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Year 1- Anatomy > Lungs and Pleura > Flashcards

Lungs and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nose, pharynx and larynx.

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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3
Q

What is the basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary alveoli

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4
Q

Where does the respiratory tract start?

A

At the nose.

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5
Q

Where does the trachea start?

A

At the lower part of the larynx

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6
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate (divide into to forks)?

A

At the level of the sternal angle (lower border of the T4 vertebrae).

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7
Q

How many bronchi does the trachea give rise to?

A

2 main bronchi

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8
Q

What does the tracheobronchial tree refer to?

A

The branching structure of airways consisting of a conducting and respiratory portion.

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9
Q

Which components make up the conducting portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main bronchus
  3. Lobar bronchus
  4. Segmental bronchus
  5. Conducting bronchiole
  6. Terminal bronchiole
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10
Q

Which components make up the respiratory portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchiole
  2. Alveolar duct
  3. Alveolar sac
  4. Alveolus
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11
Q

Does gas exchange occur in the conducting or respiratory portion of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

Respiratory portion

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12
Q

What type of cartilage provides support to the larynx, trachea and bronchi?

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the right main bronchus divide into?

A

3

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14
Q

How many lobar bronchi does the left main bronchus divide into?

A

2

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15
Q

Name the lobes of the left lung

A

Superior and inferior lobes

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16
Q

Name the lobes of the right lung.

A

Superior, inferior and middle lobes.

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17
Q

Name the fissure which divides the left lung.

A

Oblique fissure- divides superior and inferior lobes

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18
Q

Name the fissures of the right lung and what they divide.

A

Horizontal fissure divides the superior lobe from the middle lobe.
Oblique fissure divides the middle and inferior lobes.

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19
Q

Name the three surfaces of the lungs.

A

Costal
Mediastinal (medial)
Diaphragmatic (inferior).

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20
Q

What kind of tissue are the lungs composed of?

A

Elastic tissue

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21
Q

At what level is the horizontal fissure?

A

Level of the fourth rib

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22
Q

What is the principle muslce of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

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23
Q

What muscles does expiration require?

A

Passive process so does not require muscles as the diaphragm relaxes.

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24
Q

What are lung hilum?

A

Area located on medial/mediastinal surface of the lungs.

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25
Q

What are lung roots?

A

A group of structures that enter or leave the lung hilum

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26
Q

Give examples of structures of the lung root.

A

Bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics and nerves.

27
Q

How many pulmonary veins in the lung roots?

A

2- superior and inferior

28
Q

What structure is in the same place in both the right and left lung roots?

A

Pulmonary veins

29
Q

In the left lung roots, where is the pulmonary artery?

A

Superior part (top hehe)

30
Q

In the right lung, where is the pulmonary artery?

A

Middle left

31
Q

In the left lung, where is the bronchus?

A

Middle left

32
Q

In the right lung, where is the bronchus?

A

Top nits

33
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

8-10 depending on the book

34
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

A portion of lung supplied by a specific segmental bronchus and its vessels.

35
Q

How many bronchial arteries are there in the left lung?

A

2

36
Q

Name the type of bronchial artery in the left lung.

A

Thoracic aorta

37
Q

How many bronchial arteries in the right lung?

A

1

38
Q

Name the bronchial artery in the right lung.

A

Posterior intercostal artery

39
Q

Name the bronchial veins in the lungs.

A

Azygous and accessory hemizygous system.

40
Q

List the ways that lymph can be drained from the lungs.

A
  1. Pulmonary LN
  2. Bronchopulmonary LN
  3. Tracheobronchial LN
  4. Broncho-mediastinal LN
  5. Broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk

btw LN= lymph node

41
Q

What is the autonomic innervation of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary Plexus

42
Q

Where is the parasympathetic innervation?

A

Vagus nerve

43
Q

Where is the sympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

T2-T5

44
Q

What are the lungs and interior of the thorax covered by?

A

Pleural membranes

45
Q

Which pleura is completely attached to the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

46
Q

Name the two types of pleura

A

Visceral
Parietal

47
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

A build-up of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall

48
Q

What is it called when you have a build-up of blood in the pleural cavity?

A

Hemothorax

49
Q

What is it called when you have a build-up of air in the pleural cavity?

A

Pneumothorax

50
Q

What nerve supplies the parietal pleura?

A

Somatic nerves (intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves).

51
Q

What nerves supplies the visceral pleura?

A

Autonomic nerves

52
Q

Which nerve supply is pain sensitive?

A

Parietal pleura

53
Q

Define pleural reflection.

A

Place at which parietal pleura changes its direction of travel

54
Q

Define pleural recess.

A

The increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections.

55
Q

Which ribs does the inferior margin of the lung cross?

A

Rib 6, 8, 10

56
Q

Where does the inferior margin of the lungs cross ribs 6, 8 and 10?

A

Crosses rib 6 in the midclavicular line, rib 8 in the midaxillary line and rib 10 in the paravertebral line.

57
Q

What line does the hozirontal fissure follow?

A

Line of the fourth rib anteriorly.

58
Q

What line does the oblique fissure follow?

A

Begins at spine of T3/T2 and follows the line of the 6th rib anteriorly.

59
Q

What is asthma?

A

Immune disorder due to inflammation of the airways which can constrict bronchial smooth muscle.

60
Q

What are some side effects of asthma?

A

Increased mucous production
Increased airway resistance
Difficulty breathing

61
Q

What is thoracocentesis?

A

Removal of fluid around the lungs.

62
Q

What is it called when there is pus in the pleural cavaity?

A

Empyema

63
Q

Name the four parts of the parietal pleura.

A

Costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic and cervical pleura

Year 1- Anatomy (30 decks)

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