Organic Chemistry Chapter 1: Nomenclature (1 Star) Flashcards
First step of IUPAC, find the _____ carbon chain in the compound that contains the highest priority functional group. This is called the _____ chain.
longest
parent chain.
Second, number the chain in such a way that the ________ functional group receives the ______possible number. This group will determine the suffix of the molecule.
highest-priority
lowest possible number.
Third, name the _______ with a prefix.
(di–, tri–, tetra–, and so on).
substituents
Fourth, assign a ______ to each of the substituents depending on the carbon to which it is bonded.
number
Finally, complete the name by alphabetizing the _____ and separating numbers from each other by commas and from words by hyphens.
substituents
Alkanes are hydrocarbons without any double or triple bonds. They have the general formula ______
CnH(2n+2).
Alkanes are named according to the number of carbons present followed by the suffix –
–ane.
The first four alkanes are:
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10).
Alkenes and alkynes contain _____ and _____ bonds, respectively.
double and triple bonds
Alkenes are named by substituting – for the suffix and numbering the double bond by its lower-numbered carbon. Alkynes substitute – with the same numbering.
–ene
–yne
Alcohols contain a ____ group, which substitutes for one or more of the hydrogens in the hydrocarbon chain.
hydroxyl (–OH) group,
Alcohols are named by substituting the suffix –or by using the prefix – if a higher-priority group is present.
–ol
hydroxy
Alcohols have _____ priority than double or triple bonds and alkanes.
higher
Common names of alcohols include the name of the carbon chain followed by the word alcohol. For example, ____ alcohol is the same compound as ethanol.
ethyl alcohol
Diols contain ____ hydroxyl groups. They are termed _____ if on the same carbon or vicinal if on adjacent carbons.
two
geminal
Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group—a carbon double-bonded to _____.
oxygen.
Aldehydes have the carbonyl group on a _____ carbon that is also attached to a hydrogen atom.
terminal
Aldehydes are named with the suffix –, or by using the prefix – if a higher-priority group is present.
–al,
oxo–
Common names of aldehydes include ______ for methanal, _______ for ethanal, and propionaldehyde for ______.
formaldehyde for methanal,
acetaldehyde for ethanal
propionaldehyde for propanal.
Ketones have the carbonyl group on a ______ carbon.
nonterminal
Ketones are named with the suffix –and share the prefix – if a higher-priority group is present. Ketones can also be indicated by the prefix keto–.
–one
oxo–
The common names of ketones are constructed by naming the ____ groups on either side alphabetically and adding ketone. For example, 2-butanone is called ethylmethylketone.
alkyl
Acetone is significant as the smallest _____. Its IUPAC name is propanone.
ketone
Carboxylic acids are the ______ functional group because they contain three bonds to oxygen: one from a hydroxyl group and two from a carbonyl group.
highest-priority
Carboxylic acids are always ____ , although their derivatives may occur within a molecule.
terminal
Carboxylic acids are named with the suffix –
–oic acid.
They are very rarely named as a prefix.
Common names for carboxylic acids follow the trend for aldehydes. Formic acid is ______, acetic acid is ethanoic acid, and propionic acid is propanoic acid.
methanoic acid
Esters are carboxylic acid derivatives where –OH is replaced with ______
–OR, an alkoxy group.
Esters use the suffix –
–oate
Amides replace the _____ group of a carboxylic acid with an amino group that may or may not be substituted.
hydroxyl group
Amides use the suffix – or the prefix carbamoyl– or amido–.
–amide
Substituents attached to the amide nitrogen are designated with a capital N–.
Anhydrides are formed from ____# carboxylic acids by _____. They may be symmetric (two of the same acid), asymmetric (two different acids), or cyclic (intramolecular reaction of a dicarboxylic acid)
two carboxylic acids
dehydration.
