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MCAT Journey > Sociology Chapter 2: Theoretical Approaches > Flashcards

Sociology Chapter 2: Theoretical Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Theory that focuses on social groups competing for scarce resources

Macro Level

ex. Gov spending ($)

A

Conflict Theory

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2
Q

The variable in a cause-and-effect relationship that is affected by and comes after the independent variable in time sequence.

A

Dependent Variable

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3
Q

A theory that focuses on humans as fundamentally concerned with self-interests, making rational decisions based on weighing costs and rewards of the projected outcome

Micro level

A

Rational Choice (Exchange) Theory

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4
Q

The planned outcomes of interactions, social organizations, or institutions

Intended or obvious

A

Manifest Functions

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5
Q

Unplanned or unintended consequences of actions or of social structures

Side-effects

A

Latent Functions

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6
Q

Founded on information gained from evidence (facts), rather than intuition

A

Empirical Knowledge

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7
Q

Assumes that all parts of the social structure (including groups, organizations, and institutions), the culture (values and beliefs), and social processes (social change or child rearing) work together to make the whole society run smoothly and harmoniously

Organ systems in the body

dynamic equalibrium

Macro Level

A

Structural-Functional Theory

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess or prediction

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9
Q

A group of systematically chosen people who represent a much larger group

A

Sample

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10
Q

The expected behaviors, rights, obligations, responsibilities, and privileges assigned to a social status

A

Roles (Mead)

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11
Q

Statements or explanations regarding how and why two or more facts are related to each other and the connections between these facts

A

Theories

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12
Q

Sees humans as active agents who create shared meanings of symbols and events and then interact on the basis of those meanings.

Micro-Level

Mead

A

Symbolic Interaction Theory (Also Called Social Constructionism or Interpretative Theory

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13
Q

Critiques the hierarchical power structures that disadvantage women and other minorities

Micro or Macro

A

Feminist Theory

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14
Q

The variable in a cause-and-effect relationship that comes first in a time sequence and causes a change in another variable

A

Independent Variable

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15
Q

Actions that undermine the stability or equilibrium of society

A

Dysfunctions

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16
Q

Assumes that all parts of the social structure (including groups, organizations, and institutions), the culture (values and beliefs), and social processes (social change or child rearing) work together to make the whole society run smoothly and harmoniously

A

Structural-Functional Theory

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17
Q

What is Micro Level?

Bottom-up

A

Me (Fam), small groups, local Organizations and community

Smallest building blocks; one-on-one interactions

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18
Q

national institutions, complex organizations, ethnic groups

How do sociologists gather accurate data about families, educational institutions, or ethnic groups?

A

Meso

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19
Q

National and Global Community

Starts Top-Down (Bird View)

How does society impact individuals?

A

Macro

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20
Q

The study of society and the individual in relationship to society.

A

Sociology

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21
Q

The generalized attitude of a large social group

Individuals develop a social self, which he called the “me,” and a response to that social self which he called the I

A

Generalized other

The “me” develops through interactions with others and consists of our interpretations of how the generalized other” views us.

The I arises in response to the “me”. The “I” is one’s personal identity and individuality.

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22
Q

Identify the missing items.

A
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23
Q

What is the looking glass self?

A

The self is shaped by others and interaction with others and perceptions of others.

  • We imagine how we must appear to others
  • We imagine what others must think of us
  • We develop our feelings about ourselevs based on our imagined judgement of others.
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24
Q

Founder of Modern Sociology

Functionalism

Anomie: Dysfunction/Mismatch

Expectations vs. Environment

A

Durkheim

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25
Q

He is associated with conflict theory

Class consiousness: is a social condition in which members of a social class are actively aware of themselves as a group

False consiousness: Not one unit by individual

A

Karl Marx

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26
Q

He is associated with rationalization aka increasing efficency and bureaucracies

Interpretation as well

A

Max Weber

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27
Q

_______ refers to a relationship between variables (such as poverty and low levels of education), with change in one variable associated with change in another.

A

Correlation

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28
Q

_________ relationships occur when there is a relationship between variables so that one variable stimulates a change in another

A

Cause-and-effect

29
Q

____________ occur when there is no causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables, but they vary together, often due to a third variable affecting both of them

A

Spurious relationships

30
Q

______ are steps used by researchers to eliminate all variables except those related to the hypothesis—especially those variables that might be spurious

A

Controls

31
Q

________ are research conducted by talking directly with people and asking questions in person or by telephone.

A

Interviews

32
Q

________ contain questions and other types of items designed to solicit information appropriate to analysis of research questions

A

Questionnaires

33
Q

__________ (also called field research) involve systematic, planned observation and recording of interactions and other human behavior in their natural settings (where the activity normally takes place rather than in a laboratory).

A

Observational studies

34
Q

_________ uses existing data, information that has already been collected in other studies— including data banks such as the national census

A

Secondary analysis

35
Q

________ entails the systematic categorizing and recording of information from written or recorded sources—printed materials, videos, radio broadcasts, or artworks.

A

Content analysis

36
Q

_________ refers to the use of two or more methods of data collection to enhance the amount and type of data for analysis and the accuracy of the findings

A

Triangulation

37
Q

Fill in the missing items

A
38
Q

Experimental studies manipulate a _________ variable to observe how a _________ variable changes.

A

independent

dependent

39
Q

__________ variables are manipulated (usually on the x-axis of an accompanying graph).

A

Independent variables

40
Q

___________ variables affect both the independent and dependent variable.

A

Confounding variables

41
Q

____________ is the process of making a variable measurable.

A

Operationalization

42
Q

_______ variables change in response to the independent variable (usually on the y-axis).

A

Dependent

43
Q

___________ variables provide a mechanistic link between two variables.

A

Mediating

44
Q

_______ variables change the intensity of a relationship between two variables

A

Moderating

45
Q

In experimental studies, ______controls receive effectively no treatment, and ______ controls receive a treatment that is known to induce the outcome of interest.

A

negative

positive

46
Q

Randomization and ______ help improve the validity of any study design.

A

blinding

47
Q

_____________ participants randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group.

A

Randomized control trials (RCTs):

48
Q

______ studies analyze pre-existing variation in a population.

A

Observational

49
Q

_____________ sample a population and measure various things about this group.

A

Cross-sectional studies

50
Q

___________ compare individuals with the outcome of interest (cases) and unaffected individuals (controls).

A

Case-control studies

51
Q

_____________: multiple measures are made over time.

A

Longitudinal design

52
Q

___________: people are grouped by some organizing principle and followed through time, often age.

A

Cohort studies:

53
Q

_________ studies analyze participants’ history (backwards in time).

A

Retrospective

54
Q

________ studies analyze participants moving forward in time.

A

Prospective

55
Q

Systematic reviews and ________: combine data from many studies + critical or quantitative assessment.

A

meta-analyses

56
Q

Ethical standards include: informed consent, __________, scientific validity, independent review, clinical value, fair subject selection, and the principle of respect.

A

favorable risk-benefit ratio

57
Q

Experimental methods can be quantitative, qualitative, or ______: measures can be objective or subjective.

A

mixed

58
Q

_________: relates to meaningfulness of a study’s results.

A

Validity

59
Q

_______ validity: how well we can draw causal conclusions from the data.

A

Internal

60
Q

______ validity: how well experiment predicts real-world outcomes.

A

External

61
Q

_____ validity: how well design tests what it intends to (construct, content, criterion, and predictive validity).

A

Test

62
Q

___________: whether measure produces values close to the objectively true value

A

Accuracy

63
Q

________ methods: often use questionnaires; this method is inexpensive but vulnerable to self-reporting bias

A

Survey

64
Q

_________: tendency to reply in a way that seems more socially successful/applicable

A

Social desirability bias

65
Q

________ bias: tendency to answer “yes” to a question by default.

A

Acquiescence

66
Q

___________: idea that a sample should accurately reflect the population it’s taken from.

A

Representativeness:

67
Q

Describes how close together experimental measurements are.

A

Precision

68
Q

________ whether the measurement can reproduce similar results

A

reliability

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