Psychology: Chapter 7: Attention and Learning (4 Stars)

Question 1

________ involves forming a memory code.

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

Three key processes in memory

Answer 2

Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

Question 3

______ involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time.

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

________ involves recovering information from memory stores

Answer 4

Retrieval

Question 5

_______ involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.

Answer 5

Attention

Question 6

_____________ is focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli.

Answer 6

Selective attention

ex. multitasking does not work

Question 7

_______ uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time.

Answer 7

Divided attention

Ex. cocktail party phenomenon

Question 8

3 Types of encoding

Answer 8

visual/structual encoding

store the way it sounds acoustic/phonemic encoding

put it into a meaningful context (semantic encoding).

Question 9

______ -the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Answer 9

elaboration

Question 10

_______—the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered—can also be used to enrich encoding

Answer 10

Imagery

Question 11

_______ preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.

Answer 11

Sensory memory

Question 12

________ is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.

Answer 12

Short-term memory (STM)

Question 13

________—the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

Answer 13

rehearsal

Question 14

A _______ is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.

Answer 14

A chunk

FB - INB - CC - IAIB - M

FBI - NBC - CIA - IBM

Question 15

________ - a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Answer 15

working memory

Question 16

_______ is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

Answer 16

Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 17

________memories, which are thought to be unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events,

Answer 17

flashbulb memories,

Ex. 911

Question 18

________ is a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.

Answer 18

conceptual hierarchy

Question 19

A ______ is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event.

Answer 19

A schema

Question 20

A ________ consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.

Answer 20

semantic network

Question 21

When people think about a word, their thoughts naturally go to related words is called what?

Answer 21

spreading activation

Question 22

__________—the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach.

Answer 22

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 23

_________—stimuli that help gain access to memories, such as hints, related information, or partial recollections.

Answer 23

retrieval cues

Question 24

What are the missing memrory types?

Answer 24

Senosory

Implicit

Declarative

Semantic

Question 25

The __________ occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information.

Answer 25

misinformation effect

Question 26

_________ is the name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained.

Answer 26

Retrieval

Question 27

___________ the process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned, is far easier than recall.

Answer 27

Recognition

Question 28

A_________________ occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.

Answer 28

A source-monitoring error

Question 29

_____________ is another way of demonstrating that information has been stored in long-term memory.

Answer 29

Relearning

Question 30

________—the process of making inferences about the origins of memories.

Answer 30

source monitoring

Question 31

__________ graphs retention and forgetting over time

Answer 31

forgetting curve

Question 32

_______ is the length of time between the presentation of materials to be remembered and the measurement of forgetting.

Answer 32

retention interval

Question 33

______ measure requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues

Answer 33

recall

Question 34

_______ measure of retention requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options.

Answer 34

recognition

multiple-choice, true-false, and matching questions are recognition measures

Question 35

______ meausure of retention requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before.

Answer 35

relearning

Question 36

_______ proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.

Answer 36

Decay theory

Question 37

__________ proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material.

Answer 37

Interference theory

Question 38

__________ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information

Answer 38

Retroactive interference

Question 39

_________ occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Answer 39

proactive interference

Question 40

_____________ states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.

Answer 40

encoding specificity principle

Question 41

______ refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Answer 41

repression

Question 42

In _________, a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury

Answer 42

retrograde amnesia

Question 43

In __________, a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury.

Answer 43

anterograde amnesia

Question 44

________ is a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of new, unstable memories into stable, durable memory codes stored in long-term memory

Answer 44

Consolidation

Question 45

The _________ system handles factual information

Answer 45

declarative memory

recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas

Question 46

________ system houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories

Answer 46

nondeclarative memory

procedural

Question 47

______ system is made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.

Answer 47

episodic memory

Episodic memory is a record of things you’ve done, seen, and heard.

Question 48

The _______ system contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.

Answer 48

semantic memory

Semantic memory contains information such as Christmas is December 25th, dogs have four legs,

Question 49

__________ involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information.

Answer 49

Retrospective memory

remember who won the Super Bowl last year

Question 50

________ involves remembering to perform actions in the future.

Answer 50

Prospective memory

Examples of prospective memory tasks include remembering to bring your umbrella, to walk the dog, to call someone,

Question 51

________ involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

Answer 51

link method

Question 52

The _______ involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations. The first step is to commit to memory

Answer 52

method of loci

Question 53

A _______ is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event.

Answer 53

schema

Question 54

As our brains develop, neural connections form rapidly in response to stimuli via a phenomenon called _________

Answer 54

neuroplasticity

the brains of young children are so plastic that they can reorganize drastically in response to injury, as evidenced by studies of children who have had entire hemispheres of their brains removed to prevent severe seizures.

Question 55

As the stimulus is repeated, the stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing their neurotransmitters and at the same time receptor sites on the other side of the synapse increase, increasing receptor density. This strengthening is known as __________, and is believed to be the neurophysiological basis of long-term memory

Answer 55

long-term potentiation

Question 56

Another way our brains change is through a process called _________. As we grow older, weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increasing the efficiency of our brains’ ability to process information

Answer 56

synaptic pruning

Question 57

______ disease, which is a degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus

Answer 57

Alzheimer’s disease

dementia (a loss of cognitive function)

retrograde fashion, with loss of recent memories before distant memories.

neurofibrillary tangles and β-amyloid plaques

sundowning, an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening.

Question 58

_______ is another form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. The disorder is marked by both retrograde amnesia (the loss of previously formed memories) and anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories).

Answer 58

Korsakoff’s syndrome is another form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain.

The disorder is marked by both retrograde amnesia (the loss of previously formed memories) and anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new memories). Another common symptom is

confabulation, or the process of creating vivid but fabricated memories, typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories.

Question 59

_________ (remembering to perform a task at some point in the future) remains mostly intact when it is event-based—that is, primed by a trigger event, such as remembering to buy milk when walking past the grocery store.

Answer 59

Prospective memory