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Master Sommelier Theory 2025 > FR: Loire > Flashcards

FR: Loire Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What are the four appellations for Melon de Bourgogne in the Pays Nantais?

A

Muscadet
Muscadet Sevre et Maine
Muscadet Côtes de Grandlieu
Muscadet Côteaux de la Loire

major city here is Nantes

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2
Q

Which Muscadet appellation allows blending?

A

Muscadet AOP: min 90% Melon B, max 10% Chardonnay

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3
Q

Côteaux d’Ancenis AOP
grapes
Styles

A

Within Pays Nantais
White from Pinot Gris
Rose and Red: Gamay w/max 10% CF

Pinot Gris may be bottled varietally as “Malvoisie”

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4
Q

Gros Plant du Pays Nantais

A

in Pays Nantais

white, min 70% Folle Blanche (gros plant), with Montils and a max. 10% Colombard

can be labeled “sur lie”

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5
Q

Fiefs Vendéens AC: location and grapes

A

Within Pays Nantais. majority red and rose production. blends based on appellation (lots of varied soils here)

white: min 60% Chenin Blanc
rose: typically PN - Gamay blends
red: Pinot Noir or Cabernet Franc blended with Négrette

AOC est 2011

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6
Q

Requirements to label Sur Lie in Pays Nantais

A

Wine is aged on its lees throughout the winter, bottled directly off the lees without filtration between March 30th and November 30th of year following harvest

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7
Q

What are the rosé appellations in Anjou-Saumur? Grapes for each?

A

Rosé d’Anjou (Grolleau (Groslot), Grolleau Gris, Cab. Franc, Cab. Sauvignon, Cot, Gamay, Pineau d’Aunis)

Cabernet d’Anjou (CF / CS)

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8
Q

Cabernet d’Anjou AOP

A

Rosé: Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon- can be blend or single varietal

min 10g/l RS
Minimum Alcohol: 10.5% (10% acquired)

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9
Q

Rosé d’Anjou

A

Rosé: Grolleau (Groslot), Grolleau Gris, Cab. Franc, Cab. Sauvignon, Cot, Gamay, Pineau d’Aunis

min 7g/l RS
Minimum Alcohol: 9.5% (9% acquired)

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10
Q

Rosé de Loire AOP

A

spread over Anjou and Touraine, dry rose from Grolleau (Groslot), Grolleau Gris, Cab. Franc, Cab. Sauvignon, Cot, Gamay, Pineau d’Aunis

dry! max 3 g/l residual sugar

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11
Q

Anjou AOP

A

around 60% red production

white: based on chenin- can be dry, demi-sec, moelleux, or doux
red and rose: CF, CS with max. 30% combined Pineau d’Aunis and Grolleau
varietally labeled Gamay
sparkling blanc and rosé

“rouget:” term for light bodied reds made from CF and CS

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12
Q

Sweet wine appellations in Anjou-Saumur

A

Côteaux du Layon AC, including
Quarts de Chaume AC
Bonnezeaux AC

Côteaux de l’Aubance
Côteaux de Saumur

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13
Q

Quarts de Chaume AOP

A

100% Chenin
- Grapes affected by passerillage (air dried) OR botrytis, must be hand harvested in tries
- Cryoextraction is currently prohibited by law, but a transitional agreement allows the practice through 2019

  • lieu dits: Les Quarts, Les Rouers, Le Veau

min 298 g/l must weight
min 85 g/l RS

NO Chaptalization

max 20hl/ha

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14
Q

hill of Chaume

A

home of Quarts de Chaume, and Ctx du Layon Chaume Premier Cru

highest point in the area at 100m elevation, this 40-hectare appellation sits on a bed of complex soils that include Broverian schists and pudding sandstones. The vines grow on a thin layer of clay between 25 and 75 meters above sea level, on steep, south-facing slopes overlooking the Layon River.

the hill is sheltered from north winds, and follows a curve in the river, making it ideally situated for the production of sweet wines

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15
Q

What villages may append their name to Côteaux du Layon AOP?

A

Beaulieu-sur-Layon
Rochefort-sur-Loire
Face d’Anjou
St. Lambert du Lattay
St. Aubin de Luigné
Rablay-sur-Layon
Chaume

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16
Q

List the lieu dit of Quarts de Chaume

A

Les Quarts
Les Roueres
Le Veau

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17
Q

Bonnezeaux AC

A

100% Chenin
Grapes MAY be affected by botrytis, must be hand harvested in tries

min 15% potential (12% acquired, or 11% acquired if potential alcohol is at least 18%)
Min 51 g/l RS

Chaptalization allowed (it’s not for Quarts de Chaume)

Ch. des Fesles, Terrebrune

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18
Q

Anjou-Saumur appellations for dry Chenin

A

Savennieres AC, including Coulée de Serrant AOC and La Roche aux Moins AOC

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19
Q

Savennieres AOP

A

on north banks of Loire. south facing vines. ample sun, not a ton of rain. this is Anjou Noir territory- blue schist, volcanic rock

includes Roche Aux Moines and Coulée de Serrant AOPs

Communes of Production: Bouchemaine, La Possonnière, Savennières

100% Chenin

min potential: 11.5% (11% acquired)

Sec: Max. 4 g/l (max. 8 g/l if total acidity is within 2 g/l of the residual sugar)
Demi-Sec: Max. 18 g/l
Moelleux: 18-45 g/l
Doux: more than 45 g/l

Sec/Demi-Sec: 50 hl/ha
Moelleux/Doux: 35 hl/ha
Roche Aux Moins 35 hl/ha
Coulée de Serrant 30 hl/ha

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20
Q

Coulée de Serrant AOP

A

monopole of Nicolas Joly within Savennières AOP - same sweetness levels

100% Chenin
Sec min potential: 12.5% (11.5% acquired)
max 30hl/ ha

sections:
Grand Clos de la Coulée
Clos du Château
Les Plantes

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21
Q

Savennieres exposure and soil type

A

Steep southern exposure, blue schist and volcanic soils

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22
Q

Côteaux du Layon AOP

A

on banks of Layon river, sandstone and schist soils. very favorable for dessert wines: grapes are on exposed, sunny slopes, rainfall is lower than in surrounding areas, temperatures are slightly higher, and Layon river offers humidity that helps foster botrytis

min 34 g/l RS (221g must weight)

  • SGN - min 323 g/l must weight
  • with village designation: 54 g/l (238g must weight)
  • Chaume 1er cru: min 80 g/l (272g must weight)

no chaptalization for SGN or 1er cru. hand harvested

max 35hl/ha
village: 30hl/ha
1er: 25 hl/ha

(Anjou Saumur)

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23
Q

Saumur soil type

A

Soft tuffeau limestone

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24
Q

List 3 producers Saumur

A

Domaine du Collier
Domaine Guiberteau
Clos Rougeard
Arnaud Lambert Domaine de Saint-Jean

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25
Q

List two producers Anjou

A

Clau du Nell
Richard Leroy

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26
Q

White wine appellations Touraine

A

Vouvray
Jasnieres (Chenin)
Montlouis sur Loire (Chenin)
Cour-Cheverny (romarantin)

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27
Q

Cheverny AOC

A

Touraine- all wines are blends

whites: SB and SG
reds: PN and Gamay

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28
Q

Cour Cheverny AOP

A

Touraine
Romarantin (Pinot x Gouais Blanc)

sec: up to 8 g/l RS
off dry: more than 8g, may not be chaptalized

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29
Q

Montlouis sur Loire AOP

A

Touraine, south of Vouvray. same yellow tuffeau

Blanc: 100% Chenin Blanc
Vin Mousseux/Pétillant
Vin Mousseux à Fermentation Unique (ancestral method- must be disgorged. 9m ees)

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30
Q

Jasnieres AOP

A

Loire Valley, Touraine,
100 % Chenin

blanc sec: up to 8 g/l RS
blanc: 12 or more g/l RS

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31
Q

Vouvray AOP

A

Min 95% Chenin, max 5% Orbois
vin blanc and mousseaux / pétillant (12m total aging)

Vouvray AC only defines sec - up to 8 g/l RS

otherwise, defers to EU standards:
Demi-Sec / Sec Tendre: up to 12 (17? 18?) g/l
Moelleux: 12 (17? 18?) -45
Doux: over 45 g/l

soil: yellow tuffeau limestone. some vineyards directly on it, other have a flint-clay topsoil (known locally as perruches)

slopes are known as premieres cotes- with the flint-clay topsoil

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32
Q

premiere cotes Loire

A

slopes in Vouvray with flint-clay topsoil, “perruches”, over yellow tuffeau limestone

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33
Q

Touraine Noble-Joué AOP

A

In Touraine.

Rose: Historical style of vin gris made from Meunier and Pinot Gris

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34
Q

Major appellations Touraine

A

Vouvray
Chinon
Bourgueil
St. Nic de Bourgueil

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35
Q

Vouvray vineyards

A

Huet: Le Haut Lieu, Le Mont, Clos du Bourg

Clos Naudin: Les Perruches, Les Ruettes

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36
Q

Chinon AOP
grapes
soils
river
vineyards

A

in Touraine, south of the Loire. vineyards on banks of Vienne River

white from 100% Chenin
reds: Cab Franc with max 10% CS

Tuffeau- on the slopes, best sites
Varennes- sandy alluvial on banks of Vienne river
Clay- tops of hills generally

notable vineyards: Le Clos de l’Olive, Le Chêne Vert, and La Croix Boissée

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37
Q

Vouvray soil type

A

Soft tuffeau limestone

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38
Q

What is tuffeau?

A

soft limestone soil in the Loire (Saumur, Chinon, Vouvray). It is porous and well draining. Many of the buildings there are constructed from it

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39
Q

List 3 producers Vouvray

A

François Chidaine (but based in Montlouis sur Loire)
Champalou
Huet
Philippe Foreau Domaine Clos Naudin
Domaine Pichot

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40
Q

List 3 producers Chinon

A

Charles Joguet
Bernard Baudry
Olga Raffault
Couly Dutheil
Domaine de Pallus

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41
Q

Central vineyards white wine only appellatins

A

Pouilly Fumé (SB)
Quincy (SB)
Pouilly sur Loire (Chasselas)

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42
Q

Pouilly Fumé AOP
grapes
soils
producers

A

Central Vineyards
blanc 100% Sauvignon Blanc

soils: Kimmeridgian marl, Oxfordian limestone (caillottes), flint (silex), clay-siliceous soils

producers: Dagueneau is based here, but labels VDF, Alphonse Mellot, Chateau de Tracy, La Doucette

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43
Q

Pouilly sur Loire AOP

A

Central Vineyards
Chasselas

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44
Q

Orleans-Cléry AOP

A

Central Vineyards
Cabernet Franc

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45
Q

Menetou Salon AOP

A

Central Vineyards.
Wines of all 3 colors from Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir

46
Q

Orleans AOP

A

Central Vineyards
Wines of all 3 colors from Chardonnay, Meunier, Pinot Noir
PG accessory for blanc and rosé

47
Q

Reuilly AOP

A

Central Vineyards
Wines of all 3 colors from Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir

48
Q

Important vineyards Sancerre

A

Les Montes Damnes (Dagueneau, Cotat)
Grand Côte (Cotat)
Clos la Néore (Vatan, within Montes Damnes)
Le Chêne Marchand
La Moussiere (Mellot) - huge

49
Q

Sancerre soil types

A

Silex (flinty)
Terres Blances (Kimmeridgian marls of clay and limestone)
Caillottes (limestone pebbles with fossils)

50
Q

Sancerre AOP

A

Communes of Production: Bué, Bannay, Sancerre (Chavignol is here) … there are more

Blanc: 100% Sauvignon Blanc
Rosé: 100% Pinot Noir
Rouge: 100% Pinot Noir

Principle Soils: Terres Blanches, Caillottes, Silex

most vineyards at 200-300 m elevation. highest point is 353 m, La Cuesta

51
Q

La Cuesta

A

highest point in Sancerre, at 353 m

52
Q

Where is Moulin Touchais based?

A

Coteaux du Layon

53
Q

Who produces Cuvée Constance? What is it?

A

Domaine Huet; botrytised, hand-picked dessert wine from 3 estate vineyards.

54
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOP
subzones
aging
abv
soil

A

Subzones: Clisson, Gorges, Le Pallet, Goulaine, Mouzillon-Tillières, Monnières-Saint-Fiacre, Château-Thébaud

note wines labeled by subzone may not include “sur lie” on the label

min 10% abv, min 11% with subzone designation

wine kept on lees until at least March 1 of the year following the harvest

bottled directly off its fine lees between March 1 and December 31 of the year following the harvest, and not marketed until at least March 8

vines min 6 years

Granite soil

max 55 hl/ ha. with subzone: 45 hl/ha

accounts for more than 70% of plantings

55
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine aging by subzone

A

AOP without subzone indication: lees until March 1 yr following harvest, bottled by Dec 1 yr following harvest.

Goulaine and Le Pallet: Wines must be aged on their fine lees until at least April 1 of the second year following the harvest

Gorges, Clisson, Mouzillon-Tillières, Monnières-Saint-Fiacre, and Château-Thébaud: Wines must be aged on their fine lees until at least October 1 of the second year following the harvest

56
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine- soils by subzone

A

Clisson: Granite

Gorges: Clay and gabbro (igneous rock)
Mouzillon-Tillières: Gabbro

Le Pallet: Gneiss, quartz, and gabbro
Goulaine: Gneiss, schist
Monnières-Saint-Fiacre: Gneiss
Château-Thébaud: Gneiss

57
Q

Which Loire producer also possess the Kiralyudvar estate in Hungary?

A

Domaine Huet

58
Q

St. Nicolas de Bourguiel AOP
Bourgueil AOP

grapes
soils

A

in Touraine- same requirements for both. on northern bank of Loire, protected from northerly winds by a forest. threats are frost and drought

Rose & Red: CF plus max 10% Cab Sauv

tuffeau clay soils - best sites
Most of St-Nicolas and part of Bourgueil on alluvial terrace

max 55 hl/ha

59
Q

Bourgueil Producers

A

Catherine & Pierre Breton
Gauthier Pere et Fils

60
Q

Where is Nicolas Joly based? Monopole?

A

Savenniere

monopole: Coulée de Serrant AOP

Also make Clos de la Bergerie in Roche aux Moins

61
Q

Name a Clos Rougeard single vineyard bottling?

A

Les Poyeaux
Le Bourg

62
Q

Saumur AOP

A

DRY whites from Chenin
DRY Red and Rose: CF with CS and Pineau d’Aunis
Saumur “Puy Notre-Dame”: CF w/ max. 15% CS
Sparkling white based on Chenin
Sparkling rose based on CF

Saumur Mousseaux is also known as Fines Bulles

chalky limestone tuffeau soils

Breze vineyard is here

lots of sparkling production around the town of Saumur

63
Q

Saumur Champigny AOP
grapes
soil
producers

A

rouge only
Cabernet Franc with max. 15% combined CS and Pineau d’Aunis

name derives from the Latin campus ignis (field of fire). warm- protected by forest of Fontevraud to the south, and rivers Thouet and Loire

soil: clay, tuffeau, limestone = good water retention and drainage

producers: Clos Rougeard, Chateau Yvonne, Thierry Germain Domaine des Roches Neuves

64
Q

Soil types in Muscadet

A

gneiss, granite, gabbro, amphibolite, mica schist, and many others

65
Q

Which appellation in Pays Nantais can no longer label “sur lie”?

A

Muscadet AOP- as of 2020

66
Q

List 3 producers making Muscadet

A

Claude Branger
Dom de la Pepiere
Dom de Bellevue
Luneau Papin

67
Q

What is Pineau de la Loire?

A

local synonym for Chenin Blanc, used in Quarts de Chaume

68
Q

What are the requirements for sparkling Vouvray?

A

100% Chenin Blanc
min 12 months aging

69
Q

What are the two types of tuffeau limestone?

A

tuffeau blanc: chalkier, firmer. used for buildings

tuffeau jaune (yellow): softer, sandier, in the Loire’s finest Cabernet Franc vineyards, in Saumur

70
Q

IGP of the Loire Valley

A

Val du Loire- most important

also: Côtes de la Charité, Coteaux de Tannay, Coteaux du Cher et de l’Arnon, and Puy de Dôme.

71
Q

Massif Armoricain

A

covers NW France. It is the remains of the giant Hercynian range of mountains from the Precambrian era. These old rocks form the basis of the soils of Muscadet and other appellations of the Nantais region and the western half of Anjou, including Savennières. This area is known as the Anjou Noir (or Black Anjou) because of the dark soils that characterize the Armorican Massif.

Granite, gneiss, multicolored schist, slate, and pudding stones are found here.

72
Q

Anjou Noir vs Blanc

A

Anjou Noir is on the Massif Armoricain - granite, gneiss, schist, slate

Anjou Blanc marks the beginning of the Paris Basin - soft, chalky Cretaceous limestone

73
Q

recent frost vintages Loire

A

2021, 2019, 2017, 2016

74
Q

Loire tributaries

A

Maine, Sèvre Nantaise in Pays Nantais

Layon, L’Aubance in Anjou (south)
Sarthe, Loir, Mayenne in Anjou (north)

Thouet in Saumur

Vienne, Indre, Cher in Touraine

75
Q

why are warmer vintages correlated with increased frost damage?

A

With higher temperatures early in the season, the vine’s growing cycle has shifted, so budbreak is earlier. As a result, when the spring frosts strike—as they have always done, to a greater or lesser extent—the vine is far more advanced than it would have been in years past and the losses more consequent.

76
Q

frost management techniques

A

candles/ chaufrettes- not environmentally friendly

aspersion- water-spraying at night is an effective solution, wind can interfere

  • Frost fans
  • heated electric wires positioned along the training wires in the canopy- very expensive
  • pruning later, pruning longer, pruning twice, or any combination of these. Such adaptations are expensive and time consuming but appear to mitigate losses, at least in part.
77
Q

most planted grapes entire Loire

A
78
Q

Loire viticultural challenges

A
  • Frost (Chenin is early budding and especially susceptible to frost damage)
  • Heat/ drought: irrigation is prohibited here
  • warmer weather and more humidity = powdery mildew a constant threat
  • botrytis- SB has small berries and tightly packed bunches
  • eutypa dieback, esca
79
Q

Muscadet AOP

A

allows up to 10% Chardonnay
cannot say “sur lie” on the label as of 2020

max 70hl/ha

80
Q

Anjou Villages Brissac

A

this and Anjou Villages- both Cab Franc and Cab Sauv

Brissac min 50 hl/ha
Villages min 55 hl/ha

Anjou Brissac is centered around the Aubance River area just south of Angers. It covers the same 120-hectare area as the sweet wine appellation Coteaux de l’Aubance.

81
Q

Coteaux de l’Aubance AOP

A

in Anjou. follow the Aubance river, which runs parallel to the Layon

100% Chenin

Blanc: 238 g/l
SGN: 323 g/l

min 34 g/l RS

** note - Coteaux de Saumur is same requirements

82
Q

Savennières producers

A

Nicolas Joly
Domaine de Baumard
Domaine de la Bergerie
Thibaud Boudignon

83
Q

Crémant de Loire AOP

A

Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay, Orbois, Cabernet Franc, Grolleau, Grolleau Gris, Pinot Noir.
Max. 30% combined Cabernet Sauvignon and Pineau d’Aunis

min 9 months lees, 12 months total aging
min 4 atm

must be hand harvested

spreads across Anjou-Saumur and Touraine

84
Q

Haut-Poitou AOP

A
  • mostly white production, from SB, with up to 40% Sauvignon Gris.
  • Reds are 60% Cabernet Franc, which may be blended with Gamay, Pinot Noir, and Merlot.
  • some rose made from CF, Gamay, PN
85
Q

Touraine AOP

A

most vineyards between Loire and Cher rivers. tuffeau, sand, clay, flint, alluvial soils

geographic designations: Amboise, Mesland, Azay-le-Rideau, Oisly, Chenonceaux

  • whites: majority SB
  • rose: must be blend, loire red grapes
  • reds: min 50% Cot, unless vineyard is west of Tours- then CF is majority.
  • varietal Gamay (min 85%)

Azay, Mesland, Amboise- whites are based on Chenin

86
Q

Coteaux du Giennois AOP

A

Central Vineyards, north of Sancerre
mostly white from SB
rose and reds are PN / Gamay blends

87
Q

Côtes de la Charité IGP

A

whites from Chradonnay, Pinot Gris
reds from PN

88
Q

Saint-Pourcain AOP

A

Central France- along Allier River (tributary to Loire), south of Sancerre

Rosés are 100% Gamay, while reds must be blends of Pinot Noir and Gamay.
Whites are from Chardonnay and Tressallier (also known as Sacy)

89
Q

Côtes d’Auvergne AOP

A

Central France, south of Saint-Pourcain. volcanic soils

whites from Chardonnay
reds and roses from Gamay with PN

90
Q

Côtes du Forez

A

Central France, east of Côtes d’Auvergne. named for Forez mountains

red and rose from 100% Gamay

91
Q

Côte Roannaise AOP

A

Central France

red and rose form 100% Gamay

92
Q

Breton

A

synonym for Cabernet Franc in Chinon

93
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine - aging by subzone

A

Goulaine and Le Pallet: Wines must be aged on their fine lees until at least April 1 of the second year following the harvest

Gorges, Clisson, Mouzillon-Tillières, Monnières-Saint-Fiacre, and Château-Thébaud: Wines must be aged on their fine lees until at least October 1 of the second year following the harvest

94
Q

pierre à fusil

A

french term for smoky gunflint aroma (Sancerre)

95
Q

Didier Dagueneau

A

est 1982, based in Pouilly Fumé.

Vineyards: Buisson Ménard, Clos du Calvaire (La Folie, Le Bois de Saint Andélain, Les Coques), Les Mont Damnés (in Sancerrre)

developed the cigare barrel- longer and slimmer than a typical barrel, designed to increase lee contact for their top cuvées

96
Q

center of Loire sparkling production?

A

Saumur!

second only to Champagne in the countryy

97
Q

Monopole AOPs of France?

A

Savennieres Coule de Serrant - Nicolas Joly

Chateau Grillet - François Pinault

Romanée Conti, La Tache - DRC

98
Q

Important vineyards Savennieres

A

Clos Papillon - most important. Domaine des Baumard and Domaine du Closel both make wine here

99
Q

Anjou mountains / soils?

A

Partially shielded by Pilat mountain range

Tuffeau: Saumur & Champigny

Schist / Volcanic: Savennieres, QdC, Anjou Villages

100
Q

Anjou red wine only AOCs

A

Anjou-Villages
Anjou-Villages Brissac
Saumur-Champigny

allow red: Anjou, Haut Poitou, Saumur

101
Q

Central Vineyards - red allowed AOC

A

Orleans
Orleans Clery (red only!)
Sancerre
Menetou-Salon
Reuilly
Coteaux du Giennois
Châteaumeillant

102
Q

Bonnezeaux - max yield

A

25 hl/ha

103
Q

Coteaux du Layon yield

A

Coteaux du Layon: 35 hl/ha
Coteaux du Layon Chaume 1er: 25 hl/ha
Coteaux du Layon (with other village designation): 30 hl/ha

104
Q

Quarts de Chaume yield

A

max 20 hl/ha
(25 prior to 2011)

105
Q

Muscadet Côtes de Grandlieu soils

A

around lake of Grandlieu, soils are limestone, granite, gravel

106
Q

Pays Nantais- most planted AOP?

A

Muscadet Sevre et Maine, at around 7800 ha

107
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine - min abv?

A

10%
11% with subzone designation

108
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine - aging (no subzone)?

A

wine kept on lees until at least March 1 yr after harvest. bottled directly off its lees between March 1st and December 31st. not marketed until at least March 8th

109
Q

Muscadet Sevre et Maine - aging (with subzone)?

A

Goulaine and Le Pallet: Wines must be aged on their fine lees until at least April 1 of the second year following the harvest

Gorges, Clisson, Mouzillon-Tillières, Monnières-Saint-Fiacre, and Château-Thébaud: Wines must be aged on their fine lees until at least October 1 of the second year following the harvest

110
Q

Pays Nantais- AOPs allowed to make red?

A

Coteaux d’Ancenis (Gamay max 10% CF)
Fiefs Vendéens

Master Sommelier Theory 2025 (58 decks)

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