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Year 1- Anatomy > Embryology 3 > Flashcards

Embryology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which four structures does the embryo need to develop in terms of the respiratory system?

A

Trachea
Lungs
Pleura
Diaphragm

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the bilaminar disc?

A

Epiblast
Hypoblast

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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4
Q

What is the name of the process which turns the bilaminar disc to the trilaminar disc?

A

Gastrulation

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5
Q

What else is found between the trilaminar disc?

A

Notochord

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6
Q

What happens during lateral folding?

A

Somatic mesoderm folds down to surround the splanchnic mesoderm of the intraembryonic body cavity

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7
Q

What happens to the yolk sac during the lateral folding process?

A

It gets absorbed into the primitive gut.

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8
Q

Where do the lungs and trachea form from?

A

Foregut part of the primitive gut tube

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9
Q

What does the folding of the embryo give rise to?

A

Primitive gut tube

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10
Q

Where does the primitive gut tube form from?

A

Endoderm

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11
Q

Where is the somatic layer of the mesoderm?

A

Close to the endoderm.

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12
Q

Where is the splanchnic layer of the mesoderm?

A

Close to endoderm/gut tube

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13
Q

At how many weeks do the lung buds form?

A

4

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14
Q

Where do the lung and trachea buds come from?

A

Bud out from the ventral/anterior wall of the primitive foregut (endoderm)

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15
Q

What are the lung and trachea buds closely surrounded by?

A

Lateral plate splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm

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16
Q

Where is the trachea related to the oesophagus?

A

Trachea lies anterior to oesophagus

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17
Q

What are the three portions of the gut?

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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18
Q

What develops between the oesophagus/pharynx and the trachea, completely separating them?

A

Oesophagotracheal septum

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19
Q

What may occur is the oesophagotracheal septum doesn’t form?

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF) and Oesophageal Atresia

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19
Q

Define fistula

A

An abnormal passage between 2 epithelialized tubes or surfaces.

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20
Q

Define artesia.

A

Condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is closed or absent.

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21
Q

What type of pleura is the lung covered with?

A

Visceral

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22
Q

What type of pleura are the lungs lined with?

A

Parietal pleura

23
Q

Describe the growing of the lung buds.

A

Each lung bud invaginates the wall of the coelomic cavity and then grwos to fill a greater part of the cavity.
Pleura then forms.

24
Q

What happens to the coelomic cavity as a result of the lungs growing?

A

Reduced to a slitlike space known as the pleural cavity

25
Q

Where does the pleura develop from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

26
Q

Which layers of the lateral plate mesoderm forms-
1. the visceral pleura
2. the parietal pleura

A
  1. Visceral= splanchnic layer
  2. Parietal= somatic layer
27
Q

Describe the formation of the pleural cavity

A

Lung buds push the splanchnic mesoderm towards the somatic mesoderm and become completely surrounded by both layers.

The space between the two layers will become the pleural cavity.

28
Q

However, the space between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm around the lungs is initially continuous with what?
What is this continuity called?

A

Pericardial and peritoneal cavity

Pericardioperitoneal canal.

29
Q

Why does the pleural cavity need to be separated off from the pericardioal and peritoneal cavity?

A

To maintain the correct ventilatory pleural cavity pressures.

30
Q

How is the the pericardoperitoneal canal separated from the pericardial cavity?

A

Formation of the pleuropericardial folds

31
Q

Describe the structure of pleuropericardial folds.

A

Formed from the body wall and lined by somatic mesoderm

32
Q

When is the Pseudoglandular stage?

A

7-17 weeks

33
Q

What happens in the Pseudoglandular stage?

A

Development of lung except respiratory part

34
Q

When is the Canalicular stage ?

A

Weeks 17-27

35
Q

What happens in the Canalicular stage ?

A

Formation of respiratory part. Alveolar ducts form and epithelium starts to differentiate into Type I and Type II pneumocytes

36
Q

When is the Saccular stage ?

A

Weeks 27-40

37
Q

What happens in the Saccular stage ?

A

Formation of alveolar sacs, primitive alveoli and surfactant

38
Q

At what stage does gas exchange begin to happen?

A

Saccular stage

39
Q

When is the alveolar stage?

A

32 weeks-8 years old

40
Q

What happens in the alveolar stage?

A

Proliferation of alveoli into alveolar scas

41
Q

What is Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome ?

A

Partial collapse of the alveoli

42
Q

hat cuases Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

Surfacing deficiency

43
Q

What % of neonates are affected by Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

2%

44
Q

What happens because of the partial collapse of the alveoli?

A

Debris consisting of blood elements accumulate

->this gives a glassy appearance under the microscope because of hyaline membranes

45
Q

What is lung agenesis caused by?

A

-Failure of lung bud to develop/ branch

-Insufficient mesoderm

-Teratogens

46
Q

What is pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

Incomplete development of the lungs, resulting inan abnormally low number or size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli.

47
Q

What closes off the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen?

A

Pleuroperitoneal folds/membranes forming the diaphragm

48
Q

What part of the diaphragm does Septum transversum form?

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm

49
Q

What forms the muscular part of the diaphragm?

A

Skeletal muscle ingrowth from the peripheral body wall

50
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus do?

A

Attaches the embryological oesophagus to the posterior thoracic wall

51
Q

Skeletal muscle from the periphery covers the dorsal mesentery to form what?

A

Diaphragmatic crura.

52
Q

Name the four structures which form the diaphrgam.

A

Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal folds
Skeletal muscle ingrowth from the peripheral body wall
The dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus

53
Q

Name three weak areas in the developed diaphragm

A

Oesophageal hiatus
Foramen of Bochdalek
Foramen of Morgagni

54
Q

What can happen at the Foramen of Bochdalek or the Foramen of Morgagni?

A

Diaphragmatic hernia

55
Q

What can happen at the Oesophageal hiatus?

A

Hiatus hernia

56
Q

Define hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it.

Year 1- Anatomy (30 decks)

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