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Year 1- Anatomy > Muscles and Nerves > Flashcards

Muscles and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the origin/insertion ends of a muscle?

A

Origin- usually at the stationary end.
insertion- usually in the moving end.

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2
Q

Muscles tendons are composed of?

A

Non-fleshy, fibrous, dense regular connective tissue at the ends of the muscle

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3
Q

Where are the fibres of a tendon embedded?v

A

Periosteum of the bone

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4
Q

The anterior tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles are flat, thin and broad.

what is this type of tendon referred to as?

A

An aponeurosis.

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5
Q

Do muscles push or pull on bones?

A

pull

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6
Q

Where is the main tendon of the diaphram?

A

In the centre

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7
Q

Give an example of skeletal muscles helping to support the body.

A

shoulder muscles help to maintain posture.

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8
Q

What are the three ways the action of a muscle can be predicted?

A

Shape, orientation and its attachments.

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9
Q

Name the three functions
of muscle

A

Movement, heat production and static support.

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10
Q

Name where the three types of movement take place.

A

Skeleton, intestines and heart and blood vessels.

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11
Q

What does static support do?

A

Provides support in static positions like standing upright.

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12
Q

How do muscles produce heat?

A

When proteins function, they rpoduce heat in the body. This is why when exercising, it can warm us up.

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13
Q

Name the three types of muscle.

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal.

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14
Q

What types of muscle are voluntarily controlled and what does this mean?

A

Skeletal- we choose to move it i.e. lifting our arm up.

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15
Q

What types of muscles are involuntarily controlled and what does this mean?

A

Smooth and cardiac-do not have consious control over these movements.

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16
Q

Describe the look of skeletal muscle.

A

Skeletal muscle has striations (pink bars in diagrams) are muscle fibres. Can see cell bodies and nuclei. Often not direcetly in the centre of msucle fibres. Muscle fibres tend to be parallel.

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17
Q

Describe the look of smooth muscle.

A

Smooth msucle has no striations hence more smooth. No distict muscle fibres

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18
Q

Describe the look of cardiac muscle.

A

Cardiac muscle is also striated. Muscle fibres are bracnhing out and reconnecting.

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19
Q

How are muscles attached to the skelteon?

A

Via tendons which involves different layers of conncetive tissues and membranes which cover different parts of the muscle.

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20
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Outer layer of fibrous tissue which surrounds the whole bone.

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21
Q

Where is the perimysium found?

A

Around bundles of muscle fibres.

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22
Q

What are fassicles?

A

Bundles of fibres (can be nerve fibres or muscle fibres).

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23
Q

What does the endomysium do?

A

Covers muscle fibres.

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24
Q

what does the architecture of muscle mean?

A

The arrangement of fassicles.

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25
Q

What are the two kinds of skeletal muscle?

A

Parallel and pennate muscles.

26
Q

Describe the positioning of parallel muscle.

A

Muscle fibres run alongside each other and reconnect at the tendon.

27
Q

Describe the positioning of pennate muscles.

A

Muscle fibres run towards the muscle at an angle.

28
Q

Descirbe the positioning of bipennate muscles.

A

Muscle fibres running towards the muscle at an angle on both sides of the muscle.

29
Q

Describe the positioning of multipennate muscles.

A

Muscle fibres arranged in multiple angles related to the axis.

30
Q

Where is the Aponeurosis and what is it composed of?

A

In the abdomen whiich covers abdominal wall. Flat sheet on tendon. Made of collagen fibres.

31
Q

Do tendons shorten?

A

No. Muscles shorten and contract but muscles do not.

32
Q

What are tendons made of?

A

Dense, fibrous connective tissue.

33
Q

How do msucles go into action?

A

Muscles taht go over any joint be acivated that joint. Some muscles can go over more than one joint.

For example, tricep passes over shoulder joints and the shoulder joint becomes active.

34
Q

What is the function of deltoid muscles?

A

Delotid muscles have more than one action. Can do flextion at shoulder joint, abduction and flexion. Rrae example of muscle that can perfrom flexation and extention at the same joint.

35
Q

What is the function of erector spinae muscles?

A

Erector spines maintain the posture of the back and help to maintain an upright posture.

36
Q

Explain how muscles work together at the elbow joint.

A

Flexors and extensors working in opposition

37
Q

Explain how muscles work together at the shoulder joint.

A

Stabilised by joint action of rotator cuff muscles

38
Q

Describe how muscles work together in the hands.

A

Forearm muscles for powerful grip, intrinsic hand muscles for precision

39
Q

How are muscles at the same compartment supplied by nevres?

A

If muscles are in the same compartment, they are supplied by the same nerve.

40
Q

What never supplies all extensors in the upper limb?

A

Radial nerve.

41
Q

Where does the C1 spinal nerve exists?

A

Between the skull and the atlas.

42
Q

How many spinal nerves pairs are there and how many regions?

A

31 pairs, 5 regions.

43
Q

What is meant by the term plexus?

A

Network

44
Q

What originates in plexuses?

A

Nerves supplying the upper and lower limbs.

45
Q

Where is the spinal nerve>

A

The point before the two pathways meet . (on a diagram).

46
Q

What is the fibre distribution in the roots of the spinal nerve?

A

Can be either motor OR sensory.

47
Q

What is the fibre distribution in the spinal nerves?

A

Can be BOTH motor and sensory

48
Q

What is the fibre distribution in the rami?

A

Can be BOTH motor and sensory

49
Q

What can a motor unit do?

A

Supply a varying number of muscle fibres.

50
Q

Where is he deltoid muscle found?

A

I the soulder region

51
Q

What is the purpose of a ligament?

A

Attaches bone to a bone.

52
Q

Is the deltoid muscle appendricular or axial?

A

Appendicular.

53
Q

Where is the pectoralis major muscle?

A

In the chest.

54
Q

Is the pectoralis major muscle appendicular or axial?

A

Axial

55
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the pectineus major

A

Origin- Superior pubic ramus (pectineal line of pubis)
Insertion- Pectineal line of femur

56
Q

How many joints are crossed by muscle biceps brachii?

Name them.

A

3

->glenohumeral, elbow and radio-ulnar joints

57
Q

Which bones are the tendons of biceps brachii attached?

A

The tendon of this muscle is attached to the inner protrusion near the head of the radius.

58
Q

How many joints are crossed by triceps brachii?
Name them.

A

2
Glenohumoral joint (shoulder)
Elbow

59
Q

All arm and forearm muscle compartments are supplied with nerves from nerve networks found in?

A

The brachial plexus

60
Q

All thigh and leg muscle compartments are supplied with nerves from the nerve networks found in?

A

The lumbosacral plexus.

61
Q

Where do the nerves from the brachial plexus originate?

A

From spinal nerve roots C5-T1

Year 1- Anatomy (30 decks)

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