Psychology Chapter 9: Motivation & Emotion (3 Stars)

Question 1

______ is the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

Motivation can be _______, based on external circumstances; or intrinsic, based on internal drive or perception.

Answer 2

extrinsic

Question 3

The primary factors that influence emotion are instincts, arousal, drives, and _____

Answer 3

needs.

Question 4

_____ are innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

Answer 4

Instincts

In the instinct theory of motivation, people perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts.

Question 5

In the _____ theory, people perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at an optimal level.

Answer 5

arousal

Question 6

_____ are internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals.

Answer 6

Drives

Question 7

Satisfying needs may also drive motivation. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs prioritizes needs into five categories: physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and ______ (lowest priority).

Answer 7

self-actualization

Question 8

______ theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Answer 8

Self-determination

Question 9

______ theory explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.

Answer 9

Incentive

Question 10

_______ theory states that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued.

Answer 10

Expectancy–value

Question 11

________ theory explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.

Answer 11

Opponent-process

Question 12

_____ motivation is related to hormones as well as cultural and social factors.

Answer 12

Sexual

Question 13

______ is a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships.

Answer 13

Emotion

Question 14

The three components of emotion are _____(subjective), behavioral (facial expressions and body language), and physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system).

Answer 14

cognitive

Question 15

The seven universal emotions are happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and _____

Answer 15

anger.

Question 16

In the ______ theory, nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled.

Answer 16

James–Lange

In other words, while you might assume that your pulse is racing because you’re fearful, James and Lange argue that you’re fearful because your pulse is racing.

Question 17

In the _________ theory, nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response.

Answer 17

Schachter–Singer

Question 18

The ______ is the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion.

Answer 18

limbic system

Question 19

The ______ is involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory.

Answer 19

amygdala

Question 20

The _____ is a sensory processing station.

Answer 20

thalamus

Question 21

The ______ releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal.

Answer 21

hypothalamus

Question 22

The ______ creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories.

Answer 22

hippocampus

Question 23

The ______ is involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions. The ventral prefrontal cortex is critical for experiencing emotion; the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, specifically, is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making.

Answer 23

prefrontal cortex

Question 24

The Yerkes–Dodson law shows that performance is optimal at a _____ level of arousal.

Answer 24

medium

Question 25

_____ drives are related to bodily processes; secondary drives stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions.

Answer 25

Primary

Question 26

______ theory states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states.

Answer 26

Drive reduction theory

If you go without food for a while, you begin to experience some discomfort. This internal tension (the drive) motivates you to obtain food. Eating reduces the drive and restores physiological equilibrium

Question 27

In the _______ theory, the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action.

Answer 27

Cannon–Bard

Question 28

The _______ is critical for experiencing emotion; the _______, specifically, is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making.

Answer 28

ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 29

_____ involves goal-directed behavior

Answer 29

motivation

Question 30

_______, a state of physiological equilibrium or stability

Answer 30

homeostasis

Question 31

_____ is a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

Answer 31

drive

Question 32

The ______ is the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

Answer 32

achievement motive

Question 33

_______ — efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events—

Answer 33

affective forecasting