Rest of the World: Russia, China, India, Japan, Morocco, Algeria Flashcards
China main grapes
Cabernet Sauviginon, Cabernet Gernischt (Carménère), Merlot, and Marselan (Cabernet x Grenache)
Cabernet Gernischt
synonym for Carmenere in China
Marselan
Cabernet x Grenache, grown in China
China major grape growing regions
Shandong & Hibei - these two are about 50% of production. In eastern China- maritime
Ningxia - inland
Xinjiang
Shanxi
Yunnan
Liaoning
Heilongjiang
Tianjin
Jilin
Gansu
Ningxia
where?
subregion
subregion: Helan Mountain East Region, on eastern edge of Gobi Dessert in China- largest growing region in China
Ningxia
producers
producers:
Silver Heights,
Ch. Mihope,
Ch. Changyu Moser XV (Lens Moser, AT, venture)
Jade Vineyard
Ningxia
grapes
Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt and Chardonnay
Ningxia
elevation
geography
Ningxia is situated at an extremely high elevation (for wine growing), with vineyards at 4,000 feet (1,200 meters). This increases solar radiation and grapes produce more anthocyanin (the red color in wine). Most vines in Yellow River Valley. super cold winters- vines must be buried
Helan Mountain in northern Ningxia - near Yellow River. Most awarded appellation in country, first official wine region (not recognized by EU, just China)
The mountain protects the area from extreme cold and dry weather coming from the Siberian and Tengger Deserts.
around 3000 hrs sunshine / year
Shanxi
where?
winemaking province in China- plateau between mountains to the west and coastal regions to the east
Shanxi
grapes
producer
Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat, Chardonnay and Merlot.
producers: Grace Vineyard
Name 3 Chinese wine producers
Long Dai by Barons de Rothschild, in Penglai, Shandon
Silver Heights - Ningxia
Ao Yun Shangri-la, Yunnan, China
Hebei
where?
grapes
region on China’s east coast. spans from the floodplains of the Yellow River in the south to the Yan Mountains in the north. Surrounds the city of Beijing
CS, Cabernet Gernischt (Carmenere), Merlot, Chardonnay
Hebei
subregions
“protected geographic designations”
Shacheng,
Changli
“sub regions”
Huailai
Jieshi Mountain region
Hebei
elevation / geography
vineyards planted up to 1000m in elevation. close to Bohai Sea, but continental climate
Shandong
where?
grapes
3rd largest region in China, on the east coast, close to the Yellow Sea. city of Yantai, on the northern coast of the Peninsula is China’s wine capital. covers the Jiaodong Peninsula
Weihai other major city
Cabernet Gernischt, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling and Chardonnay
Shandong
producers
producers: Barons de Rothschild ‘Long Dai’; Qingdao
Tsingtao beer is also made here
Shandong
climate
maritime climate, and mostly flat coastal land.
Shandong
subregions
protected geographic designations
Subregions: Penglai, Quingdao
Protected Geographic Designation: Yantai
What is Russia’s most important wine region? Climate?
Krasnodar, on the Black Sea coast
Moderate climate, maritime influenced
Other Russian wine regions?
Dagestan & Stavropol - lots of grapes distilled into brandy. much colder, vines buried in winter
Rostov, Kabardino-Balkaria, and the war-torn Chechnya produce smaller amounts of wine.
Russian grapes grown?
nearly half of the plantings are Cabernet Sauvignon.
other- for sparkling: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Riesling.
Also Rkatsiteli
India’s two major wine regions
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Karnataka
state in SW India with some wine production. quite far south (11-18 N), but elevation makes wine growing possible. between the Western and Eastern Ghats mountain ranges.
Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz
Grover Vineyards (Michel Rolland consulting)
Maharashtra
India’s third-largest state and its capital, Mumbai, is the country’s largest city. Most Indian wine is made here, especially in the area surrounding the Western Ghats mountain range. situated on the western coast of the country
Deccan plateau- on the eastern side of the mountains
Nashik is the largest grape producing district
Chenin, SB
Shiraz, CS, Zinfandel
producers: Fratelli J’Noon, Sula Vineyards (largest in India)
Where are grapes grown for wine in Japan?
prefectures of Nagano, Yamagata and Yamanashi (most important)
Main grapes japan
“native” Koshu, Europe’s Muscat of Alexandria
Muscat Bailey, a Japanese hybrid
Muscat of Alexandria
tanazukuri
Japanese term for pergola / tendone training. humidity is a big threat to viticulture here
Morocco Wine Regions
The East - Berkane AOG, Angad AOG and Beni Sadden AOG
Meknès/Fès - Guerrouane AOG, Beni M’tir AOG, Saiss AOG and Zerhoune AOG,
The Northern Plain - Gharb AOG
Rabat/Casablanca - Chellah AOG, Zemmour AOG, Zaër AOG, Sahel AOG and Zenatta AOG
El-Jadida - Doukkala AOG
most vineyards in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains
Morocco grapes
mostly red grapes planted
Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
also: Carignan, Alicante Bouschet, Cinsaut and Grenache, and local indigenous varieties Abbou, Doukkali, Maticha.
French projects in China
LVMH: Ao Yun, Chandon
Barons de Rothschild: Long Dai
Remy Cointreu, Moet Hennessy, Pernod Ricard,
Baiju
Chinese distilled product. clear “white” liquor, generally distilled from fermented sorghum
Huangjiu
“yellow wine”
Chinese fermented beverage (not distilled!) made from boiling rice, glutinous rice, other grains, with Qu, a starter culture (mix of yeast, mold, etc)
Mijiu is a type of Huangjiu- it is a generic term for rice wine
Algeria appellations
created in 1970, west - east:
Coteaux de Tlemcen - 40km (25 miles) from the Moroccan border, a mountainous zone at around 700m (2,300ft) above sea level, this is the most inland zone of the seven, producing red, rosé and white wines
Monts du Tessalah - generally red and rosé wines from around 600m (1,960ft) above sea level, only 40km (25 miles) south of Oran and the coast
Coteaux de Mascara - grown on the mountains north of Mascara, around 80km (50 miles) southeast of Oran, this region produces white, rosé and red wines
Dahra - a coastal vineyard, producing reds and rosés, grown on hillsides close to the Mediterranean sea
Coteaux du Zaccar - situated on the slopes around Mount Zaccar, 120km (75 miles) west of Algiers, near the city of Miliana (700m above sea level) this hillside region produces mainly reds and rosés
Médéa - 70km (43 miles) south of Algiers, this is another mountainous zone sitting at over 1,000m (3,300ft) above sea level, producing whites, rosés and reds.
Aïn-Bessem-Bouïra - around 75km (47 miles) southeast of Algiers, this red and rosé region is better known for its olive trees and oil production. Culturally, this is in the Kabilye region
‘mountain grape’ indigenous to China
vitus amurensis - cold resistant, grown in NE China
Beibinghong
vitus amurensis x vitus vinifera hybrid in China, doesn’t require burying the vine during the winter
‘spine grape’ indigenous to China
vitus Davidii - has spiny young shoots, grown in subtropical areas of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Yangtze River basin. This species has excellent resistance to high temperatures, humidity, and fungal diseases
lacks sugar and acid so not great for wine
Longyan
“dragon’s eye” signature grape for producing refreshing white wines (both still and sparkling), primarily made in Hebei Province by the state-owned winery Great Wall Wine.
When were Cabernet vines introduced to China?
1892,
Chinese industrialist Zhang Bishi established the first commercial vineyard in Yantai, Shandong Province, founding the Changyu wine company, now one of China’s largest wineries.
Zhang imported 124 different vinifera varieties and 1.2 million grape seedlings from Europe, introducing such classic varieties as Cabernet Sauvignon to China.
China - general climate
Much of China has a distinct continental monsoon climate, meaning its agricultural land is impacted by hot and rainy summers.
most grape growing is in the drier parts of the country, in extreme continental climates
in most parts of SE China, vinifera cannot survive because of excessive summer humidity. Only native species, such as Vitis davidii and Vitis quinquangularis, can tolerate these conditions
process of burying grape vines in winter
in parts of china with extremely cold dry winters:
Starting soon after harvest vines are pruned in preparation. Vineyards then need heavy irrigation to raise soil moisture levels, providing insulation from cold, arid conditions. The burial process begins between late October and mid-November and lasts 10 to 15 days. Soil is heaped over the vines by hand or by customized tractors. Trunks and cordons are bent or pushed down by hand or foot to avoid breaking; the process cannot be fully mechanized.
Vines are unearthed from late March to late April, depending on warmth and frost risk. At this stage, attention shifts to protecting the buds. Unearthing the vines too early risks frost damage, while unearthing too late can lead to budburst under the soil, damaging buds.
China - training system for vines that are buried
systems typically feature very low trunks (such as the Crawling Dragon system) or trunks trained in a slanted manner.
The best system is the Chang, named after the Chinese character chang (厂, “factory”). It features an improved slanted trunk with a single horizontal cordon. This system balances vine burial feasibility with vine health
what is ‘yellow wine’
aka Huangjiu: is a type of Chinese rice winenmost popular in the Jiangnan area.
Huangjiu is brewed by mixing steamed grains including rice, glutinous rice or millet with qū as starter culture, followed by saccharification and fermentation at around 13–18 °C (55–64 °F) for fortnights. Its alcohol content is typically 8% to 20%.
Gansu Corridor
Aka Hexi Corridor - western side of Yellow River. Much smaller planted area than Ningxia, but same desert influence
China - top 3 wine producing regions
Eastern Foothills Helan Mountain (Ningxia)
Xingiang
Shandong
China’s first official appellation?
Helan Mountain, Ningxia. Awarded in 2003
first French company in China
Remy-Martin, Tianjin
