Back and Vertebral Column Flashcards
How many regions are there in the vertebral column?
5
What is the verebral column?
The skeleton of the back and neck
name the four functions of the vertebral column.
Weight bearing
Protection
Movement
Site for muscle attachment
Discuss the weight wearing function of the verebral coluumn
Carries & transmits weight from upper body down to the lower limbs
Main function of vertebral bodies
Curvatures & intervertebral discs provide shock absorption
Describe how the size of vertebral bodies differs in the vertebral column
Increase in size from the superior to inferior.
What do spinal curvatures provide?
Flexible support (shoch absorbing resilience).
Name spinal curvatures in the vertebral column
Thoracic and sarcal kyphoses
Crvical and lumbar lordoses
When do the Cervical & lumbar
lordoses develop?
In the satges of infancy
When do the thoracic and sarcal kyphoses develop?
In the fetus
Give an example of excessive thorcic kyphosis.
Osteoporosis
Give an example of Excessive lumbar lordosis
Pregnancy
how can scoliosis arise?
Inbalance in grwoth of back muscles or vertebrae.
Can occur in different lengths pf lowr limbs
Name the components of a typical vertebra
Vertebral body
Pedicle
Superior and inferior artiular processes
Lamina
Spinous process
Transverse process
Whichpart of the vertbra makes up the weight bearing part?
Vertebral body
what structures make up the vertebral arch?
All by vertebral body
so-
Pedicle
Superior and inferior artiular processes
Lamina
Spinous process
Transverse process
What are the bottom parts of the vertebrae called?
Sacral and coccygeal vertebraes
List the other three components starting with the most superioor.
Cervical
Thorcic
Lumbar
Where do you find the cervical vertebraes?
In the neck.
Describe the shapes of the bottom of the structure for the upper vertebraes (C, T, L)
Cervical- rectangle
Thoracic- heart
Lumbar- rounder.
which vertebrae has two processes sticking out?
Cervical vertebrae
Which vertebraes are longer and have a downwards orientation?
Thoracic
Which vertebraes are shorter and ticker?
Lumbar
Which vertebrae has a blood vessel coming in?
Cervical
What is the name for the frame which allows a blood vessels into the cervical vertebraes?
Foramen transversarium
What re the two components of the intervertebral discs?
2 components: central core with high water content surrounded by rings of fibrocartilage
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
Shock absorbtion.
What component of the intervertebral discs assist with shock absorbtion?
The water(?)
What happens in a slipped disc?
What does the vertinterverebral disc stays in place as attached to vertebrae but the herniated nucleus pulposus has been squeezed out of the disc.
hat does the vertebral column protect?
The spinal cord and nerves
How do nerves come off the spinal nerve?
The spinal nerves leave from the interveretral foramen.
What are the three membranes protecting the spinal cord?
Dua Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Dura Mater
What is found in the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid.
What types of movment does the spine assist with?
Extension and flexion of leaning forwards and backwards.
Rotaion of head and neck.
Rotation of upper trunk.
Lateral flexion and extension of the neck.
name the joints of the vertebral column.
-Inververtebral discs- symposis joint (secondary cartiligaenous joint)
-Facet joints
Joints w ribs
Skull and atlas
name the joints of the vertebral column.
-Inververtebral discs- symposis joint (secondary cartiligaenous joint)
-Facet joints
Joints w ribs
Skull and atlas
Atlas and axis
What number of vertebrae is the atlas?
C1
What number of vertebrae is the axis?
C2
what type of joint is the intervertebral discs?
Symphysis
What type of joint are the facet joints?
Synovial plane
What type of joint are the joints in ribs?
Synovial
What kind of joints are the skull and axis?
Synovial ellipsoid
What kind of joints are the atlas and axis?
Synovial pivot
From the side, what do cervical vertebraes look like?
\
From the side, what do thoracic vertebrae’s look like?
I
Parallel
From the side, what do lumbar vertebraes look like?
\ /
What region is good for flexion and extension?
Lumbar
Name the ligaments of the vertebral column.
Anteriior longitudl-
Posterior longitudinal-
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligaments
Ligamentum flvum- prevents vertebrae getting pulled apart
What can the anterior longitudinal prevent?
Prevents hyperextension as at the front of the spine
What can the osterior longitudinal prevent?
Prevents hyperflexion.
What are the intrinsic muscles?
Muscles which only act on the back
What are erector spinae?
Intrinisc back muscles which assits with extrension mainly, but also lateral flexion and ‘controlling’ flexion.
help with flexion but do not write this as an answer as the main function is extension!!!
Where do extrinsic back muscles extend to?
Head
Limbs
Thorax
Abdomen
Give an example of controlling flexion
Bowing
Where are erector spinae?
Posterior to the spinal cord
Where are intrinsic back muscles found?
Anterior to the spinal cord
What structure is found right next to the spine?
Sympathtic trunk.
What is found in the sympathetic trunk?
Sympathetic ganglia
Where are para and pre vertebral ganglia found
In front of the spine idk look it up pls soz bestie
what can happen to the vertebral column due to aging?
-Weakness of back muscles
-Osteoartiritis
-Osteoporosis
What can weakness of back muscls lead to?
Imbalanced loading of the spine
Back pain.
What can osteoarthritis lead to?
Paiin and stiffness of joints
What can osteoporosis lead to?
Compression fractures altering the curvature of the spine.
Describe the movement that the cervical region of the vertebral column gives rise to.
All movement
Describe the movement that the thoracic region of the vertebral column gives rise to.
Rotation
Slight flexion/extension
Describe the movement that the lumbar region of the vertebral column gives rise to.
Flexion and extension
Slight rotation
Which part of the vertebral column supports the weight of the upper body?
Lumbar
Which part of the lumbar section does a lumbar puncture take place
L3-4
Why does a lumbar puncture take place at L3-4?
Spinous processes are furthest apart so it is easier to get the needle into the subarachnoid space.
What kind of joint is found between ribs?
Synovial plane joints
At what level of the vertebra is the inferior angle of the scapula?
T7
Which region of the body is the brachial artery found?
Arm
Where does the ulnar artery arise?
Level of the radial neck
What are the two branches of the brachial artery?
Radial artery and ulnar artery
