Psychology Chapter 12: Social Stratification (3 Stars)

Question 1

_______ is based on socioeconomic status (SES). Socioeconomic status depends on ascribed status and achieved status.

Answer 1

Social stratification

Question 2

______ is involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as age, gender, and skin color.

Answer 2

Ascribed status

Question 3

______ is acquired through direct, individual efforts.

Answer 3

Achieved status

Question 4

A ______ is a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics. These groups also have similar lifestyles, job opportunities, attitudes, and behaviors.

Answer 4

social class

The three main social classes are upper, middle, and lower class.

Question 5

_____ is the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations.

Answer 5

Prestige

Question 6

_____ is the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments. It often depends on the unequal distribution of valued resources.

Answer 6

Power

Power differentials create social inequality.

Question 7

____ is a state of normlessness. Anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation.

Answer 7

Anomie

Question 8

______ is the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. Social networks, either situational or positional, are one of the most powerful forms.

Answer 8

Social capital

Question 9

______ refers to a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement.

Answer 9

Meritocracy

Question 10

_______ allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience.

Answer 10

Social mobility

Social mobility can either occur in a positive upward direction or a negative downward direction depending on if one is promoted or demoted in status.

Question 11

_____ is a socioeconomic condition.

Answer 11

Poverty

In the United States, the poverty line is determined by the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life.

Question 12

______ refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next.

Answer 12

Social reproduction

Question 13

_____ can either be absolute or relative.

Answer 13

Poverty

Question 14

______ is when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food, clothing, and water.

Answer 14

Absolute poverty

Question 15

_______ is when one is poor in comparison to a larger population.

Answer 15

Relative poverty

Question 16

______ is a sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society.

Answer 16

Social exclusion

Question 17

_______ is a form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines.

Answer 17

Spatial inequality

Question 18

_____ areas tend to have more diverse economic opportunities and more ability for social mobility than rural areas.

Answer 18

Urban

Urban areas also tend to have more low-income racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods than rural areas.

Question 19

_____ of higher-income suburbs is a common occurrence, and is due in part to the limited mobility of lower-income groups in urban centers.

Answer 19

Formation

Question 20

Environmental _____ refers to an uneven distribution of environmental hazards in communities. Lower-income neighborhoods may lack the social and political power to prevent the placement of environmental hazards in their neighborhoods.

Answer 20

injustice

Question 21

_______ has led to further inequalities in space, food and water, energy, housing, and education as the production of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets. This has led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations.

Answer 21

Globalization

Question 22

_____ is calculated as the number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time: for example, new cases per 1000 at-risk people per year.

Answer 22

Incidence

Question 23

_____ is calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time: for example, cases per 1000 people per year.

Answer 23

Prevalence

Question 24

_______ is the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease.

Answer 24

Morbidity

Question 25

_______ refers to deaths caused by a given disease.

Answer 25

Mortality

Question 26

_____ is dependent on geographic, social, and economic factors.

Answer 26

Health

Question 27

The _____ sickness refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice.

Answer 27

second

Question 28

_____ is associated with worse health outcomes, including decreased life expectancy, higher rates of life-shortening diseases, higher rates of suicide and homicide, and higher infant mortality rates.

Answer 28

Poverty

Question 29

Certain racial and ethnic minorities have _____ health profiles than others. African-Americans are, on average, the worst off; white Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans are next; and Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders have the best health profiles.

Answer 29

worse

Question 30

Females have better health profiles than males, including _______, lower rates of life-threatening illnesses, and higher rates of accessing and utilizing health resources. However, females have higher rates of chronic diseases and higher morbidity rates.

Answer 30

higher life expectancy

Question 31

Efforts to improve healthcare for underserved populations include the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the ___________

Answer 31

Medicare and Medicaid programs.

Question 32

______ access and quality differ across the population.

Answer 32

Healthcare

Question 33

______ groups and racial and ethnic minorities (specifically, AfricanAmerican, Asian-Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans) receive worse care than white Americans.

Answer 33

Low-income

Question 34

_____ against overweight or obese patients are associated with lower-quality treatment, including less preventative care and fewer screenings.

Answer 34

Biases

Question 35

______ tend to have better access to healthcare and utilize more healthcare resources than men.

Answer 35

Women

Question 36

____ men and women may have barriers to care due to prejudices, discrimination, and homophobia

Answer 36

LGBT