Psychology: Chapter 6: Language (4 Stars) Flashcards
_______ is the process of becoming used to a stimulus
Habituation
______ can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus.
Dishabituation
_______ is a way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences.
Associative learning
In _______ , an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response
classical conditioning
In ______, behavior is changed through the use of consequences.
operant conditioning
______ increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Reinforcement
______ decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Punishment
______ learning, or modeling, is the acquisition of behavior by watching others.
Observational
Fill in the missing items
________ schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior
Fixed-ratio (FR)
______ schedules reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant.
Variable-ratio (VR)
_______ schedules reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed.
Fixed-interval (FI)
______ schedules reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time
Variable-interval (VI)
_______ is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
_______ is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
unconditioned response (UR)
_______ is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
When evoked by the US (meat powder), salivation was an unconditioned response. When evoked by the CS (the tone), salivation was a conditioned response
______ is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
conditioned response (CR)
When evoked by the US (meat powder), salivation was an unconditioned response. When evoked by the CS (the tone), salivation was a conditioned response
Whenever her family drove to visit her grandmother, they had to cross a rickety, old bridge in the countryside. Her father, in a misguided attempt at humor, made a major production out of these crossings. He would stop short of the bridge and carry on about the great danger. Obviously, he thought the bridge was safe or he wouldn’t have driven across it. However, the naïve young girl was terrified by her father’s scare tactics.
CS?
US?
CR/UR?
_______ refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.
Evaluative conditioning
_______ refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency.
Acquisition
_______ the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
extinction
_______ is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery
_______—if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.
renewal effect
Sam is 3 years old. One night, his parents build a roaring fire in the family room fireplace. The fire spits out a large ember that hits sam in the arm, giving him a nasty burn that hurts a great deal for several hours. a week later, when sam’s parents light another fire in the fireplace, sam becomes upset and fearful, crying and running from the room.
CS?
US?
CR/UR?
CS: Fire in fireplace
US: Pain from burn
CR/UR: Fear 2. CS: Brake lights in rain US: Car accident CR/UR: Tensing up 3. CS: Sight of cat US: Cat dander CR/UR: Wheezing
Melanie is driving to work on a rainy highway when she notices that the brake lights of all the cars just ahead of her have come on. she hits her brakes, but watches in horror as her car glides into a four-car pileup. she’s badly shaken up in the accident. a month later, she’s driving in the rain again and notices that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her.
CS
US
CR/UR
CS: Brake lights in rain
US: Car accident
CR/UR: Tensing up
At the age of 24, Tyrone has recently developed an allergy to cats. When he’s in the same room with a cat for more than 30 minutes, he starts wheezing. after a few such allergic reactions, he starts wheezing as soon as he sees a cat in a room.
CS
US
CR/UR
CS: Sight of cat
US: Cat dander
CR/UR: Wheezing
_______ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Stimulus generalization
The more similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of generalization.
______ occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination
________, in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.
higher-order conditioning
_______ in operant conditioning is the formation of a new response tendency
acquisition
______ —the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
shaping
_______ refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement.
extinction
Fill in the missing items
_______ are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
Primary reinforcers
Secondary, or _______, reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
conditioned
A schedule of _______ is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.
reinforcement
______ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.
Continuous reinforcement
______ reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
Intermittent
______ schedule, the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.
fixed-ratio (FR)
Piecework is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule
_______, the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.
variable-ratio (VR) schedule
Playing slot machines is based on variable-ratio reinforcement.
________ , the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
fixed-interval (FI) schedule,
Watching the clock at work is rewarded on a fixed-interval basis (the arrival of quitting time is the reinforcer).
________, the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.
variable-interval (VI) schedule,
Surfers waiting for a big wave are rewarded on a variable-interval basis.
__________ 1. sarah is paid on a commission basis for selling computer systems. she gets a bonus for every third sale.
FR, VR, VI, FI
- FR. Each sale is a response and every third response earns reinforcement.
______ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Positive reinforcement
______ occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
Negative reinforcement
______, an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
escape learning
_________ an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement (Pr), negative reinforcement (nr), punishment (P), or extinction (e).
__________ 1. antonio gets a speeding ticket.
__________ 2. Diane’s supervisor compliments her on her hard work.
__________ 3. Leon goes to the health club for a rare workout and pushes himself so hard that his entire body aches and he throws up.
__________ 4. audrey lets her dog out so she won’t have to listen to its whimpering.
__________ 5. richard shoots up heroin to ward off tremors and chills associated with heroin withdrawal.
__________ 6. sharma constantly complains about minor aches and pains to obtain sympathy from colleagues at work. Three co-workers who share an office with her decide to ignore her complaints instead of responding with sympathy.
- Punishment.
- Positive reinforcement.
- Punishment.
- Negative reinforcement (for Audrey); the dog is positively reinforced for its whining.
- Negative reinforcement.
- Extinction. When Sharma’s co-workers start to ignore her complaints, they are trying to extinguish the behavior (which had been positively reinforced when it won sympathy)
_______ occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
Observational learning
_______ To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person’s behavior and its consequences.
Attention
________ You may not have occasion to use an observed response for weeks, months, or even years. Thus, you must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory.
Retention
_____ Enacting a modeled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images into overt behavior
Reproduction.
These neurons are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action.
They may also play a role in the experience of _____ emotions, or emotions felt as a result of another individual’s experience, such as empathy.
mirror neurons
vicarious emotions,
______ refers to the process of observing another person, then mimicking the same behavior.
Modeling
______ involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.
Preparedness
________ the idea that some behaviors are harder to teach and retain if they go against innate natural behaviors that animals perform.
instinctive drift
__________ 2. Juan’s parents let him earn some pocket money by doing yard work approximately once a week.
FR, VR, VI, FI
VI. A varied amount of time elapses before the response of doing yard work can earn reinforcement.
__________ 3. Martha is fly-fishing. Think of each time that she casts her line as the response that may be rewarded.
VR. Reinforcement occurs after a varied number of unreinforced casts (time is irrelevant; the more casts Martha makes, the more reinforcers she will receive).
__________ 4. Jamal, who is in the fourth grade, gets a gold star from his teacher for every book he reads.
CR. The designated response (reading a book) is reinforced (with a gold star) each and every time.
__________ 5. skip, a professional baseball player, signs an agreement that his salary increases will be renegotiated every 3rd year
FI. A fixed time interval (3 years) has to elapse before Skip can earn a salary increase (the reinforcer).
