Biology Chapter 6: Respiratory System (1 Stars)

Question 1

Air is drawn in through the nares, and through the nasal cavity and ______, where it is warmed and humidified.

Answer 1

pharynx

Question 2

Air is filtered by nasal hairs (vibrissae) and ______ membranes.

Answer 2

mucous

Question 3

Air then enters the _____, followed by the trachea.

Answer 3

larynx

Question 4

The trachea divides into two mainstem bronchi, which divide into ______, which divide into continually smaller passages until reaching the alveoli

Answer 4

bronchioles

Question 5

_____ are small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane

Answer 5

Alveoli

Question 6

______ in the alveoli reduces surface tension at the liquid–gas interface, preventing collapse.

Answer 6

Surfactant

Question 7

The ______ pleura lies adjacent to the lung itself

Answer 7

visceral

Question 8

The parietal pleura lines the _____ wall

Answer 8

chest

Question 9

The _______ lies between these two layers and contains a thin layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural surfaces

Answer 9

intrapleural space

Question 10

The _______ is a thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing.

Answer 10

diaphragm

Question 11

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles _____ the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space. This decreases the intrapleural pressure.

Answer 11

expand

Question 12

This pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment. This mechanism is termed _________

Answer 12

negative-pressure breathing.

Question 13

Inhalation is an _____ process.

Answer 13

active

Question 14

______ may be passive or active.

Answer 14

Exhalation

Question 15

In passive exhalation, relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to ______ in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation

Answer 15

decrease

Question 16

In _____ exhalation, the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly _____ the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air.

Answer 16

active

Question 17

A ______ can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

Answer 17

spirometer

Question 18

_______ is the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely.

Answer 18

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 19

Residual volume (RV) is the ______volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely

Answer 19

minimum

Question 20

_______ is the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs.

Answer 20

Vital capacity (VC)

Question 21

_______ is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.

Answer 21

Tidal volume (TV)

Question 22

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume of _______ air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Answer 22

additional

Question 23

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly ______ after a normal inhalation.

Answer 23

inhaled

Question 24

_______ is regulated by the ventilation center, a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata.

Answer 24

Ventilation

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there are high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercarbia or hypercapnia).

Answer 25

Chemoreceptors

Question 26

The ventilation center can also respond to low oxygen concentrations in the blood (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) by increasing ventilation rate

Answer 26

hypoxemia

Question 27

Ventilation can also be controlled consciously through the cerebrum, although the _______ will override the cerebrum during extended periods of hypo- or hyperventilation

Answer 27

medulla oblongata

Question 28

The lungs perform gas exchange with the blood through _____ diffusion across concentration gradients

Answer 28

simple

Question 29

Deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration is brought to the lungs via the pulmonary \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 29

arteries

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blood with a low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Answer 30

Oxygenated

Question 31

The large surface area of interaction between the alveoli and capillaries allows the respiratory system to assist in thermoregulation through _______ and vasoconstriction of capillary beds.

Answer 31

vasodilation

Question 32

Multiple mechanisms, including vibrissae, mucous membranes, and the mucociliary escalator, help \_\_\_\_\_the incoming air and trap particulate matter.

Answer 32

filter

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the nasal cavity and saliva attacks peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 33

Lysozyme

Question 34

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

Answer 34

Macrophages

Question 35

Mucosal surfaces are covered with ____ antibodies.

Answer 35

IgA

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_ have antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals. Are often involved in allergic reactions as well.

Answer 36

Mast cells

Question 37

The respiratory system is involved in pH control through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 38

When blood pH \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide. This causes a left shift in the buffer equation, reducing hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 38

decreases,

Question 39

When blood pH increases, respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide. This causes a ____ shift in the buffer equation, increasing hydrogen ion concentration.

Answer 39

right