day 2 part 2 Flashcards
proposes ores are direct magmatic product or are formed as products of differentiation
plutonism (magmatists)
proposes that ore deposits were formed from sediments in a primeval ocean
neptunism (syngenetic ore)
ore formed as the same time as the host rock
syngenetic ore
ore formed after the formation of the host rock
epigenetic ore
ore formed within the Earth
hypogene ore
ore formed at the surface or near the surface of the Earth
supergene ore
ore formed from either magmas or fluids
primary ore
ore formed due to the alteration of pre existing rocks or minerals
secondary ore
rock loving mineral
lithophile
iron loving mineral
siderophile
ore loving mineral
chalcophile
gas loving mineral
atmophile
cinnabar and hematite were used by early humans as pigments and used as gemstones and native Au Ag Cu as ornaments
Pre historic times
paleolithic man used various minerals as tints for paints
400,000 BCE stone age era
neolithic man became familiar and acquainted with gold and copper
new stone age
clay became the first larger scale mineral in the history of the mining industry
30,000-20,000 BCE
estimated date of discovery for copper and gold was used before its discovery
18,000 BCE
utilized clays as buildings materials
babylonians and early egyptian times
made pyramids using limestones
sank shafts at the coast of Red Sea in seach of emeralds
Egyptian times
gemstone mining reached a high value for art among Egyptians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Indians
~3400 BCE
mesopotamians developed bronce by replacing little amounts of tin to higher amounts of copper instead of using arsenic
2,500 BCE bronze age
first noted the occurrence of gold in quartz veins by herodotus
484-425 BCE
16 minerals grouped as metals stones and earth were described by theophratus a pupil of aristotle
372-287 BCE
avicenna grouped minerals as stones sulfur minerals metals and salts first noting sulfide group of minerals
980-1037 CE dark ages
agricola father of economic geol wrote the first publication for mining de re merallica libri XII which noted the process for fissure filling smelting and classification of ore deposits
1494-1555
steno proposed ores as products of condesation from vapors ascending through fissures
1669
henkel and zimmerman noted the importance of hydrothermal solutions and vapors of deep seated origin
1725-1746
van oppel distinguished discordant veins from concordant bedded deposits
1749
charpenteir noted metals and minerals in the veins were the resul of alteration reactions between country rock and water that had passed through them
1778-1799
integration of chemical concepts with ore genesis began
mining methods were improved allowing bigger and deeper mines to develop
19th century
waldemar lindgreen stated that pyrometasomatic deposits high temp replacemetns bodies near the borded zones of igneous intrusions and classified hydrothermal deposits into hypothermal mesothermal epithermal
1860-1939
classification of ore deposits evolved from P-T conditions to modes of occurrence
20th century
RAF penrose founded society of economic geology
1905
henry hoover and lou henry hoover published the English translation of de re metallica libri XII
1912
almost complete relinquishment of lindgreens ore classification
1960-70s
high temperature alteration resulting in potassium enrichment and abundance of biotite k feldspar and adularia
potassic
alteration that turns rocks green from the formation of chlorite epidote and actinolite
propylitic
replacement or decomposition of feldspar into sericite that implies acidic conditions
sericitic
low temperature alteration resulting in bleaching out of feldspars and intro of clay minerals
argillic
highly acidic alteration resulting in leaching and alteration of feldspar to seircite and assemblage formation of kaolinite + quartz + hematite + limonite
advanced argillic
most common alteration with the addition of secondary silica and formation of chalcedony
silicification
addition of any silicate mineral that forms in association with quartz typically biotite garnet or tourmaline
silication
form of silication that forms greissen with quartz muscovite and topaz with tourmaline fluorite rutile cassiterite adn wolframite
greisenization
alteration forming Ca- and Mg silicates
Skarn
relatively high temp alteration with Na enrichment and forms albite or sodic plag with possible paragonite
albitic
alteration of Ca plag into saussurite: zoisite + chlorite + amphibole + carbonates
saussuritization
last stage replacement process of uralitic amphibole into primary pyroxene and pyroxene to amphibole
uralitization
alteration resulting of addition of carbonates with talc chlorite sericite and albite
carbonization
alteration associated with alunite and hot springs environment implying presence of high SO4 gas
alunitic
low temp alteration forming zeolite minerals often associated with volcanic environments at a distance during its waning stages
zeolitic
low temperature alteration of mafic to ultramafic rocks into serpentine minerals that may occur with talc if there is a high concentration of Mg
serpentinization
alteration with variable temperature range and forms any type of oxide mineral
oxidation
localizes deposits lighter than the magma
structure highs
accumulates deposits heavier than melt at the bottom intrusives
structural lows
provides pathways for solutions to deposit
folds
controls deposition of ore deposits
fractures/lineaments
increases permeability where different fluids can interact and deposit ore
intersections
localizes or disperses deposits in fractures
faults
controls ore fluids before deposition
syngenetic
cut and displaces ore bodies
epigenetic
high velocity volcanic explosion vent where volcanic material are brought up rapidly
diatremes
solutions from different sources which carries metals for precipitation
ore bearing fluids
high temp rock melt of liquid and crystals with an inhomogeneous composition due to fractions and can cause ore formation due to metallic concentration
magma/magmatic fluids
mafic proportions :
silicic proportions:
Cr Ni Pt P
Sn Th Zr
oxide or sulfide dominated magma that solidify directly as ore
ore magma
oxide or sulfide dominated magma that solidify directly as ore
ore magma
aqueous high temp ore bearing fluid solution 100-800C
hydrothermal fluids
water at critical temp 376C that steadily becomes less dense without boiling
supercritical fluid
fractionated fluids and volatiles that travel upward from the magma that exsolves as an emulsion of water droplets attracting hydrophilic elements or ions
magmatic/juvenile waters
fossil waters
connate waters
chemical replacement of minerals where hydrothermal fluids deliver chemical reactants that removes aqueous reaction products resulting in change of mineralogy chemistry and texture
hydrothermal alteration
front or edge minerals was not completely replaced
vermicular intergrowths
concentric crustiform bands surrounding isolated fragments
cockade structures
formed when euhedral prismatis crystals of opposite walls merge with minerals takes place as single layer of euhedral crystals growing towards the center of the vein in epithermal systems
comb structure
colored bands that form when an electrolyte is allowed to diffuse into a gel being common in amorphous cryptocrystalline and microcrystalline minerals or mineraloids as agate and opal
liesegang rings
specific length and direction of systematic displacement by which the pattern is repeated
unit translation vector
the symmetry operation that involves the periodic repetition of nodes or motifs by systematic linear displacement
translation
symmetry operations that work as combined simple symmetry operations
compound symmetry operations
symmetry operation that combines translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis
screw rotation
groups denoted by their rotational and reflection symmetry
plane point groups
smallest units of meshes contains at least one node and the unit translation vectors
unit meshes
primitive and charac by unequal unit translation vectors that inersect at angles that are neither 60 degrees and 90 degrees nor 120 degrees
oblique
3d patterns of points produced from the translation of nodes of space point groups
space lattices
a parallelepiped whose edge lengths and volume are defined by the 3 unit translation vectors
unit cell
orientation of the unit cell edges
crystallographic axes
pair of faces symmetrical about an axis of rotation
sphenoid
the proportional lengths of the 3 crystallographic axes
axial ratio
or unit face any face or plane that intersects all 3 axes at distances from the center that correspond to the axial ration of the mineral
unit plane
method describing the relationships between sets of crystal faces or planes and the crystallographic axes
weiss parameters
reciprocal of weiss parameters
miller indices
represents what:
(h, k, l)
(hkl)
[hkl]
{hkl}
a point
a plane
a direction
family of planes
type of substitution that involves the simultaneous substitution of ions of different charges in two different structural sites
coupled ionic substitution
type of mineral growth where individual atoms and ions bons into a crystal’s nucleus and progressively grow by adding atoms/ions to its surface
homogeneous nuclueation
rock consists of multiple types of minerals and mineraloids
polyminerallic rock
type of mineral growth where a mineral nucleates by taking advantage of the structure of an existing mineral
hetegeneous nucleation
rock that consists of multiple crystals of a single mineral
monominerallic rock
liquid portion of magma composed mainly of mobile ions of the eight most abundant elements in the earths crust
melt
gaseous component of magma that will vaporize and turn into gas at surface pressures
volatile
partial melting of a source rock in the earths crust which produces a liquid melt fraction enriched in lower temperature constituents and a residual rock enriched in higher temperature refractory minerals
anatexis
results from crystallization along the walls of the magma chamber in which crystals prefentially form and adhere to the edges
marginal accretion
develops as the magma chamber walls release heat to the relatively cold country rock generating crystals that adhere to the side margins of the magma chamber
sidewall accretion
also called adabiatec melting is partial melting that resulted from a decrease in pressure
decompression melting
type of marginal accretion that results from early crystallization of minerals along the ceiling or the roof due to preferential heat loss
roof accretion
occurs as crystals forma long the base of the magma chamber
floor accretion
fractional crystallization process that occurs where liquids and crystals in a magma are separated due to factors like velocity density temperature
convective flow seggregation
process where a magma chamber squeezes out the more mobile liquid into a new chamber and leaving behind a residue of crystals in the original chamber
filter pressing
where one magma fractionates to produce two or more distinctly different daughter magmas with different compositions
liquid fractionation
involves the selective diffusion of ions in the magma due to compositional and may play a role in the generation of metallic ore deposits of ore deposits in magmatic systems
differential diffusion
separation of magma into two or more distinct immiscible liquid phases
liquid immiscibility
fracturing of the wall rock due to the forceful injection of the magma
stoping
country rock fragments
stope
stopes that fall into the magma
xenoliths
occurs along convergent margin environments with volcanic arcs and subduction zones decrease in iron and magnesium with increasing SiO2 alkali concentrations
calc-alkaline magmas
enrichment in iron at low to moderate SiO2 concentrations with increasing fractionation due to depleted MgO and Cao from early crystallization of forsterite olivine and Ca plagioclase. produce large volumes of basalt with little variations in composition. occurs extensional environments such as ocean ridges and ocntinental rifts and some hotspots in intraplate settings and immature arcs in thin volcanic arc crusts
tholeiitic magmas
magmas tha are less common than calc alkaline or tholeiitic magmas highly enriched in na2o and k2o contains diverse composition occurs in wide variety of environments that include stable cratons continental rifts and subduction zones
alkaline magmas
cahrac by high concentrations of silicic and basic rocks with little intermediate rocks and associated with continental rifts. basic component is derived from partial melting of the mantle while its silicic component is derived from the partial melting of the continental crust from the heating of the rising basic magmas
bimodal magma suites
45-55% SiO2
1,000-1200C
fluid
low gas
mafic (basaltic)
55-65%
800-1000 C
viscous
intermediate
intermediate andesitic
65-75%
650-800C
very viscous
high gas
felsic granitic
identify the magma type based on the percent of their silica content
<45%
45-52%
52-63%
63-68%
68-77%
ultramafic
mafic
intermediate
dacitic
felsic
plutons with an irregular shape that have surface exposures > 100 km2
stocks
veins that occur in great abundance that may display random or preferred orientations
vein swarms
carrot shaped and develops through explosive intrusions originating deep within the mantle
diatreme
multiple radiating dikes typically produced when the vertical forces of a rising magma fracture of the rock in a radiating pattern
radial dikes
dikes that are nearly vertical in cross section and circular in plan view
cone dikes
dikes that are circular in plan view but converge at a depth
cone sheet dikes
dike swarms consisting of parallel offset dikes that form in response to shear
en echelon dikes
steeply inclined set of dikes composed of gabbro diabase and basalt which form by cooling and contraction of magma as it is injected into extensional fractures in oceanic rift valleys
sheeted dikes
direct type of classification of composition that involves visual comparison of minerals and determining their volume percentages
modal classification
indirect type of classification of composition that analyzes the chemical composition of rocks
normative classification
dark or greenish rocks rich in olivine that may also contain pyroxene or amphibole
ultramafic or ultrabasic <45 %
dark colored rocks containing pyroxene amphibole olivine biotite
mafic basic 45-52%
grayish to salt and pepper colored rocks rich in plag amphibole biotite quartz
intermediate 52-66%
light colored or reddish rocks rich in k feldspar quartz biotite or muscovite
felsic acidic >66%
plutonic ultrabasic ultramafic rock enriched in pyroxene olivine amphibole and plag and occurs in earths mantle
peridotite
volcanic ultrabasic ultramafic rock enriched in pyroxene olivine amphibole and plag
komatiite
plutonic rock rich in plag pyroxene olivine in lower crust of ocean basins
gabbro
basalt volcanic rock rich in plag pyroxene olivine inupper earths crust
rich in hornblende pyroxene and plag
diorite( beneath andesite volcanoes) and andesite (pacific ring of fire)
plutonic light colored contains two thirds of SiO2 plag alkali felds quartz hornblende and biotite occurs beneath andesite dacite volcanoes
granodiorite
volcanic light colored contains two thirds of SiO2 plag alkali felds quartz hornblende and biotite occurs pacific ring of fire
dacite
acidic felsic rock rich in quartz and alkali felds contains little plag biotite
granite rhyolite
crystals too small for the naked eye but large enough to be identified with a petrographic microscope
microlites
fine grained material in porphyritic texture
groundmass
type of porphyritic texture where all crystals are visible to the naked eye but phenocrysts are distinctly larger than the groundmass
porphyritic-phaneritic
1-3 mm fine develop shallow plutonic dikes and sills
3-10mm develop in medium
10-33mm associated with larger or deeper intrusions
phaneritic
type of porphyritic texture where the phenocrysts are embedded in an aphanitic groundmass composed largely of microcrystalline cryptocrystalline or glassy material
porphyritic aphanitic
number of new seed crystals that develop per volume per unit time
nuclei/cm3/s
crystal nucleation rate
rate at wc elements migrate through magma that depends primarily on the viscosity of the melt
diffusion
elements that tend to increase molecular linkage wc increase viscosity
network formers
occurs when melts come into contact with air and water rapidly absorbing heat causing the melt to solidify rapidly before crystals could nucleate and grow
quenching
rounded masses of radiating crystals that debelop from devritification
spherulites
igneous rock texture charac by cloudy appearance and perlitic cracks
perlitic texture
curved or subspherical cooling cracks
perlitic cracks
glassy SiO2 rich volcanic rocks with perlitic texture and higher water contents than obsidian
perlite
depth where volatiles exsolve from the liquid as separate phase
level of exsolution
process that occurs above the level of exsolution where volatiles nucleate as small bubbles
vesiculation
encountered when bubbles constitute 70-80% of the magma volume and magma changes from a liquid with suspended gas bubbles to a buoyant gaseous mixture containing liquid blobs
fragmentation surface
rocks contain5-30% vesicles
vesicular
<5% vesicles
vesicle bearing
tuffs that contain significant amounts of gravel sized lapilli
lapilli tuff
pyroclastic rock primarily composed of blocks and deposited proximal to the volcano vent and subjected to minimal transport
volcanic breccia
composed of bombs that are abraded and rounded by transport
agglomerate
process in pyroclasts that results for fragments become progressively fused together as porosity decrease during compaction
welding
tuff that display random shard orientations and spherical to ellipsoidal pumice vesicles
unwelded tuff
tuff produced from increased volume of pyroclastic debris
partially welded tuff
tuff with dark colors and glassy lusters produced form intense welding with shards showing marked parallelism and flattening
densely welded tuff
first norm classification devised by Cross idding pirsson and washington
CIPW norm more
accurate metho of obtaining ga mode for any coarse grained rock done by moving a thin section on a gird system such that at least 400 minerals are tabulated for each thin section
point count analysis
0.0625-2mm
<0.0625
coarse ash
fine ash or dust
contains >69% SiO2 and assoicated with explosive silicic eruptions producing fragmental glassy and aphanitic
rhyolite
contains ~68-73% SiO2 not typically recognized by the IUGS as an official classification for rocks between rhyolites and dacites
rhyodacite
contains calciumplag and quartz with minor potassium feldspar biotite and hornblende
tonalite
plagiogranite are granodioritic rocks with half to two thirds sodium plag for the total felds
trondhjemite
produce low potassium arc theoiite basalts as well as relatively rare rocks such as boninites and adakites
young island arc systems
high mg intermediate volcanic rocks that contain a sio2 SATURATED GROUNDMASS
boninite
silica saturate rocks with high sr/y and la/yb ratios and low hfs concentrations
adakite
archean associations found in archean subduction zones where adakite formation is linked to
tonalite trondhjemite and granodiorite association TTG
arcs producing voluminous granodiorite diorite granite and tonalite plutons which can erupt onto the Earths surface and produce composite volcanoes
ocean continent convergent margins
dark colored potassium rich trachyandesites commonly containing olivine and augite phenocrysts with a groundmass of labradorite plag alkali fels livine augite and leucite
stoshonites
fault bounded deoformed rock sequences that mark the site of present of former convergent margins
alpine orogenic complexes
an internsely sheared heterogeous rock assemblage embedded within a highly deformed mud matrix
tectonic melange
greatest manifestations of intraplate magmatism on earth encompassing >10^6km3 in volume which occur as both oceanic flood basalts and continental flood basalts and is generally basaltic in composition
large igneous provinces LIP
geochemically distinct suite of rocks that are more alkalic less depleted and may be somewhat enriched with incompatible elements that is interpreted to represent different mantle sources areas
ocean island basalts OIB
huge outpourings of basalts within continental plates
continental flood basalts cfb
early jurassic
widley dispersed in the atlantic ocean places in north america south america europe and africa
cental atlantic magmatic province camp
251 ma
maymecha kotuy region of russia
siberian flood basalts (siberian traps)
65-69 Ma
southwestern india
deccan traps
15.5-17 ma
washington oregon and idaho usa
columbia river flood basalts
continental feature that produce a wide array of rocks including alkalic basalt as well as alkalic and silicic rocks
continental rifts
widespread occurrence of basalt and rhyolite without significant andesiteand occurs at continental rifts and hotpost underlying continental lithosphere
bimodal volcanism
anorogenic bodies injected into stable continental cratons at moderate depths
layered basic ultrabasic intrusions
ultrabasic volcanic rocks found exclusively in archean greenstone belts which are associated with valuable metallic ore deposits
komatiite
brecciated mg rich ultrabasic rocks that rapidly rise of earths surface via cylindrical diatremes from deep within the mantle and are intimately associated with diamonds
kimberlites
shallow intrusive to volcanic rocks that contain >20% CO3 minerals and form in stocks dikes and cylindrical structures primarily at continental rifts
carbonatites
mg rich volatile rich porphyritic rocks containing mafic phenocrysts and are associated with kimberlites and continental rift zones
lamprophyres
k rich peralkaline containing pyroxene and olivine minerals enriched in barium lanthanum and zirconium but poor in CO2 and occur in areas of thickened lithosphere that have experienced earlier plate convergence or rifting episodes
lamproites
contains economic deposits of platinum group metals chromium copper and nickel sulfides
exposed along a NW strike for a distance of 48 km iwith observable thickness of 6km
beartooth mountains of southwestern montana canafa
2.7 ga
stillwater complex
worlds largest layered igneous intrusion hosts the largest reserves of vanadium and chromium and platinum groups of metal in the world
PGE are concentrated within the merensky reeds critical zone
peridotite to gabbro from bottommost layer to topmost layer
400km in length up to 9 km thich and underlying an area 60 000 km2
south africa
2.06 ga
bushveld complex
youngest of the great PGE enriched intrusions
due to fractional crystallkization differentiation and convective currents its laye creates a complex layering
500 km3 volume
greenland
55ma
skaergaard intrusion
contact metamorphism
mon foliated
>80 C/km
contact
40-80 C/ km
regional and contact metamorphism
foliated and non foliated
buchan (abukama)
20-40C/km
regional metamorphism
foliated
barrovian
10-20C/km
regional metamorphism
foliated
sangbagawa
<10C/km
regional metamorphism at subduction zones
foliated
franciscan
mass of proton in kg
1.67262192 × 10-27 kilograms
how many rare elements in periodic table of elements?
17
element that is very compatible and doesn’t substitute into major silicate phase
Zirconium
Lanthanide series
The 17 rare earth elements are: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y).
What is the rarest rare earth element?
Even the rarest rare earth, thulium, with atomic number 69, is 125 times more common than gold. And the least-rare rare earth, cerium, with atomic number 58, is 15,000 times more abundant than gold.
focusing the eyepiece
diopter adjustment ring
lies in the wavefront and is perpendicular to the ray vibration in isotropic media
vibration direction
extinction angle of augite
inclined or 45 degrees
permits measurement of refractive index by comparison of the unknown crystal with liquids of known refractive index. A determination of refractive index usually suffices for the identification of isotropic crystals.
The immersion method
degree of visibility of a transparent mineral in an immersion medium
relief
hardness of microcline
6
where is ferropericlase abundant?
lower mantle
crystal system of sphene
monoclinic
clear variety of beryl
goshenite
pink/orange variety of beryl
red variety of beryl
yellow variety of beryl
morganite
bixbite
heliodor
known as vermillion
cinnabar
lepidolite is a monoclinic mineral that belongs to a silicate group that has Si:O ration of
2:5
variety of microcline that is very stable
amazonite
crystal system of rhodonite
trinclinic
known as moonstone
feldspar
variety of hematite with metallic luster
specularite
sanidine has a crystal system that has
no equal sides
tennantite belongs to what group
sulfosalts
cabochon gem is a
sulfide
considered to be the heaviest nonmetallic ore
crested roses
purple mica
magnesium mica
lepidolite
phlogopite
found in lithium-bearing granite pegmatites.
spodumene
prussic acid at crystalline is known as
zyklon A
A mineral that has become virtually amorphous owing to the breakdown of the original crystal structure by internal bombardment with alpha particles (helium nuclei) emitted by radioactive atoms within the mineral.
metamict
the replacement of one element in a crystal by another.
diadochic
glossular is a Ca Al variety of granet and has a Si:O ratio of
1:4
he most abundant mineral in the mantle.
Bridgmanite
alumina saturation what do you call a rock that has a mineral assemblage of olivine clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene?
subaluminous
where is low velocity layer found
60-220km
rocks in immature oceanic island arcs containing olivine plag anda ugite with sparse othopyroxene and magnetite
low-k arc basalts
represents the fertile unaltered mantle
lherzolite
rocks contain phenocrysts of olivine chromite plag and augite with plag as the most abundant
mid oceanic ridge basalts
black fibrous with a silky lustre friable and soft coal that represents fossil charcola
fusain
also known as Steatite—is a metamorphic rock that consists primarily of talc.
Soapstone
bright shiny black coal that usually breaks cubically and mostly consists of woody tissue
vitrain
mineralogical adjustment of relatively high-grade metamorphic rocks to temperatures lower than those of their initial metamorphism.
Retrograde metamorphism
develops in the outer fringes of many metamorphic aureoles
albite-epidote Hfls
low pressure equivalent of the amphibole facies
hornblende hfls
hypersthene bearing granitic gneisses
charnockite
what does siliceous oozes forms
chert
association of Bryozoa, Foraminiferida, coralline red algae (Rhodophyceae), and Mollusca that inhabits seas where the temperature often falls below 15°C
foramol
an association of calcareous green algae (Chlorophyta), hermatypic corals, and molluscs (Mollusca) that lives in low latitudes, in seas where the temperature is always more than 20 °C
Chlorozoan
an association of green algae (Chlorophyta), living in sea water more saline than corals could tolerate, that forms a characteristic calcareous sediment
chloralgal
commonly intrude buoyantly upward along fractures or zones of structural weakness through denser overlying rocks.
Diapirs
a method to keep solid particles floating in an upward direction (Figure 5) in a flow of gas or liquid.
Fluidization
process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock.
Lithification
type of cement is formed at the sediment water and sediment air interfaces it is essentially syn sedimentary
eogenetic cement
are banded coals. They are the most abundant type of coal. The bands of coal that comprise a humic coal are divided into four lithotypes (vitrain, clarain, durain, and fusain,
Humic coals
hydrogen-rich coal, including cannel coal and boghead coal (see torbanite), derived from sapropels (loose deposits of sedimentary rock rich in hydrocarbons) and characterized by a dull black, sometimes waxy lustre.
sapropelic coal
composed of mainly smectite clays that are alteration products of basaltic rocks
bentonite
irregular solution surfaces consist of accumulation of iron oxides micas and insoluble minerals
stylotites
e result of thin microscopic inclusions within a translucent mineral, usually as exsolution lamellae, which refract and reflect incident light.
play of colors reflections exhibited by labradorite and caused by internal structures that selectively reflect on certain colors
Schiller effects
isinglass has a Si:O of
2:5
material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths, or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts.
a dichroism
a basalt that contains plagioclase feldspar (labradorite), clinopyroxene (augite with pigeonite), and iron ore (magnetite and ilmenite).
Tholeiitic
a measure of the degree of oxidation in the rocks. It corresponds to the effective partial pressure of gaseous oxygen that would be in thermodynamic equilibrium with the material of interest
Oxygen fugacity
involves prefential diffusion of select ions within the magma in response to compositional thermal or density gradients as well as water content
plastic flow
what is a komatiite
ultramafic
high aluminum basalt
arc–tholeiites
what is lamproite
ultramafic
formed by the contraction of clay in response to changes in the salinity of a liquid surrounding a deposit. shrinkage cracks form under water in clayey sediments
Syneresis cracks
hornblende-biotite granite containing large round crystals of orthoclase each with a rim of oligoclase.
Rapakivi granite
extremely acicular olivine phenocrysts–probably a sign of rapid crystallization from a significantly-undercooled magma. striking feature of ultramafic to mafic rocks that are interpreted to form in lavas or high-level intrusions when crystals cool in the presence of a thermal gradient
Spinifex textures
what is golden paint
sulfide
most eruptive volcanoes possess silicate mineral from which group
tectosilicate
basaltic rock rich in olivine and augite phenocrysts on some the abundance of mafic phenocrysts may have been enhanced by gravitational accumulation
ankaremite
a ring around an igneous intrusion. Deep magma bodies cool very slowly and turn into coarse-grained, plutonic rocks like granite and gabbro.
Aureole
what mineral is not part of the greenschist facies
omphacite (clinopyroxene)
- large, heavy pebbles are rolled along the river bed. This is most common near the source of a river, as here the load is larger.
Traction
laumonite and heulandite are index minerals of
zeolite facies
depth of subducting slab required for a volcano to manifest at the surface
100km
fragmented comagmatic volcanic rocks from prev eruptions of the same volcano
cognate clast
A diagram that shows the amount of each of the chemical constituents of a rock as a proportion of the main ingredient
Harker diagram
illite is a
3 layered clay
composition is omphacite and pyrope which is a red garnet and with small amounts of diopside enstatite olivine kyanite rutile and diamond
eclogite
characterized by a porphyritic texture in which abundant large crystals of dark colored minerals are set in a note visibly crystalline matrix
lamprophyre
shaped like a football or spindle of thread; others, called cow-dung or pancake bombs, are flattened on landing; and still others are ribbon-shaped.
spindle bomb
created when the upward pressure of slow-moving molten lava within a flow swells or pushes the overlying crust upward. fomrs ovoid mounds few feet high and a few tens of feet long produced from the buckling up of hardened outer edges and surfaces
tumuli lava
a rare mineral Na6Mg2(SO4)(CO3)4 that is an octahedral sulfate and carbonate of sodium and magnesium (
tychite
the property of changing from one mineral species to another (as from aragonite to calcite) by a change in internal structure and physical characters but not in chemical composition
Paramorphism
clast supported with >2mm sized components
rudstone
act as a heat sink and provides the mass for mobile phone vibration
wolframite
ingredient in toothpaste for sensitive teeth
strontium
mineral used in storage of radioactive waste
pollucite
chromophore in blue dimaonds
boron
chromophore in morganite
manganese or caesium.
used in incandescent light bulb as protective layer around filament to keep oxygen from corroding it
Argon
key ingredient in processing aluminum and uranium
fluorite
used in ree magnets lasers ceramic capacitors and electric motors of electric automobiles
neodymium
used in making microwave filters for radar
yttrium
what is the streak of galena
lead gray
mindoro jade is composed of
sericite schist
cleavage angle of hornblende
56 124
mg rich chlorite
clinochore
the fe bearing analog of talc
minnesotaite
serpentine group
(antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile).
eutectic point of aluminum silicate diagram
500-550 degrees celcius
streak of hematite
bloody red
streak of chromite
brown
gold telluride, is an uncommon telluride of gold, a metallic mineral with the chemical formula AuTe2, with approximately 3% of the gold
Calaverite
ores of gold
old-polysulfide, gold-quartz, gold-telluride, gold-tetradymite, gold-antimony, gold-bismuth-sulfosalt, gold-pyrrhotite, and gold-fahlore.
difference perthite and antiperthite
If K-feldspar predominates, it is a perthite. If Albite predominates, it is an antiperthite.
high-magnesium olivine basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine. It is dark with yellow-green olivine phenocrysts and black to dark brown pyroxene, mostly augite.
picrite phenocrysts sa augite olivine
a chemical reaction in which the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product.
An isodesmic reaction
outside of the pyroclastic bomb solidify during their flight
Breadcrust bomb, dacite
volcanic bomb with a cracked and checkered surface, sometimes resembling the surface of a loaf of bread.
alteration product of devitrification or volcanic glass alteration
palagonite
to mark with two series of parallel lines that intersect.
crosshatched
special type of extinction by micas such as biotite and muscovite and also carbonates such as calcite and dolomite
mottled extinction
important application related feature of the objective. It is the distance between objective front end and coverslip surface facing the front lens
free working distance
refractive index of canada balsam
1.53
used to remediate spills or remove waste products from liquids
absorbents
inert inexpensive materials that extend the volume of material at low cost
fillers
fourth most abundant element in earth
Magnesium
take note of the word earth!
intraformational rudites tend to form this
breccia
4 fold axis rotation that coincides with c crystal axis
tertagonal
minerals or synthetic inorganic crystal phases that have high melting points. They should also be resistant to deformation and to softening at high temperatures.
Refractory minerals
meteorites that document melting and segregation in planetesimals and are consist of olivine crystals in an iron nickel matrix
pallasite
not an indicator of high pressure and low temperature
laumonite
develops in response to geothermal gradients of ~20 - 40 degrees c/km reflecting the progressive increase in both temperature and pressure during regional metamorphism
barrovian FS
records high geothermal gradients ranging from 40 to 80 degrees c/km
abukuma FS
facies that form at convergent plate margins in ophiolite complexes and subduction zone melanges
blueschist
non plastic clay that can be used to decolorise, filter and purify animal, mineral and vegetable oils and greases.
Fuller’s earth
commonest member of the kandite group and is generally formed in soil profiles in warm humid envi where acidic waters intensely leach bedrock lithoogies such as granite
china clay
forms under medium temperature 350-550 C and pressure 3-10 kbar 10-30 km depth conditions associated with dynamothermal metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries
greenschist facies
Dark in color, containing at least 50-60% mafic minerals.
mesocratic
Said of igneous rocks that consist of 90% to 100% mafic minerals.
hypermelanic
developed during hydrothermal alteration at divergent margins hotspots and convergent margins or during burial metamorphism at depths less than 5km
zeolite facies
metamorphic facies formed in convergent plate margins like orogenic fold and thrust belts which are charac by moderate temperature/ pressure metamorphic conditions
greenschist
also termed soluviation, ferrallitization, laterization,and latosolization) produces aluminium hydroxidessuch as gibbsite.
allitization
The development of amphibole from pyroxene; specif. a late-magmatic or metamorphic process of replacement whereby uralitic amphibole results from alteration of primary pyroxene
uralitization
the replacement of original skeletal material accomplished through the concurrent dissolution of calcium carbonate and precipitation of silica
Silicification
a model of global mean sea level that is used to measure precise surface elevations
geoid
minimum size of objects that can be detected by a sensor system
spatial resolution
cyanide spill in rapurapu
lafayette ph inc.
a homogeneous national network of geodetic control points marked by concrete monuments or mojons that has been established using Global Positioning System technology
PRS92
easting value refers to
longitude
company that was involved in the disaster that killed Boac River
Marcopper Mining corp
sufficient information clear and unambiguous presentation of data not misleading to the readers of the public report
transparency
age of pacific plate
Late Jurassic
how many organic matters produced were preserved in petroleum reesource
0.1%
the basement of masbate island
metamorphic complex
ore bearing fluid rich in Na and Cl contain Ca Mg HCO3 and many contains Sr-Ba-N
connate water
also called metallogenic zoning
regional zoning
net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential.
Diffusion
is the coexistence of two or more liquid phases in equilibrium. Petrogenetic interest has stemmed from the potential of a homogeneous magmatic liquid to separate a second liquid phase in response to a change in temperature, pressure or composition.
Liquid immiscibility
type of magmatic fluid enriched by Sn-W-Be-Li
S type granite
alloy of Pb and Sn
Solder
alloy of gold and copper
tumbaga
areas with coal reserve
south mindoro
SIBUGUEY PENINSULA
samar
a right lateral fault
aglubang fault
basement of northern northern sierra madre
angat ophiolite
dirty or loose connections between the geophones and the cable or the cable and the recording system
electronic noise
later time of arrival of the reflected rays at receivers offset from the source for a horizontal reflector
normal waveout
age of semi anthracite deposit of catanduanes
eocene
cylindrical metal tube whichhouses the instrumentation needed for borehole logging
probe
age of celebes sea basin
eocene
basement of bondoc
gumaca schist
age of manila trench
15Ma
basin with the same classification
bicol shelf
illocos trough
agusan davao basin
by product of coal processing
sulfur
converting electrical energy into acoustic energy
this has the highest frequency
sparkers
boomers
west linapacan
oil field
sara diorite is found where
panay
calatrava qartz diorite is found where
tablas
act practive of geology in the ph
10166
act geology profession act of pg
ra 4209
ph mining act
ra 7942
ra 8371
indigeneous rights
when was the geological society of the philippines was established
1945
line orientations in space relative to geographic directions
compass bearing
the small metal used in the compass to balance the needle
wire coil
unit used for coal capacity to generate electricity
Btu/lbs
far south east deposit is what type of deposit
porphyry base metal deposit
eagle cement in bulacan
open pit mining
age of dupax diorite
oligocene
coal bearing formation in quezon province
bordoes fm
barite is seen where
batangas
clean water act
ra 9275
kapoas granite
north palawan
unit used for coal capacity to generate energy
Btu/lbs
basin form in the same group
SE Luzon Basin
Cagayan Basin
Sulu Sea Basin
which particle sized hosted large amount of organic matter
clay with less than 2 microns
The last stage of maturation and conversion of organic matter to hydrocarbons. occurs at temperatures of 150 to 200 degC
Metagenesis
eroded or reworked organic matter
Type IV
former head of department of geology and geography of the university if the philippines was unanimously elected as first presdient of the geological society of the ph september 2, 1945
Dr. Jose Feliciano
8.0 magnitude Moro Gulf happened when
1976
when was the lexicon of ph stratigraphy published and who was the author and he was the presidnet of GSP on what year
2008 mr. rolando pena
1997
sorsogon has what type of coal
sub bituminous coal
age of zambales ophiolite
eocene
feb 2012 negros earthquake had a magnitude of what
6.9 Ms
what pd is the DOE
PD 1206
BOOK INFORMATION ON THE VALEY FAULT SYSTEM PUBLISHED BY phivolcs
the valley fault system ATLAS
PNOC established through
Presidential Decree No. 334
title of the journal first released by GSP
the philippine geologist
father of ph geothermal
arturo pineda alcaraz
tsunami has not yet been verified could exist andmay be little as an hour away
tsunami watch
used for petroleum extraction to mechanically lift fluid out of the well if not enough bottom hole pressure exists for the liquid to flow all the wat to the surface
PUMP JACK
an anomaly that can be developed to be prospect with additional data
lead
major type of seal in a petroleum system
mudstone
how many percent of gas reserve is stored in limestones
30%
indo aus plate is moving at
10.7 cm/yr
where is the ph island moving direction
NW direction
due to the ph sea plate moving direction
age of shikoku basin
10Ma
ancient volcanic arc active between 20-9 Ma
west marianas ridge
collision of the ph sea plate and eurasian plate at
4Ma
sulu sea basin formed during
early miocene
using vitrinite reflectance what is the color of the mature source
bluish tint
survey used for cloudy terrane
RADAR
calamian island according to PTM belongs to
Zone II
difficult to perform overlaying
depends on the source data
occupies less space
vector
resolution depends on the cell size
difficult to perform network analysis
suffers from discretization
raster
the horizontal angle between the direction of an object and another object, or between it and that of true north.
machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and reduces friction between moving parts
bearing
makes an assumption that the gravity station is flat and on land this is subtracted
bouguer correction
velocity varies with depth so time cannot be easily converted to depth
may be multiple reflections off of a single interfaces
vertical scale on seismic reflection profiles is time not depth
seismic reflection survey
not (reflections occur parallel to the interface)
data produced by SRTM
DEM
comprise of rigid aluminium plate attached below a heavy duty electrical coil by a spring loaded mounting
boomers
responsible for the awarding of private gratuitous permit
provincial governor
provides activities to achieve mine closure
FMRDP
no go zone
EO 79
Renewable Energy Act of 2008’ was codified in December 2008 to affirm the government’s commitment to accelerate the utilization of renewable energy (RE) resources in the country.
Republic Act No. 9513
what ra is this the geologist should practice
candor
intergrity
fidelity
deposits form at or near the sea floor where the circulating hydrothermal fluids driven by magmatic heat are quenched through mixing with bottom waters or pore waters in near seafloor lithologies
volcanogenic massive sulfide
formed continuous cooling differentiation and crystallization of intermediate silisic magmas
hydrothermal fluid
also known as replacement deposti
skarn
minerals that are typical of hosting ore deposit
chalcophile
siruma mineral reservation is for what type of deposti
china clay
pryhotite is an indicator mineral in what type of deposits
low sulfidation epithermal deposit
vuggy quartz indicates
high sulfidation
elevated value of Dy and Nd indicates
continental crust
major ore for REE
bastnasite
refer the prograding process
potassic and prophylitic
defines D vein
pyrite vein + quartz with alteration halo
type of VMS that is ophiolite related
cyprus tpye
minerals contain REE and doesnt
xenotime
haloysite
chamosite
doesnt monazite
amount of sample sufficient for geochemical analysis
0.20kg
mineral extraction like heacy minerals minimum mass required for mass sampling
1000g-2000g
asked a sample for XRD
collect a chipped sample
depth soil profile appropriate for a sample
at least 1m
sampling for bed for relative dating
sampling graded beds
lower portion of the bed
mark first the upward position
soft
resistant to chemical corrosion
flexible
asbestos
locality asbestos is found
antique
pangasinan
bukidnon
barite is used as
extender
deposit of fire clay found in
semirara
feldspar deposit found in
occidental mindoro
where is gypsum found
cebu
occidental mindoro
batangas
perlite used as
insulator
talc is found here
mindoro occidental
palawan
zambales
quarry are granted by
provincial governor
ideal state of geochemical analysis
powedered form
magnesium is better mined in
seawater
minerals that are supergene
anglesite
smithsonite
hemimorphite
deepwater horizon oil spill happened in
gulf of mexico
who is the chief operationg officer in a mining company
mining superintendent
used to prevent salt flocculate of bentonite and minimize the effect of high temp gelatin in bentonite fluid and sometimes added to get better filtration control
ferrochrome lignosulfonates
nickel deposit in sudbury
magmatic deposit
barite in a gold vein deposit is
gangue
max weigh of gold bar or disc accepted by BSP
5000g
what is accepted and not accepted in BSP
accepted
not damp
in a fom of bar
in a form of disc
not
amalhamated
count of existing FTAA in oh
5
grants the application permit
director
type of epigenetic ore
epithermal gold deposit
skarn deposit
porphyry deposit
not bauxite deposit
levigation is appropriate to use
platinum
chromite
hematite
not in feldspar
process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent as in washing of loaded ion exchange resisn to remove captured ions used by FCF in extracting gold by electrowinning
elution
ASTER means
activated sludge tailing effluent remediation
EIS is under
PD 1856
ipra IS ALSO known as
8731
has white alteration
lead
used in medicine such as loparamide
palygorskite
> 200 degrees C and one of the most useful geothermometer in finding geothermal resources
EPIDOTE
indicates good permeability and process of boiling
adularia
also known as coking coal
metallurgical coal
past atmospheric composition indication
bubbles present in glaciers
type of mining method used to mine coal
long wall
used to extract mineral deposits that are roughly tabular and generally associated with strong ore and surrounding rock
unsupported method mining
alizarine red S
calcite and aragonite will stain to
witherite
cerussite
pink orange
red
mauve
trypan blue
calcite
dolomite
dark blue
pale blue
silver chromate stain
calcite
aragonite
red brown
copper nitrate stain
calcite
green/bluish green
cobalt nitrate stain
aragonite
lilac-purple
harris hematoxilin solution stain
calcite
lilac
meigen stain to
aragonite
calcite
purple
no change
rhodizonic acid stain
witherite
calcite
orange/red
no change
tropaeolin
smithsonite
magnesite
yellow
no change
hydrogen peroxide potassium hydroxide
ankerite
siderite
orange
brown
lemberg hydroxide stain
calcite
plae brown
bensideme
rhodochrosite
blue
potassium ferricyanide
anhydrite/gypsum
rhodochrosite
dolomite
yellow
pale brown
blue
organic dye titan yellow
dolomite
dark orange red
organic dye eosin y
dolomite
dark pink
organic dye congo red
dolomite
red
oragnic dye alizarine red
dolomite
lilac
feigl solution
aragonite
black
sodium cobaltinitrite
k felds
plafs except albite
yellow
red
kirchberg
ankerite
siderite
gray to black
little coloring
magneson
smithsonite removed after washing
magnesite stays after washing
slightly blue
dark blue
