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stratigraphy Flashcards

1
Q

father of stratigraphy

A

nicolas steno

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2
Q

breaks due to variations in the normal processes in the environment

A

diastem

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3
Q

weathering and colonization of palnts

A

non-depositional diastem

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4
Q

migration of river channels

A

erosional diastem

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5
Q

changes in the base level of erosion or aggradation

A

non-depositional and erosional diastem

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6
Q

possesses charac that distinguish it from other parts of the formation

A

member

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7
Q

basic unit of stratigraphy

A

formation

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8
Q

basic unit of stratigraphy

A

formation

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9
Q

defined body of predominantly intrusive highly deformed and highly metarmophed rocks has boundaries placed at positions of lithic change

A

lithodemic

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10
Q

fundamental unit in lithodemic classification should posses distinctive lithic features and some degree of internal homegeneity

A

lilthodeme

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11
Q

two or more associated lithodemes of the same class

A

suite

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12
Q

it is a type of contact wherein it forms unbroken depostional sequences with layers deposited by uninterrupted deposition

A

conformable

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13
Q

refers to aspect, nature or manifestation of character or rock strata or specific constituents of rock strata

A

facies

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14
Q

facies adjacent to one another in a continuous vertical sequence also accumulated adjacent to one another laterally. 2 diff facies found superimposed on one another and not separated by unconformity must have deposited adjacent to each other at a given point in time

A

walther’s law

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15
Q

facies based on petrological characters such grain size and mineralogy

A

lithofacies

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16
Q

commonly preserved as buolbous or mamillia natural casts on the bottoms of sandstone beds

A

flute marks/flute casts

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17
Q

preserved on lower surfaces of sandstone beds as thin ridges

A

tool marks

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18
Q

sharply defined upper and lower surfaces enclosing or bounding beds

A

bedding plane

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19
Q

indicator of the depositional conditions under which the bed formed

A

bed shape

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20
Q

stratification thinner than 1cm produced by changes in the pattern of sedimentation

A

lamination

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21
Q

finely interbedded grain sizes such as sand and mud and can occur at a variety of scales

A

heterolithic bedding

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22
Q

0.5 to 3.0 cm in height with wavelengths 5 to 40 cm
less tahn 0.7 mm in diameter

A

ripples

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23
Q

typically have long straight parallel crests with bifurcations ripple index is high and rarely preserved

A

wind ripples

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24
Q

internal sedimentary structure of many sand grade and coarser sed rocks with a height of >6cm and thickness of 1cm or more

A

cross bedding

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25
Q

internal sedimentary structure of many sand grade and coarser sed rocks with a height of <6cm and thickness of only a few mm

A

cross lamination

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26
Q

cross stratification where the inter set boundaries are generally planar

A

tabular cross bedding

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27
Q

cross stratification where the inter set boundaries are scoop shaped from a curve crested bedforms

A

trough cross bedding

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28
Q

distinguished from current ripple by irregular and undulating lower set boundaries and drapping foreset laminae

A

wave formed cross lamination

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29
Q

cross beds dips of adjacent sets oriented in opposite directions produced by reversals of currents

A

herringbone cross bedding

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30
Q

cross laminated and contains mud streaks usually ripple troughs

A

flaser bedding

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31
Q

mud dominates and the cross laminated sand occurs in lenses

A

lenticular bedding

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32
Q

cross stratification where thin ripple cross laminated sandstones alternate with mudrock

A

wavy bedding

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33
Q

gently undulating low angle 1-5 degrees cross lamination with the convex upward part of the hummock and concave downward part of the swale

A

hummocky cross stratification

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34
Q

cross stratification where hummocks are rare and the bedding mostly consists of broad concave up laminae

A

swaley cross stratification

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35
Q

produced by wind action and generally forms sets which are much thicker and the cross beds themselves dip at higher angles >30degrees and reach up to 30m high

A

aeolian cross bedding

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36
Q

larger scale low angle bedding oriented normal to medium/smaller scale cross stratification formed through lateral accretion of point bars 1m or more in height and continue laterally for several meters to more than 10m

A

epsilon cross bedding

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37
Q

meandering river channel sandstones but can occur in delta distributary and tidal channel deposits

A

lateral accretion

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38
Q

deltas build into lakes or lagoons often referred as Gilbert type deltas occur aas wedge or fan in marginal lacustrine or marginal marine

A

small delta cross bedding

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39
Q

contains epilimnion, hypolimnion, and thermocline

A

stratified lake

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40
Q

have seasonal overturn and mixing and limit preservation of organic material

A

unstratified lake

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41
Q

a downstream spiraling effect resulting from 3d velocity component

A

helical flow

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42
Q

genetically related barcomplex and channel complex

A

storey

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43
Q

basal deposit that is often a relatively thin layer of pebbles and cobbles that are too coarse for the river to transport

A

lag deposit

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44
Q

occupied by the meander loops and consists of channel bar fill deposits

A

channel belt

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45
Q

sandy deposits that develop where overbank flooding causes a break in a channel levee

A

crevasse splay

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46
Q

channel belts shift location rapidly

A

avulsion

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47
Q

warm layer of the lake’s therman stratification that is usually oxic

A

epillimnion

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48
Q

oxygenated lake facies that display evidence of wave process and occassionally contains pervasive bioturbation on and plant fossils

A

epilimnic facies

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49
Q

cold layer of lake that is anoxic

A

hypolimnion

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50
Q

non oxygenated lake facies that have fine laminated terrigenous, biogenic and authigenic minerals and turbidite sands

A

hypolimnic facies

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51
Q

also called metalimnion and the boundary of epilimnion and hypolimnion

A

thermocline

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52
Q

waters with salinity with 5g/1L of solutes

A

brackish water

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53
Q

blowing out and scattering of rock particles by wind

A

deflation

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54
Q

mechanical scraping of rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles

A

abrasion

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55
Q

consists of gravel sized particles that are too large to be transported and forms a deflation pavement

A

lag deposits

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56
Q

layer of lag deposits left by deflation processes

A

desert pavement

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57
Q

dark surface of iron and manganese oxides resulting from long exposure of a rock surface in the oxidizing conditions of a desert

A

desert varnish

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58
Q

undulation in a scale of hundreds of meters to kilometers in wavelength and tens to hundreds of meters in amplitude

A

draas

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59
Q

single wind blown faced ventifact

A

einkanter

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60
Q

2 wind blown faced ventifact

A

zweikanter

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61
Q

3 wind blown faced ventifact

A

dreikanter

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62
Q

biogenic laminated structures which have a great variety of growth forms developed through trapping and binding of carbonate particles by surficial microbial mat and biochemical precipitation of carbonate

A

stromatolites

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63
Q

used for deposits of large blocks result of fault activity during deposition and erosion of fault scarps or collapse of carbonate platform

A

megabreccia

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64
Q

consists of concave up laminae and separated by structureless zones

A

dish and pillar structures

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65
Q

soles of sandstone bed overlying mudrock occurring as bulbous rounded structures no orientation

A

load casts

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66
Q

result of loading bed or sand can sink into underlying mud and break up into discrete masses

A

ball and pillow structure

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67
Q

local patches of cementation that form sediments after deposition

A

nodules/concretions

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68
Q

develop within the soul of semi arid environments where evaporation exceeds precipitation found in red bed successions in floodplain mudrocks or marine clastic sediments

A

calcrete

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69
Q

sutured type bedding parallel high angles. ocur as single sutured planes or as zones or swarms

A

stylotites

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70
Q

type of trace fossil that is more complicated surface trails found in symmetrical or ordered pattern eithr coiled radila meandering and mostly drtritus feeders

A

grazing tralls

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71
Q

ratio of flow inertia versus viscosity

A

reynold’s number

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72
Q

ratio of flow inertia and gravity forces

A

froude number

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73
Q

gradual transition from lower to upper flow regime as froude number increases but a change from upper to lower flow regime is accompanied by an instantaneous decrease in velocity and increase in water depth

A

hydraulic jump

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74
Q

function of grain size and shape wehre generally large spherical grains settle faster than small irregulary shaped grains

A

drag

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75
Q

formed when an existing rock is eroded or broken down into pieces by water, wind, or ice

A

Detrital sedimentary rocks

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76
Q

region of the shelf between the low tide mark and the depth to which waves normally affect the seat bottom

A

shoreface

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77
Q

depth at which waves normally affect the sea bottom

A

fair weather wave base

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78
Q

depth at which higher energy waves generated by storms that affect the sea bed

A

storm wave base

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79
Q

tidal cycle that occurs due to the elliptical nature of the Earth’s orbit

A

annual tidal cycles

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80
Q

cause tides due to earth being on its closest proximity to the sun, where the gravitational effect is strongest

A

spring and autumn equinoxes

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81
Q

flows in the opposite direction as the water returns to low tide

A

ebb tide current

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82
Q

wind driven curretns related to global wind systems that have differences in air mass temperature and coriolis force

A

geostrophic currents

83
Q

produce a coarsening upward

A

deltas

84
Q

ground hugging flow of suspended sediment in river water

A

hyperpycnal flow

85
Q

water surface hugging flow of sediments

A

hypopycnal flow

86
Q

processes w/o any external control

A

autocyclic process

87
Q

causes lobe switching

A

delta distributary channels

88
Q

formed due to settling of sand suspended during flood events

A

graded rhytmites

89
Q

floor of the receiving basin immediately seaward of the base of the delta front slope

A

prodelta

90
Q

large volume of sediment and tends to lobate there is moderate sediment supply and elongate when the sediment supply is large

A

fluvial dominated delta

91
Q

a fluvial dominated delta that has created when very large amounts of sediment were carried into quiet water

A

mississippi delta

92
Q

dominance of stream sedimentation that forms the finger like distributaries

A

bird foot

93
Q

long linear sand bodies deposited as mouth bars shift seaward as a distributary system advances

A

bar finger sands

94
Q

forms as mouth bars are reworked more heavily by the waves

A

barrier bars

95
Q

converted abandoned distributaries due to ongoing subsidence

A

interdistributary bays

96
Q

wave action is limited and tidal ranges excess 4m lobes are no longer recognizable seaward extension of a microtidal estuary with tidal influence increasing further and delta becoming tide dominated elongate perpendicular to the shoreline

A

tide dominated delta

97
Q

wave action reworking the sediments and make such deltas much sandier than other type of deltas and occurs where wave energy is high and outflowing freshwater behaving as countercurrent

A

wave dominated delta

98
Q

coarser sediments that may enter hen storms was sediments over the barrier

A

washover deposits

99
Q

zone where the fluvial processes are dominant

A

bay head delta

100
Q

lowest energy part of the estuarine system where the river flow rapdilty decreases and wave energy is concentrated at the barrier ba aregion of fine grained depostion often rich inorganic

A

central lagoon

101
Q

central lagoon that becomes filled with sediment crossed by channels where wave ripples form and draped with mud

A

salt water marsh

102
Q

formed in the outer zone of the estuary where the wave action reworks marine sediments

A

barrier

103
Q

forms funnel shaped estuary tends to increase flood tidal current strength

A

tidal dominated estuary

104
Q

platforms with gentle slopes <1 degrees down the deep water w/o any break in slope

A

carbonate ramp

105
Q

flat topped with a sharp change in slope at the edge forming a steep margin, with a higher carbonate platform at the edge

A

rimmed shelf

106
Q

rimmed shelf but lacks the higher carbonate platform at the edge

A

non rimmed shelf

107
Q

it is an anthozoans and the largest class within the phylum cnidaria

A

corals

108
Q

at what depth does calcite starts to dissolve and what do you call this?

A

3.5-5.5km below sea level
calcite compensation depth

109
Q

at what depth does aragonite starts to dissolve and what do you call this?

A

1.8-2.2km
aragonite compensation depth

110
Q

at what depth does opal starts to dissolve and what do you call this?

A

6km below sea level
opal compensation depth

111
Q

depth at which the organisms lie is essential for photosynthetic marine organisms

A

bathymetry

112
Q

mound like dome like mass of rock built up by sedimentary organisms composed of their calcareous remains and enclosed or surrounded by rock of different lithology organic reef or a non reef limestone mound

A

bioherm

113
Q

non reef building

A

ahermatypic

114
Q

reef building

A

hermatypic

115
Q

contains zooxanthellae and symbiotic algae

A

zooxanthellate

116
Q

distinctly bedded and widely extensive or broadly lenticular blanket like mass of rock built by and composed mainly of the remains of sedentary organisms and not swelling into a mound like or lens like form

A

biostrome

117
Q

low energy areas shelf ward of the reef flat zone where fine sediments winnowed from the reef settle out with a prolific growth of a diverse bottom biota where colonial organisms are typically delicate stubby dendroid to bushy knobby and globular and can construct patch reefs and have water depths that are normally less than 10m but can be in excess of 70m from the reef settle out

A

back reef zone (lagoonal)

118
Q

very shallow water surface immediately shelf ward of the reef crest composed of cemeted coarse skeletal debris derived from reef and locally the loose material may be swept into small islands which further protect their areas through meteoric diagenesis

A

reef flat zone (sandflat)

119
Q

highest part of modern reefs that shows the most wave resistant organisms typically encrusting sheet like forms but may include massive or heavy branched forms in lower energy environments

A

reef crest (buttress)

120
Q

extends from the surf zone into deeper water <100 where domination by growth of massive corals grades

A

reef front zone (lit zone)

121
Q

light penetration diminishes with increasing water depth >30 and with decreasing wave intensity

A

lower reef front

122
Q

slope developed at the base of the reef front in deep water with little or no light penetration no in place growth of colonial organisms

A

fore-reef zone (dark slope)

123
Q

province of reefs found in australia with individual buildups in varying states of infill with respect to sea level

A

great barrier reef

124
Q

deposited through sand transported down steep slopes near the angle of repose by dispersive pressure

A

grain flow deposits

125
Q

poorly sorted clast rich muddy deposits where the clasts are transported down slope by buoyancy pressure

A

debris flow deposit

126
Q

also known as zone of eluviation and leaching contains a little organic material

A

E Horizon

127
Q

washing out of the fine soil components

A

eluviation

128
Q

depletion of soluble materials from the upper soil

A

leaching

129
Q

known as subsoil the zone of accumulation

A

b soil

130
Q

true soil OAEB

A

solum

131
Q

form under boreal forests or broadleaf deciduous forests rich in iron and aluminum. fertile productive soils because they are neither too wet or too dry

A

alfisols (high nutrient)

132
Q

parent material is volcanic ash and cinders deposited by recent volcanic acitivity

A

andisols volcanic soils

133
Q

develop in dry places insuffiecient water to remove soluble minerals may have accumulation of calcium carbonate gypsum or salt in subsoil low organic content

A

aridisols desert soils

134
Q

limited development and exhibiting properties of the parent material.

A

entisols new soils

135
Q

little profile development that occur in regions with permafrost. low temperatures and frozen conditions for much of the year slow soil forming processes.

A

gelisols permafrost soils

136
Q

little or no climatic implications. dark partially decomposed organic material; referred to as peat

A

histosols organic soil

137
Q

weakly developed young soils in which the beginning of profile development is evident common in humid climates exist in arctic to the tropics native vegetation is often forest

A

inceptisols young soils

138
Q

dark soft soils that have developed under grass vegetation found in prairie areas
humus rich surface horizon that is rich in calcium and magnesium found in hardwood forests with significant earthworm activity climatic range is boreal or alpine to tropical

A

molisols prairie soils

139
Q

occur on land surfaces unless parent materials were strongly weathered before they were deposited found in the tropics and subtropical regions rich in iron and aluminum oxides heavily leached poor soils for agricultural

A

oxisols tropical forest soils

140
Q

found only in humid regions on sandy material common in northern coniferous forests and cool humid forests light colored horizon leached material

A

spodosols conifer forest soil

141
Q

represent the products of long periods of weathering poor soil quality

A

ultisols low nutrient soils

142
Q

large amounts of clay found in subhumid to arid climates adequate supplies of water are available to saturate the soil after periods of drought soil expansion and contraction exert stresses on human structures

A

vertisols swelling clay soils

143
Q

still later shallow diagenesis that occurs as sed rocks approach the surface due to erosion

A

telodiagenesis

144
Q

later deeper diagenesis

A

mesodiagenesis

145
Q

early shallow diagenesis that occurs shortly after burial

A

eodiagenesis

146
Q

what is the form silica cement

A

syntaxial quartz overgrowth

147
Q

grain size increases upwards

A

reverse or inverse grading

148
Q

low amplitude bedforms sand grade which migrate upstream throughout deposition of sediment on the upstream facing slope of the bedroom

A

antidune cross bedding

149
Q

referred to at least 50m thick commonly developed at carbonate platform margins and adjacent to reefs where the dipping beds will be made of shallow water material, reef fragments angle of dip varies from few degrees to 30 degrees

A

very large scale cross strata and clinoforms

150
Q

where the coarser particle at the base give way t finer particles higher up

A

normal grading

151
Q

having no apparent internal structure during deposition or was destroyed by bioturbation recrystallization dolomitization formed through sedimentation or dumping

A

massive beds

152
Q

when strong current flows, elongate and discoidal pebbles can become oriented with in upstream dip

A

imbrications

153
Q

incomplete polygonal patterns that form through dewatering from salinity changes or osmotic effects and occur in shallow sublittoral lacustrine deposits

A

synresis cracks

154
Q

develop in carbonate sediments through early cementation and expansion of the surface crust

A

polygon cracks

155
Q

cavities filled with internal sediment and spray calcite cement

A

geopetal structure

156
Q

continuous cavities either parallel or cutting the bedding very considerably in size and formed by cracking of the lithified or lithified sediments and opening up the cavities or through penacontemporaneous tectonic movements early compaction and settling or lsight lateral movement

A

sheet cracks/ neptunian dykes

157
Q

through subaerial exposure and meteoric dissolution of a limestone surface under humid conditions have irregular topography with potholes or cracks

A

paleokaratic surfaces

158
Q

present in limestone where there has been synsedimentary cementation so that sediment was partly or wholly lithified on the seafloor

A

hardgrounds

159
Q

when cemented surface layer can expand and crack into polygonal pattern as a result of sedimentary cementation of carbonate sediments and can develop in shallow subtidal sediments but commonly tidal flat carbonates

A

topaz structures

160
Q

collection of multiple genetically related facies formed within a single depositional system

A

facies association

161
Q

progressive change in certain facies properties in a specific direction vertically, laterally

A

facies successions

162
Q

sea level rise producing a vertical sequence of facies with a landward movement of shoreline representing progressive deeper water environments

A

transgression

163
Q

transgressive sequence that has finer grained facies overlying coarser grained facies

A

onlap sequence

164
Q

landward building of strata

A

retrogradation

165
Q

decrease in sea level producing a sequence of facies with a seaward movement of shoreline representing progressively shallower water environments

A

regression

166
Q

regressive sequence that has coarser grained facies overlying finer grained facies

A

offlap sequence

167
Q

seaward building of strata

A

progradation

168
Q

body of rock defined exclusively of bounding uncomformable surfaces

A

allostratigraphic unit

169
Q

using fossil assemblage contained within the rock strata

A

biostratigraphy

170
Q

determining that two or more rock bodies we deposited at the same time

A

temporal correlation

171
Q

study of mineralized microfossils of microscopic size

A

micropaleontology

172
Q

study of nanometer sized calcareous microfossils

A

nanopaleontology

173
Q

study of nanometer sized organic walled fossils

A

palynology

174
Q

observation of one or more definable unique features in two separate rock sections

A

stratigraphic correlation

175
Q

observation of one or more definable paleontological features in two separate rock sections with the basic assumption that identical fossils found in the areas are probably the same age

A

biostratigraphic correlation

176
Q

fundamental biostratigraphic unit

A

biozone

177
Q

divides earth history into recognizable intervals and includes both material and non material units

A

time stratigraphy

178
Q

at the same time or over the same period of time

A

synchronous

179
Q

time transgressive

A

diachronous

180
Q

photosynthesizer

A

phytoplankton

181
Q

non photosynthesizer

A

zooplankton

182
Q

juvenile plankton

A

merplankton

183
Q

rafters

A

pseudoplankton

184
Q

attached to bottom

A

sessile benthos

185
Q

crawl along bottom

A

vagrant benthos

186
Q

fine grained material derived from the platform and resedimented by suspension into the slope and basinal environment, with rock types include finely laminated to bioturbated mudstone and wackestone with deep water fauna or transported shallow water fauna

A

hemipelagic carbonate

187
Q

sediment deposited by slow suspension of material biochemically produced in surface waters

A

pelagic carbonate

188
Q

freshwater surface plumes carrying sediment across the shelf before mixing and flocculation cause clay particles to settle

A

sediment plumes

189
Q

turbid body of suspended sediment that is denser than the surrounding water but not dense enough to sink rapidly

A

nepheloid flow

190
Q

owing to density stratification of ocean water bottom currents adjacent to continental margins tend to flow parallel depths contours or isobaths

A

contour currents

191
Q

calcareous and siliceous shelled planktonic to depth organisms settle through the water column to the seafloor upon death

A

pelagic rain

192
Q

mixtures of terrigeneous mud and biogenic remains deposited from nepheloid plumes by suspension settling and pelagic rain out

A

hemipelagic mud

193
Q

2/3 siliclastic clay deposited by suspension settling and authigenic formation of clay minerals

A

pelagic clay

194
Q

shallow water carbonates emplaced by storms or sediment gravity flows

A

allochtonous deep sea carbonates

195
Q

products of debris flows where individual clasts are not in contact with each other and there is no grain fabric

A

matrix supported conglomerate

196
Q

the basal unit being the coarsest layer has an erosional base often with sole marks and is structureless but normally graded

A

Ta

197
Q

layer above the Ta layer which is made up of parallel laminated sand

A

Tb

198
Q

overlying layer above the Tb layer which is comprised of rippled and convulated sand

A

Tc

199
Q

parallel laminated silt and mud layer above the Tc layer

A

Td

200
Q

the topmost layer in the bouma sequence made up of mud partly from the turbidity current and partly from hemipelagic deposition

A

Te

201
Q

form form the deposits of successive flows of turbidity currents

A

submarine fans

202
Q

channels that are depositing sediment that have much different morphology than those that are erosional which also vary considerably with the grain size of the sediment load

A

submarine fan channels

203
Q

part of submarine fan that has the channel and leevee system and is largerly a sediment by pass area except for overbank and leevee deposits and sands deposited in the channel by small flows

A

inner fan

for review (33 decks)

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