day 2 part 2 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

proposes ores are direct magmatic product or are formed as products of differentiation

plutonism (magmatists)

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proposes that ore deposits were formed from sediments in a primeval ocean

neptunism (syngenetic ore)

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ore formed as the same time as the host rock

syngenetic ore

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ore formed after the formation of the host rock

epigenetic ore

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ore formed within the Earth

hypogene ore

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ore formed at the surface or near the surface of the Earth

supergene ore

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ore formed from either magmas or fluids

primary ore

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ore formed due to the alteration of pre existing rocks or minerals

secondary ore

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rock loving mineral

lithophile

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iron loving mineral

siderophile

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ore loving mineral

chalcophile

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gas loving mineral

atmophile

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cinnabar and hematite were used by early humans as pigments and used as gemstones and native Au Ag Cu as ornaments

Pre historic times

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paleolithic man used various minerals as tints for paints

400,000 BCE stone age era

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neolithic man became familiar and acquainted with gold and copper

new stone age

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clay became the first larger scale mineral in the history of the mining industry

30,000-20,000 BCE

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estimated date of discovery for copper and gold was used before its discovery

18,000 BCE

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utilized clays as buildings materials

babylonians and early egyptian times

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made pyramids using limestones
sank shafts at the coast of Red Sea in seach of emeralds

Egyptian times

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gemstone mining reached a high value for art among Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Indians

~3400 BCE

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mesopotamians developed bronce by replacing little amounts of tin to higher amounts of copper instead of using arsenic

2,500 BCE bronze age

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first noted the occurrence of gold in quartz veins by herodotus

484-425 BCE

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16 minerals grouped as metals stones and earth were described by theophratus a pupil of aristotle

372-287 BCE

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avicenna grouped minerals as stones sulfur minerals metals and salts first noting sulfide group of minerals

980-1037 CE dark ages

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agricola father of economic geol wrote the first publication for mining de re merallica libri XII which noted the process for fissure filling smelting and classification of ore deposits

1494-1555

steno proposed ores as products of condesation from vapors ascending through fissures

1669

henkel and zimmerman noted the importance of hydrothermal solutions and vapors of deep seated origin

1725-1746

van oppel distinguished discordant veins from concordant bedded deposits

1749

charpenteir noted metals and minerals in the veins were the resul of alteration reactions between country rock and water that had passed through them

1778-1799

integration of chemical concepts with ore genesis began mining methods were improved allowing bigger and deeper mines to develop

19th century

waldemar lindgreen stated that pyrometasomatic deposits high temp replacemetns bodies near the borded zones of igneous intrusions and classified hydrothermal deposits into hypothermal mesothermal epithermal

1860-1939

classification of ore deposits evolved from P-T conditions to modes of occurrence

20th century

RAF penrose founded society of economic geology

1905

henry hoover and lou henry hoover published the English translation of de re metallica libri XII

1912

almost complete relinquishment of lindgreens ore classification

1960-70s

high temperature alteration resulting in potassium enrichment and abundance of biotite k feldspar and adularia

potassic

alteration that turns rocks green from the formation of chlorite epidote and actinolite

propylitic

replacement or decomposition of feldspar into sericite that implies acidic conditions

sericitic

low temperature alteration resulting in bleaching out of feldspars and intro of clay minerals

argillic

highly acidic alteration resulting in leaching and alteration of feldspar to seircite and assemblage formation of kaolinite + quartz + hematite + limonite

advanced argillic

most common alteration with the addition of secondary silica and formation of chalcedony

silicification

addition of any silicate mineral that forms in association with quartz typically biotite garnet or tourmaline

silication

form of silication that forms greissen with quartz muscovite and topaz with tourmaline fluorite rutile cassiterite adn wolframite

greisenization

alteration forming Ca- and Mg silicates

Skarn

relatively high temp alteration with Na enrichment and forms albite or sodic plag with possible paragonite

albitic

alteration of Ca plag into saussurite: zoisite + chlorite + amphibole + carbonates

saussuritization

last stage replacement process of uralitic amphibole into primary pyroxene and pyroxene to amphibole

uralitization

alteration resulting of addition of carbonates with talc chlorite sericite and albite

carbonization

alteration associated with alunite and hot springs environment implying presence of high SO4 gas

alunitic

low temp alteration forming zeolite minerals often associated with volcanic environments at a distance during its waning stages

zeolitic

low temperature alteration of mafic to ultramafic rocks into serpentine minerals that may occur with talc if there is a high concentration of Mg

serpentinization

alteration with variable temperature range and forms any type of oxide mineral

oxidation

localizes deposits lighter than the magma

structure highs

accumulates deposits heavier than melt at the bottom intrusives

structural lows

provides pathways for solutions to deposit

folds

controls deposition of ore deposits

fractures/lineaments

increases permeability where different fluids can interact and deposit ore

intersections

localizes or disperses deposits in fractures

faults

controls ore fluids before deposition

syngenetic

cut and displaces ore bodies

epigenetic

high velocity volcanic explosion vent where volcanic material are brought up rapidly

diatremes

solutions from different sources which carries metals for precipitation

ore bearing fluids

high temp rock melt of liquid and crystals with an inhomogeneous composition due to fractions and can cause ore formation due to metallic concentration

magma/magmatic fluids

mafic proportions : silicic proportions:

Cr Ni Pt P Sn Th Zr

oxide or sulfide dominated magma that solidify directly as ore

ore magma

oxide or sulfide dominated magma that solidify directly as ore

ore magma

aqueous high temp ore bearing fluid solution 100-800C

hydrothermal fluids

water at critical temp 376C that steadily becomes less dense without boiling

supercritical fluid

fractionated fluids and volatiles that travel upward from the magma that exsolves as an emulsion of water droplets attracting hydrophilic elements or ions

magmatic/juvenile waters

fossil waters

connate waters

chemical replacement of minerals where hydrothermal fluids deliver chemical reactants that removes aqueous reaction products resulting in change of mineralogy chemistry and texture

hydrothermal alteration

front or edge minerals was not completely replaced

vermicular intergrowths

concentric crustiform bands surrounding isolated fragments

cockade structures

formed when euhedral prismatis crystals of opposite walls merge with minerals takes place as single layer of euhedral crystals growing towards the center of the vein in epithermal systems

comb structure

colored bands that form when an electrolyte is allowed to diffuse into a gel being common in amorphous cryptocrystalline and microcrystalline minerals or mineraloids as agate and opal

liesegang rings

specific length and direction of systematic displacement by which the pattern is repeated

unit translation vector

the symmetry operation that involves the periodic repetition of nodes or motifs by systematic linear displacement

translation

symmetry operations that work as combined simple symmetry operations

compound symmetry operations

symmetry operation that combines translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis

screw rotation

groups denoted by their rotational and reflection symmetry

plane point groups

smallest units of meshes contains at least one node and the unit translation vectors

unit meshes

primitive and charac by unequal unit translation vectors that inersect at angles that are neither 60 degrees and 90 degrees nor 120 degrees

oblique

3d patterns of points produced from the translation of nodes of space point groups

space lattices

a parallelepiped whose edge lengths and volume are defined by the 3 unit translation vectors

unit cell

orientation of the unit cell edges

crystallographic axes

pair of faces symmetrical about an axis of rotation

sphenoid

the proportional lengths of the 3 crystallographic axes

axial ratio

or unit face any face or plane that intersects all 3 axes at distances from the center that correspond to the axial ration of the mineral

unit plane

method describing the relationships between sets of crystal faces or planes and the crystallographic axes

weiss parameters

reciprocal of weiss parameters

miller indices

represents what: (h, k, l) (hkl) [hkl] {hkl}

a point a plane a direction family of planes

type of substitution that involves the simultaneous substitution of ions of different charges in two different structural sites

coupled ionic substitution

type of mineral growth where individual atoms and ions bons into a crystal's nucleus and progressively grow by adding atoms/ions to its surface

homogeneous nuclueation

rock consists of multiple types of minerals and mineraloids

polyminerallic rock

type of mineral growth where a mineral nucleates by taking advantage of the structure of an existing mineral

hetegeneous nucleation

rock that consists of multiple crystals of a single mineral

monominerallic rock

liquid portion of magma composed mainly of mobile ions of the eight most abundant elements in the earths crust

melt

gaseous component of magma that will vaporize and turn into gas at surface pressures

volatile

partial melting of a source rock in the earths crust which produces a liquid melt fraction enriched in lower temperature constituents and a residual rock enriched in higher temperature refractory minerals

anatexis

results from crystallization along the walls of the magma chamber in which crystals prefentially form and adhere to the edges

marginal accretion

develops as the magma chamber walls release heat to the relatively cold country rock generating crystals that adhere to the side margins of the magma chamber

sidewall accretion

also called adabiatec melting is partial melting that resulted from a decrease in pressure

decompression melting

type of marginal accretion that results from early crystallization of minerals along the ceiling or the roof due to preferential heat loss

roof accretion

occurs as crystals forma long the base of the magma chamber

floor accretion

fractional crystallization process that occurs where liquids and crystals in a magma are separated due to factors like velocity density temperature

convective flow seggregation

process where a magma chamber squeezes out the more mobile liquid into a new chamber and leaving behind a residue of crystals in the original chamber

filter pressing

where one magma fractionates to produce two or more distinctly different daughter magmas with different compositions

liquid fractionation

involves the selective diffusion of ions in the magma due to compositional and may play a role in the generation of metallic ore deposits of ore deposits in magmatic systems

differential diffusion

separation of magma into two or more distinct immiscible liquid phases

liquid immiscibility

fracturing of the wall rock due to the forceful injection of the magma

stoping

country rock fragments

stope

stopes that fall into the magma

xenoliths

occurs along convergent margin environments with volcanic arcs and subduction zones decrease in iron and magnesium with increasing SiO2 alkali concentrations

calc-alkaline magmas

enrichment in iron at low to moderate SiO2 concentrations with increasing fractionation due to depleted MgO and Cao from early crystallization of forsterite olivine and Ca plagioclase. produce large volumes of basalt with little variations in composition. occurs extensional environments such as ocean ridges and ocntinental rifts and some hotspots in intraplate settings and immature arcs in thin volcanic arc crusts

tholeiitic magmas

magmas tha are less common than calc alkaline or tholeiitic magmas highly enriched in na2o and k2o contains diverse composition occurs in wide variety of environments that include stable cratons continental rifts and subduction zones

alkaline magmas

cahrac by high concentrations of silicic and basic rocks with little intermediate rocks and associated with continental rifts. basic component is derived from partial melting of the mantle while its silicic component is derived from the partial melting of the continental crust from the heating of the rising basic magmas

bimodal magma suites

45-55% SiO2 1,000-1200C fluid low gas

mafic (basaltic)

55-65% 800-1000 C viscous intermediate

intermediate andesitic

65-75% 650-800C very viscous high gas

felsic granitic

identify the magma type based on the percent of their silica content <45% 45-52% 52-63% 63-68% 68-77%

ultramafic mafic intermediate dacitic felsic

plutons with an irregular shape that have surface exposures > 100 km2

stocks

veins that occur in great abundance that may display random or preferred orientations

vein swarms

carrot shaped and develops through explosive intrusions originating deep within the mantle

diatreme

multiple radiating dikes typically produced when the vertical forces of a rising magma fracture of the rock in a radiating pattern

radial dikes

dikes that are nearly vertical in cross section and circular in plan view

cone dikes

dikes that are circular in plan view but converge at a depth

cone sheet dikes

dike swarms consisting of parallel offset dikes that form in response to shear

en echelon dikes

steeply inclined set of dikes composed of gabbro diabase and basalt which form by cooling and contraction of magma as it is injected into extensional fractures in oceanic rift valleys

sheeted dikes

direct type of classification of composition that involves visual comparison of minerals and determining their volume percentages

modal classification

indirect type of classification of composition that analyzes the chemical composition of rocks

normative classification

dark or greenish rocks rich in olivine that may also contain pyroxene or amphibole

ultramafic or ultrabasic <45 %

dark colored rocks containing pyroxene amphibole olivine biotite

mafic basic 45-52%

grayish to salt and pepper colored rocks rich in plag amphibole biotite quartz

intermediate 52-66%

light colored or reddish rocks rich in k feldspar quartz biotite or muscovite

felsic acidic >66%

plutonic ultrabasic ultramafic rock enriched in pyroxene olivine amphibole and plag and occurs in earths mantle

peridotite

volcanic ultrabasic ultramafic rock enriched in pyroxene olivine amphibole and plag

komatiite

plutonic rock rich in plag pyroxene olivine in lower crust of ocean basins

gabbro

basalt volcanic rock rich in plag pyroxene olivine inupper earths crust

rich in hornblende pyroxene and plag

diorite( beneath andesite volcanoes) and andesite (pacific ring of fire)

plutonic light colored contains two thirds of SiO2 plag alkali felds quartz hornblende and biotite occurs beneath andesite dacite volcanoes

granodiorite

volcanic light colored contains two thirds of SiO2 plag alkali felds quartz hornblende and biotite occurs pacific ring of fire

dacite

acidic felsic rock rich in quartz and alkali felds contains little plag biotite

granite rhyolite

crystals too small for the naked eye but large enough to be identified with a petrographic microscope

microlites

fine grained material in porphyritic texture

groundmass

type of porphyritic texture where all crystals are visible to the naked eye but phenocrysts are distinctly larger than the groundmass

porphyritic-phaneritic

1-3 mm fine develop shallow plutonic dikes and sills 3-10mm develop in medium 10-33mm associated with larger or deeper intrusions

phaneritic

type of porphyritic texture where the phenocrysts are embedded in an aphanitic groundmass composed largely of microcrystalline cryptocrystalline or glassy material

porphyritic aphanitic

number of new seed crystals that develop per volume per unit time nuclei/cm3/s

crystal nucleation rate

rate at wc elements migrate through magma that depends primarily on the viscosity of the melt

diffusion

elements that tend to increase molecular linkage wc increase viscosity

network formers

occurs when melts come into contact with air and water rapidly absorbing heat causing the melt to solidify rapidly before crystals could nucleate and grow

quenching

rounded masses of radiating crystals that debelop from devritification

spherulites

igneous rock texture charac by cloudy appearance and perlitic cracks

perlitic texture

curved or subspherical cooling cracks

perlitic cracks

glassy SiO2 rich volcanic rocks with perlitic texture and higher water contents than obsidian

perlite

depth where volatiles exsolve from the liquid as separate phase

level of exsolution

process that occurs above the level of exsolution where volatiles nucleate as small bubbles

vesiculation

encountered when bubbles constitute 70-80% of the magma volume and magma changes from a liquid with suspended gas bubbles to a buoyant gaseous mixture containing liquid blobs

fragmentation surface

rocks contain5-30% vesicles

vesicular

<5% vesicles

vesicle bearing

tuffs that contain significant amounts of gravel sized lapilli

lapilli tuff

pyroclastic rock primarily composed of blocks and deposited proximal to the volcano vent and subjected to minimal transport

volcanic breccia

composed of bombs that are abraded and rounded by transport

agglomerate

process in pyroclasts that results for fragments become progressively fused together as porosity decrease during compaction

welding

tuff that display random shard orientations and spherical to ellipsoidal pumice vesicles

unwelded tuff

tuff produced from increased volume of pyroclastic debris

partially welded tuff

tuff with dark colors and glassy lusters produced form intense welding with shards showing marked parallelism and flattening

densely welded tuff

first norm classification devised by Cross idding pirsson and washington

CIPW norm more

accurate metho of obtaining ga mode for any coarse grained rock done by moving a thin section on a gird system such that at least 400 minerals are tabulated for each thin section

point count analysis

0.0625-2mm <0.0625

coarse ash fine ash or dust

contains >69% SiO2 and assoicated with explosive silicic eruptions producing fragmental glassy and aphanitic

rhyolite

contains ~68-73% SiO2 not typically recognized by the IUGS as an official classification for rocks between rhyolites and dacites

rhyodacite

contains calciumplag and quartz with minor potassium feldspar biotite and hornblende

tonalite

plagiogranite are granodioritic rocks with half to two thirds sodium plag for the total felds

trondhjemite

produce low potassium arc theoiite basalts as well as relatively rare rocks such as boninites and adakites

young island arc systems

high mg intermediate volcanic rocks that contain a sio2 SATURATED GROUNDMASS

boninite

silica saturate rocks with high sr/y and la/yb ratios and low hfs concentrations

adakite

archean associations found in archean subduction zones where adakite formation is linked to

tonalite trondhjemite and granodiorite association TTG

arcs producing voluminous granodiorite diorite granite and tonalite plutons which can erupt onto the Earths surface and produce composite volcanoes

ocean continent convergent margins

dark colored potassium rich trachyandesites commonly containing olivine and augite phenocrysts with a groundmass of labradorite plag alkali fels livine augite and leucite

stoshonites

fault bounded deoformed rock sequences that mark the site of present of former convergent margins

alpine orogenic complexes

an internsely sheared heterogeous rock assemblage embedded within a highly deformed mud matrix

tectonic melange

greatest manifestations of intraplate magmatism on earth encompassing >10^6km3 in volume which occur as both oceanic flood basalts and continental flood basalts and is generally basaltic in composition

large igneous provinces LIP

geochemically distinct suite of rocks that are more alkalic less depleted and may be somewhat enriched with incompatible elements that is interpreted to represent different mantle sources areas

ocean island basalts OIB

huge outpourings of basalts within continental plates

continental flood basalts cfb

early jurassic widley dispersed in the atlantic ocean places in north america south america europe and africa

cental atlantic magmatic province camp

251 ma maymecha kotuy region of russia

siberian flood basalts (siberian traps)

65-69 Ma southwestern india

deccan traps

15.5-17 ma washington oregon and idaho usa

columbia river flood basalts

continental feature that produce a wide array of rocks including alkalic basalt as well as alkalic and silicic rocks

continental rifts

widespread occurrence of basalt and rhyolite without significant andesiteand occurs at continental rifts and hotpost underlying continental lithosphere

bimodal volcanism

anorogenic bodies injected into stable continental cratons at moderate depths

layered basic ultrabasic intrusions

ultrabasic volcanic rocks found exclusively in archean greenstone belts which are associated with valuable metallic ore deposits

komatiite

brecciated mg rich ultrabasic rocks that rapidly rise of earths surface via cylindrical diatremes from deep within the mantle and are intimately associated with diamonds

kimberlites

shallow intrusive to volcanic rocks that contain >20% CO3 minerals and form in stocks dikes and cylindrical structures primarily at continental rifts

carbonatites

mg rich volatile rich porphyritic rocks containing mafic phenocrysts and are associated with kimberlites and continental rift zones

lamprophyres

k rich peralkaline containing pyroxene and olivine minerals enriched in barium lanthanum and zirconium but poor in CO2 and occur in areas of thickened lithosphere that have experienced earlier plate convergence or rifting episodes

lamproites

contains economic deposits of platinum group metals chromium copper and nickel sulfides exposed along a NW strike for a distance of 48 km iwith observable thickness of 6km beartooth mountains of southwestern montana canafa 2.7 ga

stillwater complex

worlds largest layered igneous intrusion hosts the largest reserves of vanadium and chromium and platinum groups of metal in the world PGE are concentrated within the merensky reeds critical zone peridotite to gabbro from bottommost layer to topmost layer 400km in length up to 9 km thich and underlying an area 60 000 km2 south africa 2.06 ga

bushveld complex

youngest of the great PGE enriched intrusions due to fractional crystallkization differentiation and convective currents its laye creates a complex layering 500 km3 volume greenland 55ma

skaergaard intrusion

contact metamorphism mon foliated >80 C/km

contact

40-80 C/ km regional and contact metamorphism foliated and non foliated

buchan (abukama)

20-40C/km regional metamorphism foliated

barrovian

10-20C/km regional metamorphism foliated

sangbagawa

<10C/km regional metamorphism at subduction zones foliated

franciscan

mass of proton in kg

1.67262192 × 10-27 kilograms

how many rare elements in periodic table of elements?

element that is very compatible and doesn't substitute into major silicate phase

Zirconium

Lanthanide series

The 17 rare earth elements are: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y).

What is the rarest rare earth element?

Even the rarest rare earth, thulium, with atomic number 69, is 125 times more common than gold. And the least-rare rare earth, cerium, with atomic number 58, is 15,000 times more abundant than gold.

focusing the eyepiece

diopter adjustment ring

lies in the wavefront and is perpendicular to the ray vibration in isotropic media

vibration direction

extinction angle of augite

inclined or 45 degrees

permits measurement of refractive index by comparison of the unknown crystal with liquids of known refractive index. A determination of refractive index usually suffices for the identification of isotropic crystals.

The immersion method

degree of visibility of a transparent mineral in an immersion medium

relief

hardness of microcline

where is ferropericlase abundant?

lower mantle

crystal system of sphene

monoclinic

clear variety of beryl

goshenite

pink/orange variety of beryl red variety of beryl yellow variety of beryl

morganite bixbite heliodor

known as vermillion

cinnabar

lepidolite is a monoclinic mineral that belongs to a silicate group that has Si:O ration of

2:5

variety of microcline that is very stable

amazonite

crystal system of rhodonite

trinclinic

known as moonstone

feldspar

variety of hematite with metallic luster

specularite

sanidine has a crystal system that has

no equal sides

tennantite belongs to what group

sulfosalts

cabochon gem is a

sulfide

considered to be the heaviest nonmetallic ore

crested roses

purple mica magnesium mica

lepidolite phlogopite

found in lithium-bearing granite pegmatites.

spodumene

prussic acid at crystalline is known as

zyklon A

A mineral that has become virtually amorphous owing to the breakdown of the original crystal structure by internal bombardment with alpha particles (helium nuclei) emitted by radioactive atoms within the mineral.

metamict

the replacement of one element in a crystal by another.

diadochic

glossular is a Ca Al variety of granet and has a Si:O ratio of

1:4

he most abundant mineral in the mantle.

Bridgmanite

alumina saturation what do you call a rock that has a mineral assemblage of olivine clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene?

subaluminous

where is low velocity layer found

60-220km

rocks in immature oceanic island arcs containing olivine plag anda ugite with sparse othopyroxene and magnetite

low-k arc basalts

represents the fertile unaltered mantle

lherzolite

rocks contain phenocrysts of olivine chromite plag and augite with plag as the most abundant

mid oceanic ridge basalts

black fibrous with a silky lustre friable and soft coal that represents fossil charcola

fusain

also known as Steatite—is a metamorphic rock that consists primarily of talc.

Soapstone

bright shiny black coal that usually breaks cubically and mostly consists of woody tissue

vitrain

mineralogical adjustment of relatively high-grade metamorphic rocks to temperatures lower than those of their initial metamorphism.

Retrograde metamorphism

develops in the outer fringes of many metamorphic aureoles

albite-epidote Hfls

low pressure equivalent of the amphibole facies

hornblende hfls

hypersthene bearing granitic gneisses

charnockite

what does siliceous oozes forms

chert

association of Bryozoa, Foraminiferida, coralline red algae (Rhodophyceae), and Mollusca that inhabits seas where the temperature often falls below 15°C

foramol

an association of calcareous green algae (Chlorophyta), hermatypic corals, and molluscs (Mollusca) that lives in low latitudes, in seas where the temperature is always more than 20 °C

Chlorozoan

an association of green algae (Chlorophyta), living in sea water more saline than corals could tolerate, that forms a characteristic calcareous sediment

chloralgal

commonly intrude buoyantly upward along fractures or zones of structural weakness through denser overlying rocks.

Diapirs

a method to keep solid particles floating in an upward direction (Figure 5) in a flow of gas or liquid.

Fluidization

process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock.

Lithification

type of cement is formed at the sediment water and sediment air interfaces it is essentially syn sedimentary

eogenetic cement

are banded coals. They are the most abundant type of coal. The bands of coal that comprise a humic coal are divided into four lithotypes (vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain,

Humic coals

hydrogen-rich coal, including cannel coal and boghead coal (see torbanite), derived from sapropels (loose deposits of sedimentary rock rich in hydrocarbons) and characterized by a dull black, sometimes waxy lustre.

sapropelic coal

composed of mainly smectite clays that are alteration products of basaltic rocks

bentonite

irregular solution surfaces consist of accumulation of iron oxides micas and insoluble minerals

stylotites

e result of thin microscopic inclusions within a translucent mineral, usually as exsolution lamellae, which refract and reflect incident light. play of colors reflections exhibited by labradorite and caused by internal structures that selectively reflect on certain colors

Schiller effects

isinglass has a Si:O of

2:5

material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths, or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts.

a dichroism

a basalt that contains plagioclase feldspar (labradorite), clinopyroxene (augite with pigeonite), and iron ore (magnetite and ilmenite).

Tholeiitic

a measure of the degree of oxidation in the rocks. It corresponds to the effective partial pressure of gaseous oxygen that would be in thermodynamic equilibrium with the material of interest

Oxygen fugacity

involves prefential diffusion of select ions within the magma in response to compositional thermal or density gradients as well as water content

plastic flow

what is a komatiite

ultramafic

high aluminum basalt

arc--tholeiites

what is lamproite

ultramafic

formed by the contraction of clay in response to changes in the salinity of a liquid surrounding a deposit. shrinkage cracks form under water in clayey sediments

Syneresis cracks

hornblende-biotite granite containing large round crystals of orthoclase each with a rim of oligoclase.

Rapakivi granite

extremely acicular olivine phenocrysts--probably a sign of rapid crystallization from a significantly-undercooled magma. striking feature of ultramafic to mafic rocks that are interpreted to form in lavas or high-level intrusions when crystals cool in the presence of a thermal gradient

Spinifex textures

what is golden paint

sulfide

most eruptive volcanoes possess silicate mineral from which group

tectosilicate

basaltic rock rich in olivine and augite phenocrysts on some the abundance of mafic phenocrysts may have been enhanced by gravitational accumulation

ankaremite

a ring around an igneous intrusion. Deep magma bodies cool very slowly and turn into coarse-grained, plutonic rocks like granite and gabbro.

Aureole

what mineral is not part of the greenschist facies

omphacite (clinopyroxene)

- large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed. This is most common near the source of a river, as here the load is larger.

Traction

laumonite and heulandite are index minerals of

zeolite facies

depth of subducting slab required for a volcano to manifest at the surface

100km

fragmented comagmatic volcanic rocks from prev eruptions of the same volcano

cognate clast

A diagram that shows the amount of each of the chemical constituents of a rock as a proportion of the main ingredient

Harker diagram

illite is a

3 layered clay

composition is omphacite and pyrope which is a red garnet and with small amounts of diopside enstatite olivine kyanite rutile and diamond

eclogite

characterized by a porphyritic texture in which abundant large crystals of dark colored minerals are set in a note visibly crystalline matrix

lamprophyre

shaped like a football or spindle of thread; others, called cow-dung or pancake bombs, are flattened on landing; and still others are ribbon-shaped.

spindle bomb

created when the upward pressure of slow-moving molten lava within a flow swells or pushes the overlying crust upward. fomrs ovoid mounds few feet high and a few tens of feet long produced from the buckling up of hardened outer edges and surfaces

tumuli lava

a rare mineral Na6Mg2(SO4)(CO3)4 that is an octahedral sulfate and carbonate of sodium and magnesium (

tychite

the property of changing from one mineral species to another (as from aragonite to calcite) by a change in internal structure and physical characters but not in chemical composition

Paramorphism

clast supported with >2mm sized components

rudstone

act as a heat sink and provides the mass for mobile phone vibration

wolframite

ingredient in toothpaste for sensitive teeth

strontium

mineral used in storage of radioactive waste

pollucite

chromophore in blue dimaonds

boron

chromophore in morganite

manganese or caesium.

used in incandescent light bulb as protective layer around filament to keep oxygen from corroding it

Argon

key ingredient in processing aluminum and uranium

fluorite

used in ree magnets lasers ceramic capacitors and electric motors of electric automobiles

neodymium

used in making microwave filters for radar

yttrium

what is the streak of galena

lead gray

mindoro jade is composed of

sericite schist

cleavage angle of hornblende

56 124

mg rich chlorite

clinochore

the fe bearing analog of talc

minnesotaite

serpentine group

(antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile).

eutectic point of aluminum silicate diagram

500-550 degrees celcius

streak of hematite

bloody red

streak of chromite

brown

gold telluride, is an uncommon telluride of gold, a metallic mineral with the chemical formula AuTe2, with approximately 3% of the gold

Calaverite

ores of gold

old-polysulfide, gold-quartz, gold-telluride, gold-tetradymite, gold-antimony, gold-bismuth-sulfosalt, gold-pyrrhotite, and gold-fahlore.

difference perthite and antiperthite

If K-feldspar predominates, it is a perthite. If Albite predominates, it is an antiperthite.

high-magnesium olivine basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine. It is dark with yellow-green olivine phenocrysts and black to dark brown pyroxene, mostly augite.

picrite phenocrysts sa augite olivine

a chemical reaction in which the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product.

An isodesmic reaction

outside of the pyroclastic bomb solidify during their flight

Breadcrust bomb, dacite volcanic bomb with a cracked and checkered surface, sometimes resembling the surface of a loaf of bread.

alteration product of devitrification or volcanic glass alteration

palagonite

to mark with two series of parallel lines that intersect.

crosshatched

special type of extinction by micas such as biotite and muscovite and also carbonates such as calcite and dolomite

mottled extinction

important application related feature of the objective. It is the distance between objective front end and coverslip surface facing the front lens

free working distance

refractive index of canada balsam

1.53

used to remediate spills or remove waste products from liquids

absorbents

inert inexpensive materials that extend the volume of material at low cost

fillers

fourth most abundant element in earth

Magnesium take note of the word earth!

intraformational rudites tend to form this

breccia

4 fold axis rotation that coincides with c crystal axis

tertagonal

minerals or synthetic inorganic crystal phases that have high melting points. They should also be resistant to deformation and to softening at high temperatures.

Refractory minerals

meteorites that document melting and segregation in planetesimals and are consist of olivine crystals in an iron nickel matrix

pallasite

not an indicator of high pressure and low temperature

laumonite

develops in response to geothermal gradients of ~20 - 40 degrees c/km reflecting the progressive increase in both temperature and pressure during regional metamorphism

barrovian FS

records high geothermal gradients ranging from 40 to 80 degrees c/km

abukuma FS

facies that form at convergent plate margins in ophiolite complexes and subduction zone melanges

blueschist

non plastic clay that can be used to decolorise, filter and purify animal, mineral and vegetable oils and greases.

Fuller's earth

commonest member of the kandite group and is generally formed in soil profiles in warm humid envi where acidic waters intensely leach bedrock lithoogies such as granite

china clay

forms under medium temperature 350-550 C and pressure 3-10 kbar 10-30 km depth conditions associated with dynamothermal metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries

greenschist facies

Dark in color, containing at least 50-60% mafic minerals.

mesocratic

Said of igneous rocks that consist of 90% to 100% mafic minerals.

hypermelanic

developed during hydrothermal alteration at divergent margins hotspots and convergent margins or during burial metamorphism at depths less than 5km

zeolite facies

metamorphic facies formed in convergent plate margins like orogenic fold and thrust belts which are charac by moderate temperature/ pressure metamorphic conditions

greenschist

also termed soluviation, ferrallitization, laterization,and latosolization) produces aluminium hydroxidessuch as gibbsite.

allitization

The development of amphibole from pyroxene; specif. a late-magmatic or metamorphic process of replacement whereby uralitic amphibole results from alteration of primary pyroxene

uralitization

the replacement of original skeletal material accomplished through the concurrent dissolution of calcium carbonate and precipitation of silica

Silicification

a model of global mean sea level that is used to measure precise surface elevations

geoid

minimum size of objects that can be detected by a sensor system

spatial resolution

cyanide spill in rapurapu

lafayette ph inc.

a homogeneous national network of geodetic control points marked by concrete monuments or mojons that has been established using Global Positioning System technology

PRS92

easting value refers to

longitude

company that was involved in the disaster that killed Boac River

Marcopper Mining corp

sufficient information clear and unambiguous presentation of data not misleading to the readers of the public report

transparency

age of pacific plate

Late Jurassic

how many organic matters produced were preserved in petroleum reesource

0.1%

the basement of masbate island

metamorphic complex

ore bearing fluid rich in Na and Cl contain Ca Mg HCO3 and many contains Sr-Ba-N

connate water

also called metallogenic zoning

regional zoning

net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential.

Diffusion

is the coexistence of two or more liquid phases in equilibrium. Petrogenetic interest has stemmed from the potential of a homogeneous magmatic liquid to separate a second liquid phase in response to a change in temperature, pressure or composition.

Liquid immiscibility

type of magmatic fluid enriched by Sn-W-Be-Li

S type granite

alloy of Pb and Sn

Solder

alloy of gold and copper

tumbaga

areas with coal reserve

south mindoro SIBUGUEY PENINSULA samar

a right lateral fault

aglubang fault

basement of northern northern sierra madre

angat ophiolite

dirty or loose connections between the geophones and the cable or the cable and the recording system

electronic noise

later time of arrival of the reflected rays at receivers offset from the source for a horizontal reflector

normal waveout

age of semi anthracite deposit of catanduanes

eocene

cylindrical metal tube whichhouses the instrumentation needed for borehole logging

probe

age of celebes sea basin

eocene

basement of bondoc

gumaca schist

age of manila trench

15Ma

basin with the same classification

bicol shelf illocos trough agusan davao basin

by product of coal processing

sulfur

converting electrical energy into acoustic energy this has the highest frequency

sparkers boomers

west linapacan

oil field

sara diorite is found where

panay

calatrava qartz diorite is found where

tablas

act practive of geology in the ph

10166

act geology profession act of pg

ra 4209

ph mining act

ra 7942

ra 8371

indigeneous rights

when was the geological society of the philippines was established

1945

line orientations in space relative to geographic directions

compass bearing

the small metal used in the compass to balance the needle

wire coil

unit used for coal capacity to generate electricity

Btu/lbs

far south east deposit is what type of deposit

porphyry base metal deposit

eagle cement in bulacan

open pit mining

age of dupax diorite

oligocene

coal bearing formation in quezon province

bordoes fm

barite is seen where

batangas

clean water act

ra 9275

kapoas granite

north palawan

unit used for coal capacity to generate energy

Btu/lbs

basin form in the same group

SE Luzon Basin Cagayan Basin Sulu Sea Basin

which particle sized hosted large amount of organic matter

clay with less than 2 microns

The last stage of maturation and conversion of organic matter to hydrocarbons. occurs at temperatures of 150 to 200 degC

Metagenesis

eroded or reworked organic matter

Type IV

former head of department of geology and geography of the university if the philippines was unanimously elected as first presdient of the geological society of the ph september 2, 1945

Dr. Jose Feliciano

8.0 magnitude Moro Gulf happened when

1976

when was the lexicon of ph stratigraphy published and who was the author and he was the presidnet of GSP on what year

2008 mr. rolando pena 1997

sorsogon has what type of coal

sub bituminous coal

age of zambales ophiolite

eocene

feb 2012 negros earthquake had a magnitude of what

6.9 Ms

what pd is the DOE

PD 1206

BOOK INFORMATION ON THE VALEY FAULT SYSTEM PUBLISHED BY phivolcs

the valley fault system ATLAS

PNOC established through

Presidential Decree No. 334

title of the journal first released by GSP

the philippine geologist

father of ph geothermal

arturo pineda alcaraz

tsunami has not yet been verified could exist andmay be little as an hour away

tsunami watch

used for petroleum extraction to mechanically lift fluid out of the well if not enough bottom hole pressure exists for the liquid to flow all the wat to the surface

PUMP JACK

an anomaly that can be developed to be prospect with additional data

lead

major type of seal in a petroleum system

mudstone

how many percent of gas reserve is stored in limestones

30%

indo aus plate is moving at

10.7 cm/yr

where is the ph island moving direction

NW direction due to the ph sea plate moving direction

age of shikoku basin

10Ma

ancient volcanic arc active between 20-9 Ma

west marianas ridge

collision of the ph sea plate and eurasian plate at

4Ma

sulu sea basin formed during

early miocene

using vitrinite reflectance what is the color of the mature source

bluish tint

survey used for cloudy terrane

RADAR

calamian island according to PTM belongs to

Zone II

difficult to perform overlaying depends on the source data occupies less space

vector

resolution depends on the cell size difficult to perform network analysis suffers from discretization

raster

the horizontal angle between the direction of an object and another object, or between it and that of true north. machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and reduces friction between moving parts

bearing

makes an assumption that the gravity station is flat and on land this is subtracted

bouguer correction

velocity varies with depth so time cannot be easily converted to depth may be multiple reflections off of a single interfaces vertical scale on seismic reflection profiles is time not depth

seismic reflection survey not (reflections occur parallel to the interface)

data produced by SRTM

DEM

comprise of rigid aluminium plate attached below a heavy duty electrical coil by a spring loaded mounting

boomers

responsible for the awarding of private gratuitous permit

provincial governor

provides activities to achieve mine closure

FMRDP

no go zone

EO 79

Renewable Energy Act of 2008' was codified in December 2008 to affirm the government's commitment to accelerate the utilization of renewable energy (RE) resources in the country.

Republic Act No. 9513

what ra is this the geologist should practice

candor intergrity fidelity

deposits form at or near the sea floor where the circulating hydrothermal fluids driven by magmatic heat are quenched through mixing with bottom waters or pore waters in near seafloor lithologies

volcanogenic massive sulfide

formed continuous cooling differentiation and crystallization of intermediate silisic magmas

hydrothermal fluid

also known as replacement deposti

skarn

minerals that are typical of hosting ore deposit

chalcophile

siruma mineral reservation is for what type of deposti

china clay

pryhotite is an indicator mineral in what type of deposits

low sulfidation epithermal deposit

vuggy quartz indicates

high sulfidation

elevated value of Dy and Nd indicates

continental crust

major ore for REE

bastnasite

refer the prograding process

potassic and prophylitic

defines D vein

pyrite vein + quartz with alteration halo

type of VMS that is ophiolite related

cyprus tpye

minerals contain REE and doesnt

xenotime haloysite chamosite doesnt monazite

amount of sample sufficient for geochemical analysis

0.20kg

mineral extraction like heacy minerals minimum mass required for mass sampling

1000g-2000g

asked a sample for XRD

collect a chipped sample

depth soil profile appropriate for a sample

at least 1m

sampling for bed for relative dating sampling graded beds

lower portion of the bed mark first the upward position

soft resistant to chemical corrosion flexible

asbestos

locality asbestos is found

antique pangasinan bukidnon

barite is used as

extender

deposit of fire clay found in

semirara

feldspar deposit found in

occidental mindoro

where is gypsum found

cebu occidental mindoro batangas

perlite used as

insulator

talc is found here

mindoro occidental palawan zambales

quarry are granted by

provincial governor

ideal state of geochemical analysis

powedered form

magnesium is better mined in

seawater

minerals that are supergene

anglesite smithsonite hemimorphite

deepwater horizon oil spill happened in

gulf of mexico

who is the chief operationg officer in a mining company

mining superintendent

used to prevent salt flocculate of bentonite and minimize the effect of high temp gelatin in bentonite fluid and sometimes added to get better filtration control

ferrochrome lignosulfonates

nickel deposit in sudbury

magmatic deposit

barite in a gold vein deposit is

gangue

max weigh of gold bar or disc accepted by BSP

5000g

what is accepted and not accepted in BSP

accepted not damp in a fom of bar in a form of disc not amalhamated

count of existing FTAA in oh

grants the application permit

director

type of epigenetic ore

epithermal gold deposit skarn deposit porphyry deposit not bauxite deposit

levigation is appropriate to use

platinum chromite hematite not in feldspar

process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent as in washing of loaded ion exchange resisn to remove captured ions used by FCF in extracting gold by electrowinning

elution

ASTER means

activated sludge tailing effluent remediation

EIS is under

PD 1856

ipra IS ALSO known as

8731

has white alteration

lead

used in medicine such as loparamide

palygorskite

>200 degrees C and one of the most useful geothermometer in finding geothermal resources

EPIDOTE

indicates good permeability and process of boiling

adularia

also known as coking coal

metallurgical coal

past atmospheric composition indication

bubbles present in glaciers

type of mining method used to mine coal

long wall

used to extract mineral deposits that are roughly tabular and generally associated with strong ore and surrounding rock

unsupported method mining

alizarine red S calcite and aragonite will stain to witherite cerussite

pink orange red mauve

trypan blue calcite dolomite

dark blue pale blue

silver chromate stain calcite aragonite

red brown

copper nitrate stain calcite

green/bluish green

cobalt nitrate stain aragonite

lilac-purple

harris hematoxilin solution stain calcite

lilac

meigen stain to aragonite calcite

purple no change

rhodizonic acid stain witherite calcite

orange/red no change

tropaeolin smithsonite magnesite

yellow no change

hydrogen peroxide potassium hydroxide ankerite siderite

orange brown

lemberg hydroxide stain calcite

plae brown

bensideme rhodochrosite

blue

potassium ferricyanide anhydrite/gypsum rhodochrosite dolomite

yellow pale brown blue

organic dye titan yellow dolomite

dark orange red

organic dye eosin y dolomite

dark pink

organic dye congo red dolomite

red

oragnic dye alizarine red dolomite

lilac

feigl solution aragonite

black

sodium cobaltinitrite k felds plafs except albite

yellow red

kirchberg ankerite siderite

gray to black little coloring

magneson smithsonite removed after washing magnesite stays after washing

slightly blue dark blue