recorded compound phases

Answer 641

XRD