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MCAT Journey > Psychology Chapter 5: Consciousness > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 5: Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is a state of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think.

A

Alertness

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2
Q

_________ is the awareness of internal and external stimuli

A

Consciousness

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3
Q

Conscious and unconscious processes
are different levels of _________

A

awareness.

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4
Q

The _______ is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.

A

electroencephalograph (EEG)

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5
Q

_________ are periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning

A

Biological rhythms

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6
Q

_________ are the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species.

A

Circadian rhythms

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7
Q

Research indicates that people generally fall asleep as their body temperature begins to ____ and they awaken as it begins to _____ once again

A

drop

ascend

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8
Q

When exposed to light, some receptors in the retina send direct inputs to a small structure in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) . The SCN sends signals to the nearby_______, whose secretion of the hormone melatonin plays a key role in adjusting biological clocks

A

pineal gland

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9
Q

electromyograph (EMG), which records _____ activity and tension; an electrooculograph (EOG), which records ____ movements; and electrocardiograph (EKG), which records the contractions of the heart

A

muscular

eye

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10
Q

Fill in the missingg items

A
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11
Q

What “sleep stage” is able to perceive, process, access information,vand express that information verbally?

What waves are present?

A

Awake

Alpha & Beta

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12
Q

What stage has Sleep spindles and K complexes?

Wave type?

A

Stage 2

Theta

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13
Q

What stage are small irregular brain waves?

Lasts about 10-12 mins

A

Stage 1

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14
Q

Stages 2 and 3 of the sleep cycle, your respiration rate, heart rate, muscle tension, and body temperature continue to ______

A

decline

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15
Q

_____ stage is also marked by irregular breathing and pulse rate.

A

REM

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16
Q

REM sleep is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, ________ brain waves, and dreaming.

REM = memory consolidation

A

high-frequency

REM accounts for about 50% of babies’ sleep, as compared with 20% of adults’ sleep.

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17
Q

During the course of a night, people usually repeat the sleep cycle about # _____times

A

four

18
Q

_______ refers to chronic problems in getting adequate sleep that result in daytime fatigue and impaired functioning.

A

Insomnia

19
Q

________ is a disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.

A

Narcolepsy

20
Q

______ involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

A

Sleep apnea involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

21
Q

Somnambulism, or ________, occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.

A

sleepwalking

22
Q

___________ is marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods

A

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

23
Q

Who said dreams are wish fulfillment ?

A

Freud

24
Q

_______ is a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility.

A

Hypnosis

Altered state of consciousness, called a hypnotic trance

subjects’ role expectations that produce hypnotic effects

25
Q

_______ is a splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness

A

Dissociation

26
Q

_________ refers to a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.

A

Meditation

27
Q

In _____attention approaches, attention is concentrated on a specific object, image, sound, or bodily sensation (such as breathing). The intent in narrowing attention is to clear the mind of its clutter.

In open monitoring approaches, attention is directed to the contents of one’s moment-to-moment experience in a nonjudgmental and nonreactive way

A

focused

28
Q

_______ are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

A

Psychoactive drugs

29
Q

Stage 1 is light sleep and is dominated by ____ waves on EEG.

Stage 2 is slightly deeper and includes theta waves, sleep spindles, and ___ complexes.

Stages 3 and 4 are deep (slow-wave) sleep (SWS). ____ waves predominate on EEG.

Most sleep disorders occur during Stage _ and _ non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

A

theta

K

Delta

3&4

30
Q

Dreaming in SWS focuses on consolidating _______ memories.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is sometimes called _______ sleep: the mind appears close to awake on EEG, but the person is asleep.

Eye movements and body paralysis occur in this stage.

Dreaming in REM focuses on consolidating ______ memories

A

declarative

paradoxical

procedural

31
Q

Depressants include ______, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.

They promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain.

A

alcohol

32
Q

_______ include amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy.

They increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration at the synaptic cleft.

A

Stimulants

33
Q

_________ include heroin, morphine, opium, and prescription pain medications such as oxycodone and hydrocodone.

They can cause death by respiratory depression.

A

Opiates and opioids

aka Narcotics

34
Q

_______ include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms.

A

Hallucinogens

35
Q

Marijuana has ______ stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects. Its active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol.

A

depressant

36
Q

Drug addiction is mediated by the _____ which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area.

Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in this pathway

A

mesolimbic pathway

37
Q

______ are sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.

A

Sedatives

38
Q

______ refers to a progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use

A

Tolerance

39
Q

___________ exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness.

A

Physical dependence

40
Q

__________ exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving

A

Psychological dependence

41
Q

Depressants do not directly reduce arousal in the brain; they enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter ________, which is responsible for regulating (specifically, decreasing) neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

A

gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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