Chemistry Chapter 4: Compounds and Stoichiometry (2 Stars) Flashcards
_______ are substances composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion.
Compounds
_________ is the mass (in amu) of the constituent atoms in a compound as indicated by the molecular formula.
Molecular weight
________ is the mass of one mole (Avogadro’s number or 6.022 × 10^23 particles) of a compound; usually measured in grams per mole.
Molar mass
Gram equivalent weight is a measure of the _____of a substance that can donate one equivalent of the species of interest.
mass
_______ is the ratio of equivalents per liter; it is related to molarity by multiplying the molarity by the number of equivalents present per mole of compound.
Normality
_______ are moles of the species of interest; ________ are most often seen in acid–base chemistry (hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions) and oxidation– reduction reactions (moles of electrons or other ions).
Equivalents
The law of _______ states that any pure sample of a compound will contain the same elements in the same mass ratio.
constant composition
The ________ formula is the smallest whole-number ratio of the elements in a compound.
empirical
The _______ formula is either the same as or a multiple of the empirical formula; it gives the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound.
molecular
To calculate percent composition by mass, determine the mass of the individual element and divide by the ______ of the compound.
molar mass
_______ reactions occur when two or more reactants combine to form one product.
Combination
__________ reactions occur when one reactant is chemically broken down into two or more products.
Decomposition
________ reactions occur when a fuel and an oxidant (typically oxygen) react, forming the products water and carbon dioxide (if the fuel is a hydrocarbon).
Combustion
Displacement reactions occur when one or more atoms or ions of one compound are ______ with one or more atoms or ions of another compound.
replaced
_________ reactions occur when an ion of one compound is replaced with another element.
Single-displacement
Double-displacement reactions occur when elements from #_____ different compounds trade places with each other to form two new compounds.
two
__________ reactions are those in which an acid reacts with a base to form a salt (and, usually, water).
Neutralization
Balanced equations are determined using the following steps in order: (4)
Balanced equations are determined using the following steps in order:
Balancing the least common atoms.
Balancing the more common atoms (usually hydrogen and oxygen).
Balancing charge, if necessary.
Balanced equations can be used to determine the _________, which is the reactant that will be consumed first in a chemical reaction.
limiting reagent
The other reactants present are termed excess reagents.
________ is the amount of product generated if all of the limiting reactant is consumed with no side reactions.
Theoretical yield
________ is typically lower than theoretical yield.
Actual yield
_________ is calculated by dividing actual yield by theoretical yield and converting to a percentage.
Percent yield
–ous endings can also be used to indicate _____charge, while –ic endings indicate _____charge.
lesser
greater
All monatomic anions end in –____
–ide.
______ are given a suffix indicating how oxidized the central atom is. Those that contain a lesser amount of oxygen are given the suffix –ite, and those with a greater amount are given the suffix –ate.
Oxyanions
The species with the fewest oxygens is given the prefix ____–, and the species with the most oxygens is given the prefix per–.
hypo–
________ containing hydrogen denote the number of hydrogens using hydrogen or bi– to denote one, or dihydrogen to denote two.
Polyatomic ions
_______ are predictable by group number and type of element (metal or nonmetal) for representative elements, but are generally unpredictable for nonrepresentative elements.
Ionic charges
_____ form positively charged cations based on group number.
Metals
Nonmetals form ______charged anions based on the number of electrons needed to achieve an octet.
negatively
______ contain equivalents of ions from molecules that dissociate in solution. The strength of an electrolyte depends on its degree of dissociation or solvation.
Electrolytes
_________ is a combination of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
A molecule
A _______ is a quantity of any substance (atoms, molecules, dollar bills, kittens—anything) equal to the number of particles that are found in 12 grams of carbon-12 ( ) 6C12 .
A mole
The conversion from normality to molarity of a given solute is formula
Fill in the missing items
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate
HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate
H2PO4-:
Dihydrogen phosphate
Fill in the missing items
