Psychology Chapter 9: Motivation & Emotion (3 Stars) Flashcards
______ is the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions.
Motivation
Motivation can be _______, based on external circumstances; or intrinsic, based on internal drive or perception.
extrinsic
The primary factors that influence emotion are instincts, arousal, drives, and _____
needs.
_____ are innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.
Instincts
In the instinct theory of motivation, people perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts.
In the _____ theory, people perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at an optimal level.
arousal
_____ are internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals.
Drives
Satisfying needs may also drive motivation. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs prioritizes needs into five categories: physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and ______ (lowest priority).
self-actualization
______ theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Self-determination
______ theory explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.
Incentive
_______ theory states that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued.
Expectancy–value
________ theory explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.
Opponent-process
_____ motivation is related to hormones as well as cultural and social factors.
Sexual
______ is a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships.
Emotion
The three components of emotion are _____(subjective), behavioral (facial expressions and body language), and physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system).
cognitive
The seven universal emotions are happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and _____
anger.
In the ______ theory, nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled.
James–Lange
In other words, while you might assume that your pulse is racing because you’re fearful, James and Lange argue that you’re fearful because your pulse is racing.
In the _________ theory, nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response.
Schachter–Singer
The ______ is the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion.
limbic system
The ______ is involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory.
amygdala
The _____ is a sensory processing station.
thalamus
The ______ releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal.
hypothalamus
The ______ creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories.
hippocampus
The ______ is involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions. The ventral prefrontal cortex is critical for experiencing emotion; the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, specifically, is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making.
prefrontal cortex
The Yerkes–Dodson law shows that performance is optimal at a _____ level of arousal.
medium
_____ drives are related to bodily processes; secondary drives stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions.
Primary
______ theory states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states.
Drive reduction theory
If you go without food for a while, you begin to experience some discomfort. This internal tension (the drive) motivates you to obtain food. Eating reduces the drive and restores physiological equilibrium
In the _______ theory, the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action.
Cannon–Bard
The _______ is critical for experiencing emotion; the _______, specifically, is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making.
ventral prefrontal cortex
_____ involves goal-directed behavior
motivation
_______, a state of physiological equilibrium or stability
homeostasis
_____ is a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension
drive
The ______ is the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
achievement motive
_______ — efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events—
affective forecasting
