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Psychology > Social Influence - Explanations for Conformity > Flashcards

Social Influence - Explanations for Conformity Flashcards

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1
Q

Who identified two main reasons for conformity? When?

A

Deutsch and Gerard in 1955

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2
Q

Why do individuals conform according to psychologists?

A

Because humans have psychological needs to seek approval and acceptance

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3
Q

What theory did Deutsch and Gerard develop?

A

The two process theory

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4
Q

Two main reasons for conformity according to Deutsch and Gerard

A

Need to be right
Need to be liked

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5
Q

Type of social influence under the need to be liked

A

Normative social influence

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6
Q

NSI

A

Normative social influence

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7
Q

Why do individuals conform when they are under NSI?

A

They go along with the majority to gain approval

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8
Q

What is conformity often due to when individuals are under NSI?

A

Fear of rejection even when the actions they are conformed to do may be wrong

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9
Q

During what situations does NSI occur?

A

During non-ambiguous situations (non-grey areas)

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10
Q

Does the individual agree with the majority group when under NSI?

A

They may not agree but they go along with the group anyway

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11
Q

What social influence comes under the need to be right?

A

Informational social influence

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12
Q

ISI

A

Informational social influence

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13
Q

During what situations does ISI occur?

A

During ambiguous situations

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14
Q

Why do people conform under ISI?

A

Because they want to be right and correct

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15
Q

When does one go under ISI?

A

When they lack information and when other people are more informed than them

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16
Q

What situation is ISI typical in?

A

In an emergency

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17
Q

Example of emergency when ISI takes place: lifeguard

A

If a lifeguard is saving someone’s life and they tell you to call someone then you will do it because they are greater informed and you want to be right

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18
Q

What do we do then we are unsure to behave according to ISI?

A

We look to the majority group for answers as we believe them to right

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19
Q

Biggest criticism of ISI

A

It only occurs on certain situations and is dependent on the task you’re doing, decreasing validity

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20
Q

Who carried out research supporting the NSI? When?

A

Asch in 1951

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21
Q

What did Asch show participants?

A

Two white cards at the same time, one saying ‘standard line’ and other having three ‘comparison lines’

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22
Q

What was one of the three lines in Asch’s research?

A

One of the three lines was always the same length as the standard line and the others were completely different

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23
Q

Participants in Asch’s research for NSI

A

123 male American undergraduates

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24
Q

What groups were each participants tested in?

A

Tested individually in groups containing 6-8 confederates

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25
Q

How many trials were initially carried out on Asch’s research into NSI?

A

18

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26
Q

In how many trials did the confederates give the wrong answers in Asch’s research into NSI?

A

12/18

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27
Q

Out of the trials that confederates have wrong answers, what percentage of participants gave the wrong answers in Asch’s research into NSI?

A

37%

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28
Q

What percentage of participants did and didn’t conform at any time in Asch’s research into NSI?

A

25% never conformed
75% conformed at least once

29
Q

The Asch Effect

A

The extent of which participants conform even when the situation is ambiguous

30
Q

At interviews that took place after the trials, what was the reason why the majority of participants said they conformed in Asch’s research into NSI?

A

To avoid social rejection (supports NSI)

31
Q

Compared to less confederates, with three confederates what did the conformity levels rise/fall by?

A

They rose by 31.8%

32
Q

Impact on results of there being more than 3 confederates in the trial in Asch’s research into NSI

A

Addition of further confederates made little difference to results, showing no need for a majority group larger than 3

33
Q

What did Asch want to investigate when looking into unanimity?

A

He wanted to investigate if the presence of another participant (who was a confederate) would influence conformity levels

34
Q

How did Asch go about testing impact of unanimity?

A

He introduced a confederate who disagreed with the other confederates

35
Q

What percentage did conformity increase/reduce by when a correct confederate was added in Asch’s research into NSI?

A

Conformity reduced by 25%

36
Q

How did the introduction of a non-conformer change the behaviour of the participant in Asch’s research into NSI?

A

It allowed them to behave more independently

37
Q

What did Asch want to investigate when looking into impact of task difficulty?

A

He wanted to investigate if difficulty of the task would influence conformity percentages

38
Q

How did Asch increase the task difficulty?

A

He made the lines more similar in length

39
Q

What happened to conformity as a result of the task coming more difficult in Asch’s research into NSI?

A

Conformity increased when lines were more similar, showing ISI

40
Q

Strength of Asch’s research into NSI: establishment

A

Cause and effect relationship established as lab experiment was used

41
Q

Strength of Asch’s research into NSI: reliability

A

Easily replicable

42
Q

Strength of Asch’s research into NSI: data gathered

A

Qualitative and quantitative data gathered by researcher

43
Q

Limitation of Asch’s research into NSI: all-male sample

A

Lack generalisability as the sample was all-male

44
Q

Limitation of Asch’s research into NSI: ethics

A

Participants were deceived which is ethically concerning

45
Q

Limitation of Asch’s research into NSI: artificial test

A

Task is artificial to it lacks ecological validity and real-life application

46
Q

Limitation of Asch’s research into NSI: test carried out in 1951

A

Lacks temporal validity

47
Q

Which psychologists showed that Asch’s research into NSI lacks temporal validity? How?

A

Perrin and Spencer repeated experiment in 1980 and only 1 person out of 396 trials conformed

48
Q

Time period of 1950s

A

Time period where lots of people conformed

49
Q

Who carried out research to support the ISI? When?

A

Sharif in 1935

50
Q

Aim of Sharif’s research for ISI

A

Aimed to investigate whether people are influenced by others

51
Q

What type of task was Sharif’s research for ISI?

A

An ambiguous task

52
Q

What effect did Sharif use in his research of ISI?

A

The autokinetic effect

53
Q

Autokinetic effect

A

Still point of light in the dark appears to move

54
Q

What were participants shown in Sharif’s research for ISI? What were they told to do after?

A

A point of light in the dark and told to estimate how far it moved, first on their own and then in groups

55
Q

What did participants develop alone after seeing the point of light in Sharif’s research for ISI?

A

They developed their own stable estimates

56
Q

Other phrase for stable estimates

A

Personal norms

57
Q

When in groups, what did participants do in Sharif’s research for ISI?

A

They conformed to share the same idea (group norms)

58
Q

How does Sharif’s research for ISI support the ISI?

A

It shows that participants were influenced by guess estimates of the movement of the dot by other participants

59
Q

Limitation of Sharif using a lab experiment

A

Lacks ecological validity meaning results cannot be generalised

60
Q

Strength of Sharif using a lab experiment (3)

A

Controlled environment means there are no extraneous variables
Cause and effect relationship established
Experiment easily replicable

61
Q

What experimental design did Sharif use?

A

Repeated measures design

62
Q

Strength of repeated measures design being used by Sharif

A

Means individual differences are controlled

63
Q

What may manipulate the results of Sharif’s study (limitation)?

A

Order effects

64
Q

Ethical concern of Sharif’s research of ISI

A

Deception used by researcher as participants were told that the dot was moving even though it wasn’t

65
Q

Who carried out further research after Sharif to support the ISI? When?

A

Lucas et al in 2006

66
Q

Method of Lucas et al’s supporting research for ISI

A

Asked students to give answers to maths problems

67
Q

What maths questions had the greatest conformity in Lucas et al’s research for ISI?

A

Greatest conformity to incorrect answers that were more difficult

68
Q

Conclusion of Lucas et al’s research for ISI

A

People conform to situations where they don’t know the answer

Psychology (104 decks)

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