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Year 1- Anatomy > Spine Revised > Flashcards

Spine Revised Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

Occipital bone of the skull

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2
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

(IV disc between the two)

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3
Q

What does the spinal cord form at it’s distal end?

A

Conus medullaris

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4
Q

What is the fibrous extension of the conus medullaris?

A

Filum terminale

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5
Q

Which two regions of the spine are enlarged?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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6
Q

Why is their enlargement in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine?

A

For limb innervation

Cervical enlargement for innervation of upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement for innervation of the lower limbs.

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7
Q

Which level does the spinal cord terminate in a child?

A

Upper border of L3

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8
Q

Which spinal nerves form the cauda equina?

A

L2-L5

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9
Q

From which spinal structure does the cauda equina emerge from?

A

Conus medullaris

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10
Q

Where does the filum terminale attach inferiorly?

A

Coccyx

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11
Q

What is the function of the filum terminale?

A

Anchors inferior ends of the spinal cord and dural sac.

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12
Q

What makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies

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13
Q

What makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Nerve fibres

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14
Q

What type of nerve impulse is associated with anterior horn cells?

A

Motor

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15
Q

Which type of nerve impulse is associated with posterior horn cells?

A

Sensory

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16
Q

Which type of nerve impulse is associated with lateral horn cells?

A

Autonomic

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17
Q

What is the function of spinal meninges?

A

Protect and cushion the spinal cord

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18
Q

Name the three layers of the meninges, starting with the most external.

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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19
Q

Which level does the dural sac terminate in adults?

A

S2

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20
Q

In newborns, which level does the dura mater end at?

A

S3

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21
Q

In newborns, where does the conus medullarus end at?

A

L3

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22
Q

What is between pia mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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23
Q

What is found in the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and vertebral bones?

A

Epidural space

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25
Q

What is inflammation of the meninges known as?

A

Meningitus

26
Q

What can happen in those with meningitis?

A

Neurological damage or death

27
Q

Which two layers is the subdural space found in between?

A

Dura mata
Arachnoid mata

28
Q

Where does the blood supply for the spinal cord come from?

A

Branches from the aorta

29
Q

What drains the spinal cord and vertebrae?

A

Vertebral venous plexus

30
Q

Plexus=?

A

Network

31
Q

Where would you find the vertebral venous plexus?

A

Fatty tissue in the episudral space

32
Q

Do the veins in the vertebral venous plexus have valves?

A

No

33
Q

What can the venous plexus provide a route for?

A

The metastasis of cancer cells

34
Q

What are nerves emerging from the spinal cord called?

A

Spinal nerves

35
Q

Which signals does a spinal nerve carry?

A

Spinal nerves are mixed nerves so carry motor, sensory and autonomic signals.

36
Q

Which fibres allow for voluntary movement?

A

Somatic fibres

37
Q

Which fibres allow for involuntary movement?

A

Autonomic fibres

38
Q

Give examples of involuntary structures.

A

Glands
Organs
Involuntary muscles e.g. cardiac

39
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibres arise from?

A

Lateral horn cells

40
Q

Where are lateral horn cells located?

A

T1-L2

41
Q

Where in the spinal cord is the origin for somatic fibres?

A

Anterior horn

42
Q

Where in the spinal cord is the origin for autonomic fibres?

A

Lateral horn

43
Q

How many ganglia are present in the autonomic pathway?

A

2

44
Q

What is another term for sympathetic chain?

A

Paravertebral ganglia

45
Q

What do white rami communicants do?

A

Carry sympathetic fibres from the spinal nerve to the sympathetic chain ganglion.

46
Q

What do grey rami communicants do?

A

Carry sympathetic fires from the paravertebral ganglia/sympathetic chain back to the ventral rami of spinal nerve.

47
Q

Which plexus supplies the upper limb?

A

Brachial plexus

48
Q

Which plexus supplies the lower limbs?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

49
Q

Are white rami communicants myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Myelinated

50
Q

Are grey rami communicants myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Unmyelinated

51
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk composed of?

A

Interconnected ganglia

52
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres arise from the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2

53
Q

Describe the three ways sympathetic nerve fibres can supply structures out with T1-L2.

A
  1. Synapse in chain ganglia at the same spinal level before exiting the chain.
  2. Ascend/descend within the sympathetic chain before synapsing in a different ganglion to the one it lies next to.
  3. Run through the chain without synapsing and synapse instead in a prevertebral ganglion in the abdomen
54
Q

When would be a common example of a sympathetic fibre synapsing in the chain ganglia at the same spinal level?

A

When suppling the skin

55
Q

What are splanchnic nerves?

A

Nerves which arise from within the sympathetic thoracic trunk to innervate the abdomen

56
Q

How can parasympathetic nerves be carried?

A

By some cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

57
Q

Give an example of a cranial nerve which can carry parasympathetic fibres.

A

Vagus nerve

58
Q

Which spinal nerves can carry parasympathetic fibres?

A

S2-4

59
Q

Give some examples of large autonomic nerve plexuses.

A

Cardiac (in thorax)
Pulmonary
Coeliac (in abdomen)
Superior hypogastric (abdomen)
Inferior hypogastric (pelvis)

60
Q

How do upper and lower imbs receive theeir autonomic supply?

A

Sympathetic nerves

61
Q

Do parasympathetic nerves travel or supply to any limbs?

A

No

Year 1- Anatomy (30 decks)

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