Biology Chapter 9: The Digestive System (2 Stars)

Question 1

Intracellular digestion involves the _____ of glucose and fatty acids to make energy.

Answer 1

oxidation

Question 2

______ digestion is the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles.

Answer 2

Mechanical

Question 3

_______ digestion is the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches.

Answer 3

Chemical

Question 4

The pathway of the digestive tract is: oral cavity → pharynx → ______ → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum

Answer 4

esophagus

Question 5

The ______ organs of digestion are the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Answer 5

accessory

Question 6

The ______ nervous system is in the wall of the alimentary canal and controls peristalsis. Its activity is upregulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and downregulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 6

enteric

Question 7

Multiple hormones regulate feeding behavior, including _______ and aldosterone, which promote thirst; glucagon and ghrelin, which promote hunger; and leptin and cholecystokinin, which promote satiety.

Answer 7

antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

Question 8

In the ______, mastication starts the mechanical digestion of food, while salivary amylase and lipase start the chemical digestion of food.

Answer 8

oral cavity

Question 9

The _____ connects the mouth and posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus.

Answer 9

pharynx

Question 10

The _____ propels food to the stomach using peristalsis.

Answer 10

esophagus

Food enters the stomach through the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter.

Question 11

The stomach has four parts: fundus, body, antrum, and ______. The stomach has a lesser and greater curvature and is thrown into folds called rugae.

Answer 11

pylorus

Question 12

_____ cells produce bicarbonate-rich mucus to protect the stomach.

Answer 12

Mucous

Question 13

_____ cells secrete pepsinogen, a protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach.

Answer 13

Chief

Question 14

_____ cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.

Answer 14

Parietal

Question 15

_____ secrete gastrin, a peptide hormone that increases HCl secretion and gastric motility.

Answer 15

G-cells

Question 16

After mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach, the food particles are now called _____
Food passes into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter.

Answer 16

chyme

Question 17

The ______ is the first part of the small intestine and is primarily involved in chemical digestion.

Answer 17

duodenum

Question 18

______ are brush-border enzymes that break down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides.

Answer 18

Disaccharidases

Question 19

Brush-border _______ include aminopeptidase and dipeptidases.

Answer 19

peptidasess.

Question 20

_______ activates trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, initiating an activation cascade.

Answer 20

Enteropeptidase

Question 21

_______ stimulates the release of pancreatic juices into the digestive tract and slows motility.

Answer 21

Secretin

Question 22

Cholecystokinin stimulate ____ release from the gallbladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety.

Answer 22

bile

Question 23

____ cells in the pancreas produce pancreatic juices that contain bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic peptidases (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidases A and B), and pancreatic lipase.

Answer 23

Acinar

Question 24

The ____ synthesizes bile, which can be stored in the gallbladder or secreted into the duodenum directly.

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

___ emulsifies fats, making them soluble and increasing their surface area.

Answer 25

Bile

Question 26

The main components of bile are _____, pigments (especially bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin), and cholesterol.

Answer 26

bile salts

Question 27

The liver also processes _____ (through glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, storage and mobilization of fats, and gluconeogenesis), produces urea, detoxifies chemicals, activates or inactivates medications, produces bile, and synthesizes albumin and clotting factors.

Answer 27

nutrients

Question 28

The ______ stores and concentrates bile.

Answer 28

gallbladder

Question 29

The jejunum and _____ of the small intestine are primarily involved in absorption.

Answer 29

ileum

Question 30

The _______ is lined with villi, which are covered with microvilli, increasing the surface area available for absorption.

Answer 30

small intestine

Question 31

____ contain a capillary bed and a lacteal, a vessel of the lymphatic system.

Answer 31

Villi

Question 32

Water-soluble compounds, such as monosaccharides, amino acids, watersoluble vitamins, small fatty acids, and water, enter the _____ bed.

Answer 32

capillary

Question 33

Fat-soluble compounds, such as fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins, enter the _____

Answer 33

lacteal

Question 34

The large intestine absorbs water and salts, forming semisolid _____

Answer 34

feces.

Question 35

The ____ is an outpocketing that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the ileocecal valve and is the site of attachment of the appendix.

Answer 35

cecum

Question 36

The _____ is divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions.

Answer 36

colon

Question 37

The _____ stores feces, which are then excreted through the anus.

Answer 37

rectum

Question 38

____ bacteria produce vitamin K and biotin (vitamin B7)

Answer 38

Gut

Question 39

Extracellular digestion occurs in the lumen of the _____ canal.

Answer 39

alimentary

Question 40

____ is formed into a bolus and swallowed.

Answer 40

Food

Question 41

The fat-soluble vitamins are (4).

Answer 41

A, D, E, and K.

Question 42

Fill in the blank

Answer 42

Question 43

Fill in the blank

Answer 43

Question 44

Fill in the blank

Answer 44