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Master Sommelier Theory 2025 > South Africa > Flashcards

South Africa Flashcards

1
Q

When were vines first planted in South Africa?

A

1652

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2
Q

what contributed to the decline of South Africa’s wine industry in the 1800s?

A

Late 1800s:

Powdery Mildew

Phylloxera

England ended preferential tariffs for South Africa, and entered a treaty with France, lowering tarrifs on french wines. poor quality cape wines couldn’t compete with french wines

Ocean transport was expensive

Root louse

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3
Q

KWV

A

Ko-operatieve Winjbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika est 1918

a co-op of producers and growers. fixed minimum prices, determined areas of production, made production limits. originally state run, it was privatized after the end of Apartheid in 1997

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4
Q

When was South Africa’s WO scheme introduced?

A

1973

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5
Q

when was Apartheid in South Africa?

A

1948 - 1994

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6
Q

Requirements for WO labeled wines (South Africa)?

A

attaining a WO certification is VOLUNTARY, but is necessary for producers who want to list vintage, grape, or area of production

Requirements
- must submit to tasting panel for evaluation
- wine must contain 85% of stated grape & vintage
- wine must contain 100% of grapes from stated area of production
- may state vineyard if it’s less than 6ha

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7
Q

List South Africa’s geographical units of production:

A

Western Cape
Northern Cape
Eastern Cape
Kwazulu-Natal
Limpopo
Free State

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8
Q

What is the one ward of Free State?

A

Rietriever FS

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9
Q

Kwazulu-Natal
districts

A

In South Africa, on the eastern Coast. It is a geographical unit, and has two districts:

Central Drakensburg
Lions River

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10
Q

Eastern Cape

A

Geographical unit of South Africa, on the south eastern coast. Kwazulu Natal to NE, Western Cape to SW.

St Francis Bay - sole ward, no districts or rebion

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11
Q

Hanepoot

A

synonym for Muscat of Alexandria in South Africa

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12
Q

what is Jerepigo?

A

vin de liqueur made from Hanepoot (Muscat of Alexandria)

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13
Q

Hanepoot vs Muscadel

A

Hanepoot is south african synonym for muscat of Alexandria

Muscadel is south african synonym for muscat blanc a petit grains

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14
Q

Muscat de Frontignan

A

synonym for Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains (SA)

also called Muscadel

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15
Q

List the WO regions of the Western Cape

A

Coastal Region
Cape South Coast
Breede River Valley
Klein Karoo
Olifants River

former: Boberg River Region: formerly fortified wines from the districts of Paarl, Franschhoek, Wellington and Tulbagh; repealed in 2019

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16
Q

List the districts within the Coastal Region (South Africa)

A

Cape Town
Stellenbosch
Paarl

Swartland, Tulbagh, Wellington, Darling, Frankshoek, Lutzville Valley

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17
Q

Cape South Coast
districts

A

WO Region in Western Cape

Districts: Walker Bay, Elgin, Cape Agulhas, Overberg, Plettenberg Bay, Swellendam, Lower Dolvenhoks River

most of this area wasn’t allowed to be planted until the KWV abolished their quota system in 1992- lots of “newer” producers here.

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18
Q

Breede River Valley
districts

A

WO region in Western Cape

Districts: Robertson, Worcester, Breedekloof

lots of large producers and co-ops, lots of grapes for brandy

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19
Q

Breede River Valley
describe geography

A

separated from the coast by mountains- hotter and drier climate. most vineyards planted on the valley floor on loam and sand soils.

WO region in the Western Cape, SA

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20
Q

Cape Town
wards

A

District in Coastal Region, Western Cape. Was previously two districts- Cape Peninsula and Tygerberg, but they were united in 2017.

Wards: Constantia, Hout Bay, Durbanville, Philadelphia

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21
Q

Cape Town
soils

A

granite and sandstone for former Cape Peninsula, greywacke and phyllite shales for former Tygerberg

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22
Q

Cape Town
grapes, styles

A

White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Sémillon, Chenin Blanc

Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinotage

Vin de Constance (Constantia): Muscat de Frontignan

Sparkling wines

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23
Q

Cape Town key producers

A

Constantia - Groot Constantia, Klein Constantia, Constantia Uitsig, Steenberg, Buitenverwachting

Altydgedacht, Durbanville Hills

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24
Q

Walker Bay
wards

A

District in Cape South Coast, Western Cape

Wards: Hemel-en-Aarde Valley (lowest of the 3), Bot River, Hemel-en-Aarde Ridge (highest at 400m), Upper Hemel-en-Aarde

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25
Q

Walker Bay
grapes

A

Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Semillon, Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Pinotage, Mourvèdre

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26
Q

Walker Bay
producers

A

Hamilton Russell, Bouchard-Finlayson, Gabrielskloof, Beaumont

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27
Q

Walker Bay
soil
geography

A

soils: shale, granite, and sandstone

very coastal, lots of rain and mist.

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28
Q

Stellenbosch
producers

A

Warwick Estate
Meerlust
Rust en Vrede
Neil Ellis
Kanonkop
Capensis

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29
Q

Trilogy
who / what

A

made by Warwick Estate, in Stellenbosch
Cabernet based blend

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30
Q

Rubicon
who / what

A

made by Meerlust, in Stellenbosch
Cabernet based blend

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31
Q

What is the most planted white grape in Stellenbosch?

A

Sauvignon blanc

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32
Q

What body of water separates Cape Town and Stellenbosch?

A

False Bay

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33
Q

What mountain separates Stellenbosch from Paarl?

A

Simonsberg

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34
Q

Paarl
producers

A

Nederburg. Botrytis affected dessert wines.

Vilafonté, Backsburg

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35
Q

Which region in the Western Cape leads in production?

A

Breede River Valley - approx 20% of the country’s vineyards are here

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36
Q

What styles of wine are made in Robertson (South Africa)?

A

(Breede River Valley, Western Cape)

over 25% of the country’s Chardonnay
MCC
quality red wines from Shiraz and Cabernet

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37
Q

What style of wine is Klein Karoo known for?

A

(Western Cape)

Jerepigo,
Muscadel
fortified and dessert styles

Karoo red shale, fertile alluvlal soils

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38
Q

Notable soil types in Cape Town & Stellenbosch?

A

decomposed granite- very old soils.

sandstone

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39
Q

What is the climate of Stellenbosch?

A

Maritime. comparable to Bordeaux but warmer

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40
Q

What is Vredendal? Where is it located?

A

South Africa’s largest co-op winery. in Olifants River (Western Cape)

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41
Q

Where is Hamilton Russel based?

A

Hamilton Russel- in Hemel-en-Aarde ward, Cape South Coast.

known for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

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42
Q

Cape Riesling vs Weisser Riesling

A

Cape Riesling isn’t riesling- it’s actually Crouchen, a grape from the Pyrenees

Weisser Riesling is Riesling

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43
Q

Klein Karoo Region
districts

A

(WO Area in Western Cape)

Calitzdorp
Langeberg-Garcia

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44
Q

Olifants River Region
districts

A

WO Area in Western Cape- up the atlantic coast, north of Swartland.

Districts: Citrusdal Mountain, Citrusdal Valley

Olifants River wards with no district: Spruitdrift, Vredendal

hot and dry.

Chenin Blanc and Colombard lead plantings.

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45
Q

Stellenbosch
notable wards

A

District within Coastal Region, Western Cape, SA

Devon Valley,
Papegaaiberg,
Junkershoek,
Simonsberg-Stellenbosch

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46
Q

Geographical features of Stellenbosch?

A

False Bay, Simonsberg, Stellenbosch, and Helderberg Mountains

(District within Coastal Region, Western Cape, SA)

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47
Q

Paarl
wards

A

District in Coastal Region, Western Cape

wards: Simonsberg-Paarl, Agter-Paarl, Voor-Paardeberg

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48
Q

Paarl
soils

A

soils: Sandstone, granite, weathered shale

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49
Q

Paarl
grapes, styles

A

White: Chenin Blanc (2,743 ha), Chardonnay (1,208 ha), Sauvignon Blanc (929 ha)

Red: Cabernet Sauvignon (2,326 ha), Shiraz (2,123 ha), Pinotage (1,304 ha), Merlot (1,012 ha)

Sparkling

Fortified, Botrytis-affected Dessert Wines

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50
Q

Important geographical features of Paarl?

A

Berg River, Hawequa Mountains, Simonsberg Mountain, Paarl Rock, Boland Mountains to east

(in Coastal Region, Western Cape, SA)

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51
Q

WO under which a wine that sources from both Paarl and Stellenbosch could be labeled?

A

Simonsberg

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52
Q

What is berg in south african?

A

Mountain

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53
Q

What do Groot and Klein mean?

A

Groot = big
Klein = little

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54
Q

What does Kloof mean?

A

valley / canyon

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55
Q

What is the minimum age of heritage vines in South Africa?

A

35 years

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56
Q

What is the Old Vine Project? Who founded it?

A

A South African organization that works to raise awareness of the special qualities of old vine fruit and raise prices to incentivize growers to keep these vines.

Certified Vineyard Heritage Site seal is allowed for vineyards over 35 years old

founded by viticulturist Rosa Kruger in 2002

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57
Q

Requirements to use OVP and Heritage Vineyard Seal on South African wine?

A

Must identify the planting date of the vineyard from which the wine was made. The vineyards are verified from South African Wine Industry Information Systems’s (SAWIS) extraordinary vineyard database

vineyards min 35 years old

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58
Q

MCC
grapes
aging
sweetness levels

A

Méthode Cap Classique. Traditional method sparling wine from South Africa

Legally regulated since 1992
Simonsig was first producer to use the “Champagne method”

Can be made from any variety, from any region
Must undergo secondary fermentation in bottle
12 months lees aging required
Dosage requirements for labeling:
Brut: Less than 12 g/L
Extra Brut: Less than 6 g/L
Brut Nature: Less than 3 g/L

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59
Q

Cape Agulhas
ward
grapes
producers

A

Agulhas DIstrict, Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape

One ward: Elim

Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Shiraz

Key Producers: Strandveld, Black Oystercatcher, The Berrio, Quoin Rock, and Zoetendal

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60
Q

Cape Agulhas
climate
soil

A

Cape Agulhas is coldest wine producing region of South Africa

Soil: layered shales and iron-rich koffieklip, or “coffee stone,” soils, also known as ferricrete

Major Natural Features: Atlantic and Indian Oceans

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61
Q

Elgin
where?
grapes

A

District in Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape

White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling
Red: Pinot Noir, Merlot

62
Q

Elgin
producers

A

Producers: Iona Vineyards, Paul Cluver, Oak Valley, Kershaw

63
Q

Elgin
geography
soil

A

Natural Features: Hottentots-Holland Mountains (separates it from Stellenbosch), Atlantic Ocean

Soil: decomposed sandstone and shale

64
Q

Greyton

A

ward in Overberg, Cape South Coast, Western Cape.

notable b/c it is a ward drawn specifically for a single producer- Lismore

65
Q

Lower Duivenhoks River
where?

A

District in Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape

66
Q

Overberg
where?
grapes

A

District in Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape.

Named because it is “over the mountains” from Cape Town (Hottentots-Holland Mountains)

White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Sémillon
Red: Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot

Mountainous- some vineyards up to 700m.

67
Q

Overberg
producers

A

Lismore, Richard Kershaw

68
Q

Overberg
wards

A

Greyton, Klein River

69
Q

benefits of wine co-ops?

A

they can be helpful in times of economic downturn- centralizing production, resources, and providing a stable income for farmers

70
Q

Timothy Hamilton Russel

A

South African wine grower. He illegally planted vineyards in Hemel-en-Aarde without a quota (government permission). The wines were great though, and after some pressure the KWV began allowing the sale of unused quotas, in turn allowing new wine regions to be developed

71
Q

KWV quotas

A

essentially issued as “permission” to farm certain land given out by the KWV in the 1960s and 70s. They heavily favored current land-owners, which basically halted the development of any new wine regions.

72
Q

VinPro

A

non-profit advisory agency for the South African wine industry

73
Q

South Africa- general climate & influencing factors

A

generally Mediterranean

Benguela Current- cool ocean breezes up from Antarctica

Cape Doctor- very strong wind from the SE. It can disrupt fruit set, but also wards off disease and pests

74
Q

South Africa soils

A

unique- they have been geologically stable for centuries! not disturbed by glacial, volcanic, or earthquakes

generally granite topped with sandstone
and quartz, slate, shale

75
Q

most planted white grapes South Africa

A
  1. Chenin Blanc
  2. Colombard
  3. Sauvignon
  4. Chardonnay

also: Hanepoot (M of Alex.), Semillon, Muscadel (M. Blanc a Petit Grains)

76
Q

MCC

A

Méthode Cap Classique

traditional method sparkling wine from South Africa

any grapes from any region allowed
must spend 12 months on lees

brut: up to 12 g/l
extra brut: up to 6 g/l
brut nature: up to 3 g/l

77
Q

Greengrape

A

original name for Semillon in South Africa

78
Q

Most planted red grapes South Africa

A

Cabernet Sauvignon
Shiraz
Pinotage
Pinot Noir

79
Q

Pinotage

A

cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsault

created in 1924 by Dr. Abraham Izak Perold, a professor at the University of Stellenbosch

80
Q

% of grape to label South Africa

A

85%

if labelling multiple- must label everything in the blend, unless two or more combine to form over 85% of the blend

81
Q

% of vintage to label South Africa

82
Q

% of area to label South Africa

A

100%

wines from two wards within same district- labelled with district

wines from two districts same region - labelled with region

wines from two regions- labelled with the larger geographical unit (i.e. Western Cape), OR

Cape Coastal- for wines blended from Cape South Coast and Coastal Region

83
Q

Cape West Coast

A

new subregion approved in 2020- identifies areas more “coastal” in character. includes districts of Darling, Lutzville Valley, western half of Swartland, plus the wards of Groenkloof, St Helena Bay, Lamberts Bay, Bamboes Bay, Koekenaap.

84
Q

Stellenbosch
where
grapes

A

district in the Coastal Region, Western Cape

Sauv Blanc, Chenin, Cabernet, Shiraz

85
Q

Stellenbosch
producers

A

Capensis (Jackson Family),
Kanonkop,
Meerlust,
Neil Ellis,
Rust en Vrede,
Warwick Estate

86
Q

Stellenbosch
soils

A

granite and limestone

87
Q

Cape Town
wards
grapes

A

district in the Coastal Region, Western Cape

wards: Constantia, Hout Bay, Durbanville, Philadelphia

Sauv Blanc, Chard, Cabernet, Merlot

88
Q

Breedekloof
wards
grapes

A

District within Breede River Valley, Western Cape

mostly white wines- majority Chenin Blanc.

Wards: Goudini, Slanghoek

89
Q

Robertson District
where
climate / soil

A

District in Breede River Valley, Western Cape

Coolest district in Breede River Valley, and large pockets of limestone = lots of chardonnay, MCC

90
Q

Robertson District
wards

A

14 total
Ashton, Bonnievale, Goree

91
Q

Worcester District
where?
climate

A

District in Breede River Valley, Western Cape

Largest in area, but not plantings. Furthest inland, so hottest. also has frost risk

92
Q

Swellendam District
where
wards
grapes

A

District in Cape South Coast, Western Cape

Wards: Buffeljags, Malgas, Stormsvlei

Rousanne, GSM

93
Q

Swellendam District
producer

A

Sjinn (pronounced “sane”)

94
Q

Swellendam District
soils

A

Bokkeveld shale, sandstone

95
Q

Malgas
where
grapes
producer

A

ward in Swellendam District, Cape South Coast, Western Cape

notable b/c ward was drawn specifically for one producer- Sjinn

soils here are very stony/ rocky, similar to CDP. thus Rousanne, GSM planted

96
Q

Constantia- when was it founded? what did it split into?

A

most important ward of Cape Town, Coastal Region, Western Cape.

The original Constantia farm was registered in 1685, making it one of the first commercial wine endeavors not only in South Africa but in the whole of the so-called New World. It was established by Simon van der Stel, whose sweet “governor’s wine” was the first critically acclaimed wine from South Africa.

When van der Stel died in 1712, his estate was subdivided into three parts: Groot and Klein Constantia (“big” and “little,” respectively) and Bergvliet

97
Q

Franschhoek Valley
where
grapes

A

“french quarter” in Afrikaans, District in Coastal Region, Western Cape

known for old vine semillon, but also chardonnay, cabernet, sauvignon blanc

La Colline vineyard is here

98
Q

Franschhoek
geographical features

A

Franschhoek, Drakenstein, and Wemmershoek Mountains, Berg River

99
Q

SIP

A

Swartland Independant Producers - an association of producers in Swartland, South Afria.

Wines that carry the below logo must be grown, vinified, matured and bottled entirely within the Swartland WO.
Swartland Independent Producers must bottle at least 80% of their production under their own labels.

SIP wines are fermented entirely with ambient yeasts. Yeast nutrients are prohibited.
SIP wines are not acidulated, nor do they contain added tannin.
SIP wines may not be chemically fined, nor may they undergo any concentration processes (reverse osmosis, etc.)

SIP wines contain a minimum 90% of the following varieties:
Red: Syrah, Mourvèdre, Grenache Noir, Carignan, Cinsaut, Tinta Barocca, Pinotage
White: Chenin Blanc, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne, Viognier, Clairette Blanche, Palomino (Fransdruif/Vaalblaar), Semillon (Groendruif), Muscat Alexandrie, Muscat d’Frontignan, Colombard, and Verdelho.

Wines may be aged in only European oak, with a maximum 25% new oak authorized.

Wines must be bottled in a Burgundy-shaped bottle

100
Q

Who were original producers of SIP? what was their goal?

A

Eben Sadie, Adi Badenhorst, Mullineux family

build a regional identity and minimal adjustments in the cellar

101
Q

Swartland
where?
wards

A

District in Coastal Region, Western Cape, South Africa

wards: Malmesbury, Paardeberg,

102
Q

Swartland
producers

A

Sadie Family Wines, A.A. Badenhorst Family Wines, Mullineux

103
Q

Swartland
soil
climate
vine training

A

soils: Malmesbury Shale, sandy granitic soils, gravel

climate: hot and dry- wide spaced, head-trained bush vines that can be dry-farmed dominate.

104
Q

Wellington
where?
wards

A

District in Coastal Region, Western Cape, South Africa. Was previously a ward of Paarl, and elevated in 2010

wards: Blouvlei, Bovlei, Groenberg, Limietberg, Mid-Berg River

Chenin, Syrah, Pinotage, Grehache, Carignan

105
Q

Wellington
soils

A

shale, granite, sandstone

in Coastal Region, Western Cape

106
Q

Klein Karoo
districts
soil

A

WO area in Western Cape South Africa. translates roughly to “dry and thirsty land” - sheltered by mountains, it is an east-west running valley

mostly shale soils

districts: Kalitzdorp, Langeberg-Garcia

107
Q

South Africa’s max. size for single vineyard WO bottling?

A

Max. 6 ha, from a single variety

108
Q

SAWIS

A

South African Wine Industry Information System

Regulatory and statutory oversight- oversees WO

109
Q

IPW

A

Integrated Production of Wine Scheme, South Africa. aimed at sustainable practices

110
Q

Platter’s South African Wine Guide

A

most important publication for wine reviews in South Africa, launched in 1980

111
Q

Simonsig Kaapse Vonkel

A

South Africa’s first sparkling wine, released in 1973

112
Q

slate vs shale - whats the difference?

A

shale is sedimentary

slate is a metamorphic rock that started as shale and was exposed to pressure

113
Q

where is Sauvignon Blanc grown in South Africa?

A

grown in nearly every appellation, but around a third of it is in Stellenbosh

its also the most planted grape of Constantia

114
Q

south africa viticultural challenges

A

water shortages,

virus problems such as leafroll,

poor clonal and rootstock material

115
Q

When was the WO system implemented?

A

1972

administered by the Wine & Spirit Board

guarantees vintage, varietal, origin

1973 - UK enters the EEC

116
Q

Fruit from the Coastal Region and Cape South Coast can be designated under the WO ____

A

Cape Coastal

117
Q

top producers of Pinotage

A

Kanonkop,
Simonsig,
Chamonix,
DeMorgenzon,
Delaire Graf,
Reyneke (biodynamic),
Fairview,
Meerlust

118
Q

Stellenbosch bordeaux blend producers

A

Kanonkop,
Rustenberg,
Warwick,
Meerlust,
Neil Ellis

119
Q

mountain range separating Stellenbosch from Walker Bay

A

Hottentot Hollands

120
Q

What river flows through Stellenbosch?

A

Eerste River

121
Q

Bay south of Stellenbosch?

122
Q

Notable Pinot Noir from Stellenbosch?

from Paarl?

A

L’Avenir
Glen Carlou

123
Q

what river flows through Paarl?

A

Berg River

124
Q

what kind of wine is Franshhoek known for?

A

old-vine Semillon
Cap Classique
Bold Reds

125
Q

Who makes Vin de Constance?
what is it
grape

A

Klein Constantia
naturally sweet muscat
picked in tries
aged 3 years in oak
Muscat de Frontignan

126
Q

Who makes Grand Constance?

A

Groot Constantia

127
Q

Graham Beck

A

Robertson, Breede River Valley Region

MCC

128
Q

what is koffieklip

A

Shales cemented by iron-oxide

found in Cape Agulhas (Cape South Coast)

129
Q

districts of Coastal Region formerly part of Paarl?

A

Wllington
Franshhoek

130
Q

districts of Cape South Coast formerly part of Overberg?

A

Elgin
Walker Bay

131
Q

Cape Ruby

A

fortified, port style wine from south africa. aged 6 months to 3 years

not tied to any particular area, but Klein Karoo is known for it

132
Q

Cape Vintage

A

port style wine from south africa, aged min 1 year, must be sold in glass

133
Q

Cape LBV

A

min 85% from single vintage, aged for at least 3 years

134
Q

what are sun wines

A

south africa - made from white-wine varieties and exhibit a maderised character, pale gold to deep gold in colour.

135
Q

Agrafe / Agraffe

A

(south africa)

sparkling wine undergoes bottle fermentation under cork rather than the usual metal crown cap

136
Q

MCC producers

A

Graham Beck,
Simonsig,
Colmant (Franschoek),
Le Lude (Franshoek),
Charles Fox,
Waterkloof,
Cederberg

137
Q

what is fynbos?

A

garrigue - South Africa

138
Q

original name for Cinsault in South Africa?

139
Q

Columella - who / what?

A

Sadie
SYRAH / MOURVEDRE
Swartland
2000 inaugural vintage

140
Q

FMC - who / what?

A

Ken Forrester
steen
Fucking Magical Chenin

141
Q

First botrytis dessert wine produced in SA

A

Nederberg Edelkeur in 1969

142
Q

what is white rust?

A

name for powdery mildew

143
Q

Pofadder - what / who?

A

Sadie
CINSAUT syrah
Swartland

144
Q

Radio Lazarus - who / what?

A

Alheit
85 yr Chenin
Stellenbosch (Alheit based in Hermanus)

145
Q

Cuvée Clive - who / what?

A

Graham Beck
100% CH
5 years sur lie

146
Q

Paul Sauer - who / what?

A

Kanonkop
LB BDX
Stellenbosch

147
Q

Hope Marguerite - who/ what?

A

Beaumont
Chenin Blanc
Bot River

148
Q

Crystallum - where?

A

Walker Bay. Chard and Pinot Noir. founded by sons of Peter Finlayson

149
Q

Ceres Plateau - where?

A

a District of the Western Cape not in any region. very hot but high elevation - 850m.

150
Q

important wine auctions South Africa

A

Cape Fine & Rare Wine Auction (formerly Nederberg Auction) - held in Paarl

IPW’s Annual Auction - debuted 1985. Somewhat likes Hospices de Beaune

Master Sommelier Theory 2025 (61 decks)

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