Psychology: Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception (3 Stars) Flashcards
Light waves vary in _______ (height) and in wavelength (the distance between peaks).
amplitude (height)
Wavelength = Hue (color)
Amplitude = _______
Purity = Saturation
Brightness
In nearsightedness, close objects are seen clearly but distant objects appear blurry because the focus of light from distant objects falls a ______ of the retina
little short
occurs when the cornea or lens bends light too much or when the eyeball is too long.
In farsightedness, distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry because the focus of light from close objects falls _____ the retina.
behind
Occurs when the eyeball is too short
The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of ____ passing into the rear chamber of the eye.
light
pupil constricts = less light into the eye, but it sharpens the image falling on the retina.
pupil dilates (opens), it lets more light in, but the image is less sharp.
The ______ is the neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain.
retina
_____ are specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and color vision.
Cones
6 million
Daytime vision
cones are stubbier
Visual pathway: retina → _______→ optic chiasm → optic tracts → lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of ______ → visual radiations → visual cortex
optic nerve
thalamus
The ____ is a tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot
fovea
_____ are specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.
Rods
100 million
rods are elongated
Signals move from receptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells, which in turn send impulses along the ____ a collection of axons that connect the eye with the brain
optic nerve
The _____ field of a visual cell is the retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell.
receptive
________ the point at which the axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain
optic chiasm
Cornea → pupil → lens → ______ → retina (rods and cones → bipolar cells → ganglion cells) → optic nerve → _______ → optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus → radiations through parietal and temporal lobes → _________ (occipital lobe)
vitreous
optic chiasm
visual cortex (occipital lobe)
______ neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli.
feature detectors
_________ is the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion to create a cohesive image of the world.
Parallel processing
Magnocellular cells specialize in motion detection
Parallel processing also calls on memory systems to compare a visual stimulus to past experiences to help determine the object’s identity.
__________ is the process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form. In other words, you start with the components of a form, such as lines, edges, and corners, and build them into perceptions of squares, triangles, stop signs, bicycles, ice cream cones, and telephones
Feature analysis
______processing, a progression from individual elements to the whole.
______, a progression from the whole to the elements
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
The same visual input can result in radically ________ perceptions.
different
________ which involves the failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display because one’s attention is focused elsewhere
uninattentional blindness
Name the 5 Gestalt Principles
_______ involves interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are.
Depth perception
____________ an apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality
visual illusion
Wavelengths of sound are described in terms of their ______, which is measured in cycles per second, or ______
frequency,
hertz (Hz).
20 Hz up to a high of about 20,000 Hz
Identify the missing ear components
Identify the missing eye components
The outer ear consists of the pinna (auricle), _____________, and tympanic membrane.
external auditory canal
The middle ear consists of the ossicles: malleus (hammer),________, and stapes (stirrup). The footplate of the stapes rests in the oval window of the cochlea. The middle ear is connected to the nasal cavity by the Eustachian tube
incus (anvil)
The inner ear contains the bony labyrinth, within which is the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is filled with ______; the membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph. The membranous labyrinth consists of the ______, which detects sound; utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration; and semicircular canals, which detect rotational acceleration.
perilymph
cochlea - fluid-filled, coiled tunnel
______ waves in the fluid filling the cochlea cause oscillations to travel in waves down the basilar membrane, stimulating the hair cells to fire.
Pressure
_____________, which holds the hair cells that serve as auditory receptors
Basilar membrane
_________, which are three tiny bones in the middle ear that convert the eardrum’s vibrations
Ossicles
Taste cells absorb _________ in saliva and trigger neural impulses routed through the thalamus.
chemicals
The receptors for smell are _______ cilia, hairlike structures located in the upper portion of the nasal passages
olfactory cilia
number of distinct odors ranged from 10,000
Receptors in the skin can register (4)
pressure
temperature
vibration
pain
