Chemistry Chapter 6: Equilibrium Flashcards
________ reactions eventually reach a state in which energy is minimized and entropy is maximized
Reversible
_______ equilibria are dynamic—the reactions are still occurring, just at a constant rate.
Chemical
The _____ gives the expression for the equilibrium constant, Keq. The reaction quotient, Q, has the same form but can be calculated at any concentrations of reactants and products.
law of mass action
____ is a calculated value that relates the reactant and product concentrations at any given time during a reaction
Q
____ is the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium, with each species raised to its stoichiometric coefficient. _____ for a reaction is constant at a constant temperature
Keq
Comparison of Q to Keq provides information about where the reaction is with respect to its equilibrium state.
○ If Q < Keq, ΔG < 0, and the reaction proceeds in the ______ direction.
○ If Q = Keq, ΔG = 0, and the reaction is in dynamic equilibrium.
○ If Q > Keq, ΔG > 0, and the reaction proceeds in the reverse direction
forward direction.
_______ states that when a chemical system experiences a stress, it will react so as to restore equilibrium.
Le Châtelier’s principle
here are three main types of stresses applied to a system: changes in concentration,_______, and temperature.
pressure and volume
Increasing the concentration of reactants or decreasing the concentration of products will shift the reaction to the _____.
right
Increasing the concentration of products or decreasing the concentration of reactants will shift the reaction to the ____
left
_____ pressure on a gaseous system (decreasing its volume) will shift the reaction toward the side with fewer moles of gas.
Increasing
Decreasing pressure on a gaseous system (increasing its volume) will shift the reaction toward the side with ____ moles of gas
more
Increasing the temperature of an endothermic reaction or decreasing the temperature of an _______reaction will shift the reaction to the right.
exothermic
_____ the temperature of an endothermic reaction or increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction will shift the reaction to the left.
Decreasing
______ are higher in free energy than thermodynamic products and can form at lower temperatures. These are sometimes termed “fast” products because they can form more quickly under such conditions.
Kinetic products
Thermodynamic products are ____ in free energy than kinetic products and are therefore more stable. Despite proceeding more slowly than the kinetic pathway, the thermodynamic pathway is more spontaneous (more negative ΔG)
lower
The larger the value of Keq, the farther to the ____ the equilibrium position.
right
Le Châtelier’s principle tells us that changing the temperature of a system will also cause the system to react in a particular way to return to its equilibrium state. However, unlike the effect of changing concentrations or pressures, the result of changing temperature is not a change in the reaction quotient, Qc or Qp, but a change in ____
Keq.
If a reaction is endothermic (ΔH > 0), heat functions as a _____; if a reaction is exothermic (ΔH < 0), heat functions as a product.
reactant
