Biology Chapter 7: Circulatory System (2 Stars)

Question 1

The cardiovascular system consists of a muscular ____ chambered heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Answer 1

four

Question 2

The heart is composed of cardiac muscle and supports two different circulations: the pulmonary circulation and the _____ circulation.

Answer 2

systemic

Question 3

Each side of the heart consists of an _____ and a ventricle.

Answer 3

atrium

Question 4

The atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular ____ (tricuspid on the right, mitral [bicuspid] on the left).

Answer 4

valves

Question 5

The ventricles are separated from the vasculature by the _____ valves (pulmonary on the right, aortic on the left).

Answer 5

semilunar

Question 6

The____ side of the heart contains more muscle than the right side because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure.

Answer 6

left

Question 7

Electrical conduction of the heart starts at the sinoatrial (SA) node and then goes to the atrioventricular (AV) node. From the AV node, electrical conduction goes to the _____ before traveling through the Purkinje fibers.

Answer 7

bundle of His

Question 8

_____ refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed.

Answer 8

Systole

During diastole, the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed.

Question 9

The cardiac output is the product of heart rate and _______

Answer 9

stroke volume.

Question 10

The sympathetic nervous system _____ the heart rate and contractility. The parasympathetic nervous system _____ heart rate.

Answer 10

increases

decreases

Question 11

The ______ consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Answer 11

vasculature

Question 12

_____are thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality. This allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within the system.

Answer 12

Arteries

Small muscular arteries are arterioles, which control flow into capillary beds.

Question 13

_____ have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red blood cells must travel through them in single-file lines.

Answer 13

Capillaries

Capillaries are the sites of gas and solute exchange.

Question 14

Veins are _____ thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart. .

Answer 14

inelastic

Question 15

A ______ is one in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series.

Answer 15

A portal system

Question 16

In the _____ portal system, blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein.

Answer 16

hepatic

Question 17

In the _____ portal system, blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Answer 17

hypophyseal

Question 18

In the renal portal system, blood travels from the glomerulus to the ______ through an efferent arteriole.

Answer 18

vasa recta

Question 19

Blood is composed of cells and ____, an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins.

Answer 19

plasma

Question 20

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) lack ______, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen. Common measurements include hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, the percent of blood composed of erythrocytes.

Answer 20

mitochondria

Question 21

Leukocytes (white blood cells) are formed in the ______ They are a crucial part of the immune system.

Answer 21

bone marrow.

Question 22

______ such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils play a role in nonspecific immunity.

Answer 22

Granular leukocytes

Question 23

______, including lymphocytes and monocytes, also play a role in immunity, with lymphocytes playing a large role in specific immunity.

Answer 23

Agranulocyte

Question 24

______ (platelets) are cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation.

Answer 24

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 25

Blood antigens include the surface antigens A, \_\_\_, and O, as well as Rh factor (D).

Answer 25

B

Question 26

The IA (A) and IB (B) alleles are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while the i (O allele is recessive. An individual has antibodies for any ABO alleles he or she does not have.

Answer 26

codominant

Question 27

\_\_\_\_\_\_ factor is dominant. An Rh-negative individual will only create anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive blood.

Answer 27

Positive Rh

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood. It is divided into systolic and diastolic components.

Answer 28

Blood pressure

Question 29

Blood pressure must be ____ enough to overcome the resistance created by arterioles and capillaries, but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature and surrounding structures.

Answer 29

high

Question 30

BP can be measured with a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

sphygmomanometer.

Question 31

The blood pressure is maintained by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Low blood pressure promotes aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) release. High blood osmolarity also promotes ADH release. High blood pressure promotes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release.

Answer 31

baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.

Question 32

Gas and solute exchange occurs at the level of the _____ and relies on the existence of concentration gradients to facilitate diffusion across the ______ walls.

Answer 32

capillaries Capillaries are also leaky, which aids in transport of gases and solutes.

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_ pressure is the pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel, while osmotic pressure is the “sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes. ______ pressure is osmotic pressure due to proteins.

Answer 33

Hydrostatic Oncotic Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed; oncotic pressure draws it back in at the venule end.

Question 34

Oxygen is carried by \_\_\_\_\_\_, which exhibits cooperative binding. In the lungs, there is a high partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin. In the tissues, there is a low partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in unloading. With cooperative binding, each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits.

Answer 34

hemoglobin

Question 35

Carbon dioxide is largely carried in the blood in the form of \_\_\_\_\_\_, or bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbon dioxide is nonpolar and not particularly soluble, while bicarbonate, hydrogen ions, and carbonic acid are polar and highly soluble.

Answer 35

carbonic acid

Question 36

A high PaCO2, high H+ , low pH, high temperature, and high concentration of 2,3-BPG can cause a ____ shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, reflecting a decreased affinity for oxygen.

Answer 36

right

Question 37

In addition to the opposites of the causes of a right shift, a left shift can also be seen in ____ hemoglobin compared to adult hemoglobin.

Answer 37

fetal

Question 38

Nutrients, wastes, and hormones are carried in the bloodstream to tissues for \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

use or disposal.

Question 39

\_\_\_\_\_\_ results from an activation cascade.

Answer 39

Coagulation

Question 40

When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, the collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed. This results in a cascade of events known as the _______ ultimately resulting in the formation of a clot over the damaged area.

Answer 40

coagulation cascade,

Question 41

Platelets bind to the collagen and are stabilized by ____ , which is activated by thrombin.

Answer 41

fibrin

Question 42

Clots can be broken down by \_\_\_\_

Answer 42

plasmin.

Question 43

\_\_\_\_\_ are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil capability

Answer 43

Veins

Question 44

Veins are compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have valves to maintain one-way flow. Small veins are called \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

venules.

Question 45

\_\_\_\_\_ pressure forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed; _____ pressure draws it back in at the venule end.

Answer 45

Hydrostatic oncotic

Question 46

The ____ side of the heart accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the lungs by way of the pulmonary arteries; this constitutes the first pump (pulmonary circulation).

Answer 46

right

Question 47

right atrium (tricuspid valve) right ventricle (pulmonary valve) pulmonary artery → \_\_\_\_→ pulmonary veins → left atrium (mitral valve) left ventricle aortic (valve aorta) → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → venae cavae → right atrium

Answer 47

lungs

Question 48

Fill in the missing items

Answer 48