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MCAT Journey > Psychology: Chapter 6: Language (4 Stars) > Flashcards

Psychology: Chapter 6: Language (4 Stars) Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the process of becoming used to a stimulus

A

Habituation

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2
Q

______ can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus.

A

Dishabituation

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3
Q

_______ is a way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences.

A

Associative learning

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4
Q

In _______ , an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

A

classical conditioning

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5
Q

In ______, behavior is changed through the use of consequences.

A

operant conditioning

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6
Q

______ increases the likelihood of a behavior.

A

Reinforcement

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7
Q

______ decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

A

Punishment

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8
Q

______ learning, or modeling, is the acquisition of behavior by watching others.

A

Observational

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9
Q

Fill in the missing items

A
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10
Q

________ schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

A

Fixed-ratio (FR)

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11
Q

______ schedules reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant.

A

Variable-ratio (VR)

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12
Q

_______ schedules reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed.

A

Fixed-interval (FI)

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13
Q

______ schedules reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time

A

Variable-interval (VI)

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14
Q

_______ is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

A

unconditioned stimulus (US)

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15
Q

_______ is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

A

unconditioned response (UR)

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16
Q

_______ is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

When evoked by the US (meat powder), salivation was an unconditioned response. When evoked by the CS (the tone), salivation was a conditioned response

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17
Q

______ is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

A

conditioned response (CR)

When evoked by the US (meat powder), salivation was an unconditioned response. When evoked by the CS (the tone), salivation was a conditioned response

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18
Q

Whenever her family drove to visit her grandmother, they had to cross a rickety, old bridge in the countryside. Her father, in a misguided attempt at humor, made a major production out of these crossings. He would stop short of the bridge and carry on about the great danger. Obviously, he thought the bridge was safe or he wouldn’t have driven across it. However, the naïve young girl was terrified by her father’s scare tactics.

CS?

US?

CR/UR?

A
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19
Q

_______ refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.

A

Evaluative conditioning

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20
Q

_______ refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency.

A

Acquisition

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21
Q

_______ the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

A

extinction

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22
Q

_______ is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

A

Spontaneous recovery

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23
Q

_______—if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.

A

renewal effect

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24
Q

Sam is 3 years old. One night, his parents build a roaring fire in the family room fireplace. The fire spits out a large ember that hits sam in the arm, giving him a nasty burn that hurts a great deal for several hours. a week later, when sam’s parents light another fire in the fireplace, sam becomes upset and fearful, crying and running from the room.

CS?

US?

CR/UR?

A

CS: Fire in fireplace

US: Pain from burn

CR/UR: Fear 2. CS: Brake lights in rain US: Car accident CR/UR: Tensing up 3. CS: Sight of cat US: Cat dander CR/UR: Wheezing

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25
Q

Melanie is driving to work on a rainy highway when she notices that the brake lights of all the cars just ahead of her have come on. she hits her brakes, but watches in horror as her car glides into a four-car pileup. she’s badly shaken up in the accident. a month later, she’s driving in the rain again and notices that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her.

CS

US

CR/UR

A

CS: Brake lights in rain

US: Car accident

CR/UR: Tensing up

26
Q

At the age of 24, Tyrone has recently developed an allergy to cats. When he’s in the same room with a cat for more than 30 minutes, he starts wheezing. after a few such allergic reactions, he starts wheezing as soon as he sees a cat in a room.

CS

US

CR/UR

A

CS: Sight of cat

US: Cat dander

CR/UR: Wheezing

27
Q

_______ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

A

Stimulus generalization

The more similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of generalization.

28
Q

______ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

A

Stimulus discrimination

29
Q

________, in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

A

higher-order conditioning

30
Q

_______ in operant conditioning is the formation of a new response tendency

A

acquisition

31
Q

______ —the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

A

shaping

32
Q

_______ refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement.

A

extinction

33
Q

Fill in the missing items

A
34
Q

_______ are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

A

Primary reinforcers

35
Q

Secondary, or _______, reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

A

conditioned

36
Q

A schedule of _______ is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.

A

reinforcement

37
Q

______ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.

A

Continuous reinforcement

38
Q

______ reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

A

Intermittent

39
Q

______ schedule, the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

A

fixed-ratio (FR)

Piecework is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule

40
Q

_______, the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

A

variable-ratio (VR) schedule

Playing slot machines is based on variable-ratio reinforcement.

41
Q

________ , the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

A

fixed-interval (FI) schedule,

Watching the clock at work is rewarded on a fixed-interval basis (the arrival of quitting time is the reinforcer).

42
Q

________, the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

A

variable-interval (VI) schedule,

Surfers waiting for a big wave are rewarded on a variable-interval basis.

43
Q

__________ 1. sarah is paid on a commission basis for selling computer systems. she gets a bonus for every third sale.

FR, VR, VI, FI

A
  1. FR. Each sale is a response and every third response earns reinforcement.
44
Q

______ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

A

Positive reinforcement

45
Q

______ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

A

Negative reinforcement

46
Q

______, an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

A

escape learning

47
Q

_________ an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from

A

avoidance learning

48
Q

positive reinforcement (Pr), negative reinforcement (nr), punishment (P), or extinction (e).

__________ 1. antonio gets a speeding ticket.

__________ 2. Diane’s supervisor compliments her on her hard work.

__________ 3. Leon goes to the health club for a rare workout and pushes himself so hard that his entire body aches and he throws up.

__________ 4. audrey lets her dog out so she won’t have to listen to its whimpering.

__________ 5. richard shoots up heroin to ward off tremors and chills associated with heroin withdrawal.

__________ 6. sharma constantly complains about minor aches and pains to obtain sympathy from colleagues at work. Three co-workers who share an office with her decide to ignore her complaints instead of responding with sympathy.

A
  1. Punishment.
  2. Positive reinforcement.
  3. Punishment.
  4. Negative reinforcement (for Audrey); the dog is positively reinforced for its whining.
  5. Negative reinforcement.
  6. Extinction. When Sharma’s co-workers start to ignore her complaints, they are trying to extinguish the behavior (which had been positively reinforced when it won sympathy)
49
Q

_______ occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

A

Observational learning

50
Q

_______ To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person’s behavior and its consequences.

A

Attention

51
Q

________ You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Thus, you must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory.

A

Retention

52
Q

_____ Enacting a modeled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into overt behavior

A

Reproduction.

53
Q

These neurons are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action.

They may also play a role in the experience of _____ emotions, or emotions felt as a result of another individual’s experience, such as empathy.

A

mirror neurons

vicarious emotions,

54
Q

______ refers to the process of observing another person, then mimicking the same behavior.

A

Modeling

55
Q

______ involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

A

Preparedness

56
Q

________ the idea that some behaviors are harder to teach and retain if they go against innate natural behaviors that animals perform.

A

instinctive drift

57
Q

__________ 2. Juan’s parents let him earn some pocket money by doing yard work approximately once a week.

FR, VR, VI, FI

A

VI. A varied amount of time elapses before the response of doing yard work can earn reinforcement.

58
Q

__________ 3. Martha is fly-fishing. Think of each time that she casts her line as the response that may be rewarded.

A

VR. Reinforcement occurs after a varied number of unreinforced casts (time is irrelevant; the more casts Martha makes, the more reinforcers she will receive).

59
Q

__________ 4. Jamal, who is in the fourth grade, gets a gold star from his teacher for every book he reads.

A

CR. The designated response (reading a book) is reinforced (with a gold star) each and every time.

60
Q

__________ 5. skip, a professional baseball player, signs an agreement that his salary increases will be renegotiated every 3rd year

A

FI. A fixed time interval (3 years) has to elapse before Skip can earn a salary increase (the reinforcer).

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