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Year 1- Anatomy > Histology of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histology of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the physical process required for respiration.

A

Ventilation which involves inspiratory and expiratory movement of the chest wall/

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2
Q

Describe the chemical process required for respiration.

A

Exchange of gas takes place between air and blood takes places at a cellular level.

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3
Q

List the components of the upper respiratory system (for practice).

A

Nose, pharynx and larynx

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4
Q

List the components of the lower system (for practice).

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

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5
Q

Name the two functional parts of the respiratory system.

A

Conducting and respiratory portions

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6
Q

What happens in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

No gaseous exchange takes place here with the bloodstream

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7
Q

Which components make up the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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8
Q

What happens in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Gaseous exchange takes place within the bloodstream.

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9
Q

Which components make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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10
Q

What are the parasympathetic innervations of the respiratory system?

A

: Bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion, vasodilatation

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11
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the respiratory system?

A

Bronchodilation

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12
Q

What gas goes into the alveoli and which gas is released?

A

CO2 in
Oxygen released

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13
Q

What type of cell covers in the inner lining of the alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes

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14
Q

What the thickness of the alveoli to allow gas exchange to take place?

A

0.2 microns

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15
Q

What happens if there is fluid in the alveoli?

A

Fluid increases the thickness of the alveoli and gas cannot diffuse properly, causing breathlessness.

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16
Q

Name the four main layers of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelium and supporting lamina propria)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Cartilage and/or Muscle layer
  4. Adventitia
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17
Q

Name the glands found in the submucosa layer.

A

Seromucous glands

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18
Q

What happens to the number and quantity of cartilage as it gets further down the respiratory tract?

A

It decreases

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19
Q

What type of layer is there between the mucosa and submucosa layers?

A

Smooth muscle

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20
Q

In the trachea, what is the muscle layer replaced by?

A

Elastic tissue

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea.

A

Wide, flexible tube composed of 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages.

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22
Q

What is the length and diameter of the trachea?

A

15-20cm long
2-3cm diameter

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23
Q

Where is the trachea situated?

A

Between the larynx and a cartilage called carina.

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24
Q

What type of cartilage are the C shaped tracheal cartilages made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

What are the gaps between the rings of cartilage filled with?

A

Trachealis muscle and fibroelastic tissue.

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26
Q

What is the function of the mucosa and submucosa?

A

Warm and moisten the air, and to trap foreign particles in mucous.

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27
Q

What do the cartilage in the trachea do regarding the lumen?

A

Keeps the lumen patent

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28
Q

Describe the function of the lumen

A

Thick mucous layer in the lumen which traps foreign partilces.

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29
Q

Describe the tissue of the mucosa.

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

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30
Q

What are basal cells?

A

Stem cells which can regenerate the columnar cells if these are damaged or renewal is needed.

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31
Q

Where are basal cells found?

A

Base of the respiratory epithelium.

32
Q

What does the lamina propria contain?

A

Areolar connective tissue

33
Q

What is found in areolar connective tissue?

A

Elastin and blood vessels.
Potentially macrophages and other immune cells.

34
Q

What lines the tracheobronchial tree?

A

Respiratory epithelium.

35
Q

What do goblet cells do in the respiratory system?

A

They secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.

36
Q

Where is lamina propria?

A

Under the epithelium.

37
Q

Which type of gland is in the submucosa?

A

Mixed sero-mucous glands

38
Q

In which direction are any particles trapped by the mucous in the submucosa transported?

A

Upwards towards the pharynx by cilia on the epithelium.

39
Q

What is the function of Adventitia?

A

Connects and supports trachea to surrounding tissue, eg. thyroid and oesophagus.

40
Q

What does Adventitia contain?

A

Contains nerves, vessels and adipose tissue.

41
Q

What type of tissue is laminar propria?

A

Loose connective tissue

42
Q

RECAP- Describe the division of the trachea to the rest of the respiratory system.

A

Trachea branches into two principle bronchi- one right and left
Principle bronchi divide into secondary and then tertiary bronchi

43
Q

RECAP- how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

44
Q

RECAP-how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

45
Q

Which bronchi is the primary bronchi?

A

Primary/principle bronchi

46
Q

Describe the cartilage of the intrapulmonary bronchi

A

Less cartilage and does not fully surround the lumen

47
Q

What are the gaps in the cartilage of intrapulmonary bronchi known as?

A

Cartilage plates

48
Q

Which bronchi has layers of smooth muscle between the mucosa and submucosa?

A

Intrapulmonary bronchi

49
Q

What is the diameter of a brocnhiole?

A

1mm or less

50
Q

What tissue are bronchioles covered with?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

51
Q

Which bronchioles have non-ciliated columnar epitherlium?

A

Smaller bronchioles like tertiary bronchioles.

52
Q

Do bronchioles have more or less smooth muscles than the bronchi?

A

More

53
Q

What do Clara cells in bronchioles do?

A

Secrete surfacant

54
Q

Which cells/glands etc are seen in bronchus but not bronchioles?

A

Goblet cells (a few goblet cell may be found in the initial part)
Ciliated cells
Submucosal Glands
Cartilage

55
Q

What tissue is the respiratory bronchioles made of?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

if you look at powerpoint and are confused, Dr Shahana said there was a typo xo

56
Q

What are alveolar ducts surrounded by?

A

Smooth muscles, elastin and collagen

57
Q

What are the alveolar sacs surrounded by?

A

Blood vessels/pulmonary capillaries.

58
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Blood vessels/pulmonary capillaries.

59
Q

RECAP-where does gas exchange between blood and air take place?

A

Alveoli

60
Q

What are elastic fibres important for?

A

The recoil function of the lung during inspiration and expiration.

61
Q

Which part of the airway has no cartilage?

A

Bronchiole

62
Q

Is the smooth muscle layer of the bronchioles thicker or thinner than that of the bronchi?

A

Thicker

63
Q

Describe the epithelium of bronchioles.

A

Simple columnar with few cilia.

64
Q

Are there glands in the laminar propria of bronchioles?

A

No

65
Q

What are the two main cells of the epithelium of the alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes
Type 2 pneumoncytes

66
Q

What epithelium are type one pneumocytes made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

67
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes do?

A

Secrete ‘surfactant’ which decreases alveolar surface tension and stops alveoli collapsing when we breathe out.

68
Q

What type of cell helps to trap dust in the alveoli?

A

Macrophages

69
Q

Where does gas exchange in the alveoli take place through?

A

Takes place through the endothelial cell of the capillary, basement membrane and type I pneumocyte.

70
Q

REVISION TASK-optional don’t hate me pls

A

Look at Term 2, week 2 anatomy lectured part three, 10 mins in at the diagram on the left. May help to remember which cells are in which compartment :)

Also 12 mins in is a table which you could copy out to help memory?

71
Q

What do club cells do?

A

Club cell=clara cell!

Protect airways
Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
Produce surfactant

72
Q

List four things which the conducting part of the respiratory system is characterised by.

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
    -goblet cells
    -gland tissue
    -hyaline cartilage.
73
Q

List three things which the respiratory part of the respiratory system is characterised by.

A

-epithelium gradual transition from cuboidal to simple squamous.
-cartilage ends
-abundant smooth muscle, elastic fibres, reticular fibres

74
Q

FINALLY

A

There are questions at the end of the powerpoint slides for these lectures if you want some anatomy questions :) warning idk how easy they are but ig that’s good practice

75
Q

oops nm what level is the carina at?

A

Around the fourth thoracic vertebrae and also around the level of the sternal angle anteriorly.

Year 1- Anatomy (30 decks)

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