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Year 1- Anatomy > Lungs and Pleura > Flashcards

Lungs and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nose, pharynx and larynx.

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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3
Q

What is the basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary alveoli

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4
Q

Where does the respiratory tract start?

A

At the nose.

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5
Q

Where does the trachea start?

A

At the lower part of the larynx

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6
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate (divide into to forks)?

A

At the level of the sternal angle (lower border of the T4 vertebrae).

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7
Q

How many bronchi does the trachea give rise to?

A

2 main bronchi

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8
Q

What does the tracheobronchial tree refer to?

A

The branching structure of airways consisting of a conducting and respiratory portion.

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9
Q

Which components make up the conducting portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main bronchus
  3. Lobar bronchus
  4. Segmental bronchus
  5. Conducting bronchiole
  6. Terminal bronchiole
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10
Q

Which components make up the respiratory portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchiole
  2. Alveolar duct
  3. Alveolar sac
  4. Alveolus
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11
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the conducting or respiratory portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

Respiratory portion

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12
Q

What type of cartilage provides support to the larynx, trachea and bronchi?

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the right main bronchus divide into?

A

3

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14
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the left main bronchus divide into?

A

2

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15
Q

Name the lobes of the left lung

A

Superior and inferior lobes

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16
Q

Name the lobes of the right lung.

A

Superior, inferior and middle lobes.

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17
Q

Name the fissure which divides the left lung.

A

Oblique fissure- divides superior and inferior lobes

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18
Q

Name the fissures of the right lung and what they divide.

A

Horizontal fissure divides the superior lobe from the middle lobe.
Oblique fissure divides the middle and inferior lobes.

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19
Q

Name the three surfaces of the lungs.

A

Costal
Mediastinal (medial)
Diaphragmatic (inferior).

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20
Q

What kind of tissue are the lungs composed of?

A

Elastic tissue

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21
Q

At what level is the horizontal fissure?

A

Level of the fourth rib

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22
Q

What is the principle muslce of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

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23
Q

What muscles does expiration require?

A

Passive process so does not require muscles as the diaphragm relaxes.

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24
Q

What are lung hilum?

A

Area located on medial/mediastinal surface of the lungs.

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25
What are lung roots?
A group of structures that enter or leave the lung hilum
26
Give examples of structures of the lung root.
Bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics and nerves.
27
How many pulmonary veins in the lung roots?
2- superior and inferior
28
What structure is in the same place in both the right and left lung roots?
Pulmonary veins
29
In the left lung roots, where is the pulmonary artery?
Superior part (top hehe)
30
In the right lung, where is the pulmonary artery?
Middle left
31
In the left lung, where is the bronchus?
Middle left
32
In the right lung, where is the bronchus?
Top nits
33
How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?
8-10 depending on the book
34
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
A portion of lung supplied by a specific segmental bronchus and its vessels.
35
How many bronchial arteries are there in the left lung?
2
36
Name the type of bronchial artery in the left lung.
Thoracic aorta
37
How many bronchial arteries in the right lung?
1
38
Name the bronchial artery in the right lung.
Posterior intercostal artery
39
Name the bronchial veins in the lungs.
Azygous and accessory hemizygous system.
40
List the ways that lymph can be drained from the lungs.
1. Pulmonary LN 2. Bronchopulmonary LN 3. Tracheobronchial LN 4. Broncho-mediastinal LN 5. Broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk btw LN= lymph node
41
What is the autonomic innervation of the lungs?
Pulmonary Plexus
42
Where is the parasympathetic innervation?
Vagus nerve
43
Where is the sympathetic innervation of the lungs?
T2-T5
44
What are the lungs and interior of the thorax covered by?
Pleural membranes
45
Which pleura is completely attached to the lungs?
Visceral pleura
46
Name the two types of pleura
Visceral Parietal
47
What is pleural effusion?
A build-up of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall
48
What is it called when you have a build-up of blood in the pleural cavity?
Hemothorax
49
What is it called when you have a build-up of air in the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax
50
What nerve supplies the parietal pleura?
Somatic nerves (intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves).
51
What nerves supplies the visceral pleura?
Autonomic nerves
52
Which nerve supply is pain sensitive?
Parietal pleura
53
Define pleural reflection.
Place at which parietal pleura changes its direction of travel
54
Define pleural recess.
The increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections.
55
Which ribs does the inferior margin of the lung cross?
Rib 6, 8, 10
56
Where does the inferior margin of the lungs cross ribs 6, 8 and 10?
Crosses rib 6 in the midclavicular line, rib 8 in the midaxillary line and rib 10 in the paravertebral line.
57
What line does the hozirontal fissure follow?
Line of the fourth rib anteriorly.
58
What line does the oblique fissure follow?
Begins at spine of T3/T2 and follows the line of the 6th rib anteriorly.
59
What is asthma?
Immune disorder due to inflammation of the airways which can constrict bronchial smooth muscle.
60
What are some side effects of asthma?
Increased mucous production Increased airway resistance Difficulty breathing
61
What is thoracocentesis?
Removal of fluid around the lungs.
62
What is it called when there is pus in the pleural cavaity?
Empyema
63
Name the four parts of the parietal pleura.
Costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic and cervical pleura

Year 1- Anatomy (30 decks)

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