Psychology: Chapter 7: Attention and Learning (4 Stars) Flashcards
________ involves forming a memory code.
Encoding
Three key processes in memory
Encoding, Storage & Retrieval
______ involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
Storage
________ involves recovering information from memory stores
Retrieval
_______ involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
Attention
_____________ is focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli.
Selective attention
ex. multitasking does not work
_______ uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time.
Divided attention
Ex. cocktail party phenomenon
3 Types of encoding
visual/structual encoding
store the way it sounds acoustic/phonemic encoding
put it into a meaningful context (semantic encoding).
______ -the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
elaboration
_______—the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered—can also be used to enrich encoding
Imagery
_______ preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
Sensory memory
________ is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
Short-term memory (STM)
________—the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information
rehearsal
A _______ is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
A chunk
FB - INB - CC - IAIB - M
FBI - NBC - CIA - IBM
________ - a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information.
working memory
_______ is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
Long-term memory (LTM)
________memories, which are thought to be unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events,
flashbulb memories,
Ex. 911
________ is a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.
conceptual hierarchy
A ______ is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event.
A schema
A ________ consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
semantic network
When people think about a word, their thoughts naturally go to related words is called what?
spreading activation
__________—the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
_________—stimuli that help gain access to memories, such as hints, related information, or partial recollections.
retrieval cues
What are the missing memrory types?
Senosory
Implicit
Declarative
Semantic
The __________ occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information.
misinformation effect
_________ is the name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained.
Retrieval
___________ the process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned, is far easier than recall.
Recognition
A_________________ occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.
A source-monitoring error
_____________ is another way of demonstrating that information has been stored in long-term memory.
Relearning
________—the process of making inferences about the origins of memories.
source monitoring
__________ graphs retention and forgetting over time
forgetting curve
_______ is the length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered and the measurement of forgetting.
retention interval
______ measure requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues
recall
_______ measure of retention requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options.
recognition
multiple-choice, true-false, and matching questions are recognition measures
______ meausure of retention requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before.
relearning
_______ proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.
Decay theory
__________ proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material.
Interference theory
__________ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
Retroactive interference
_________ occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
proactive interference
_____________ states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.
encoding specificity principle
______ refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
repression
In _________, a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury
retrograde amnesia
In __________, a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury.
anterograde amnesia
________ is a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of new, unstable memories into stable, durable memory codes stored in long-term memory
Consolidation
The _________ system handles factual information
declarative memory
recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas
________ system houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories
nondeclarative memory
procedural
______ system is made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.
episodic memory
Episodic memory is a record of things you’ve done, seen, and heard.
The _______ system contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.
semantic memory
Semantic memory contains information such as Christmas is December 25th, dogs have four legs,
__________ involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information.
Retrospective memory
remember who won the Super Bowl last year
________ involves remembering to perform actions in the future.
Prospective memory
Examples of prospective memory tasks include remembering to bring your umbrella, to walk the dog, to call someone,
________ involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.
link method
The _______ involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations. The first step is to commit to memory
method of loci
A _______ is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event.
schema
As our brains develop, neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli via a phenomenon called _________
neuroplasticity
the brains of young children are so plastic that they can reorganize drastically in response to injury, as evidenced by studies of children who have had entire hemispheres of their brains removed to prevent severe seizures.
As the stimulus is repeated, the stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing their neurotransmitters and at the same time receptor sites on the other side of the synapse increase, increasing receptor density. This strengthening is known as __________, and is believed to be the neurophysiological basis of long-term memory
long-term potentiation
Another way our brains change is through a process called _________. As we grow older, weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains’ ability to process information
synaptic pruning
______ disease, which is a degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus
Alzheimer’s disease
dementia (a loss of cognitive function)
retrograde fashion, with loss of recent memories before distant memories.
neurofibrillary tangles and β-amyloid plaques
sundowning, an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening.
_______ is another form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. The disorder is marked by both retrograde amnesia (the loss of previously formed memories) and anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories).
Korsakoff’s syndrome is another form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain.
The disorder is marked by both retrograde amnesia (the loss of previously formed memories) and anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories). Another common symptom is
confabulation, or the process of creating vivid but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories.
_________ (remembering to perform a task at some point in the future) remains mostly intact when it is event-based—that is, primed by a trigger event, such as remembering to buy milk when walking past the grocery store.
Prospective memory
